B.

Tech and 3rd Semester

Python Programming
(BES00007)
2025-26

History of Python
 Created by Guido van Rossum in the late 1980s and released in 1991.

 Inspired by the ABC language and designed for code readability and simplicity.

 Name comes from the TV show “Monty Python’s Flying Circus”, not the snake.

 Open-source and community-driven.

 Major versions:

o Python 2.x (legacy)

o Python 3.x (current and future)

Features of Python
 Simple and Easy to Learn

 Open Source and freely available

 High-level Language

 Interpreted Language

 Platform Independent

 Extensive Libraries (e.g., NumPy, pandas, TensorFlow)

 Supports Multiple Programming Paradigms:

o Object-Oriented

o Procedural

o Functional

 Automatic Memory Management

 Large Community Support

Ayantika Das
Assistant Professor
Dept of CSE
Brainware University
B.Tech and 3rd Semester
Python Programming
(BES00007)
2025-26

Basic Syntax in Python

Python has a simple, clean, and readable syntax that emphasizes readability and reduced complexity.
Below are the key elements of Python syntax:

1. Case Sensitivity
 Python is case-sensitive, which means that identifiers like Variable, variable, and VARIABLE
are all treated differently.

Example:

name = "Alice"

Name = "Bob"

print(name) # Output: Alice

print(Name) # Output: Bob

Note: Avoid using variable names that differ only by case to prevent confusion.

2. Indentation
 Indentation is mandatory in Python to define blocks of code.

 No use of {} like in C, C++, or Java.

 Recommended indentation: 4 spaces (PEP 8 standard)

 All statements in a block must be indented at the same level.

Example:

x = 10

if x > 5:

print("Greater than 5") # Indented block

print("Inside if block")

print("Outside if block") # Not part of if block

Ayantika Das
Assistant Professor
Dept of CSE
Brainware University
B.Tech and 3rd Semester
Python Programming
(BES00007)
2025-26

Incorrect Example:

x = 10

if x > 5:

print("Error") # ❌ This will raise an IndentationError

Note: Mixing tabs and spaces can lead to errors. Stick to either all spaces or all tabs (spaces are
preferred).

3. No Curly Braces ({})

 Unlike many other languages, Python does not use {} to indicate blocks of code.

 Python uses indentation instead to define the start and end of blocks like:

o if, else, elif

o for, while

o def (functions), class

4. Comments in Python
Comments are used to make the code more understandable and are ignored by the interpreter.

 Single-line Comment - Starts with a # symbol.

# This is a single-line comment

x = 5 # Assigning value to x

 Multi-line Comments - Python does not have a true multi-line comment, but you can use
triple-quoted strings (either ''' or """) that are not assigned to any variable as a workaround.

'''

This is a

multi-line comment

using single quotes

'''

Ayantika Das
Assistant Professor
Dept of CSE
Brainware University
B.Tech and 3rd Semester
Python Programming
(BES00007)
2025-26

"""

This is also a

multi-line comment

using double quotes

"""

Note:

 Technically, triple quotes are multi-line strings, but when not used as a docstring or assigned
to a variable, they act as comments.

 Use them sparingly for commenting out blocks of code or providing long explanations.

Additional Notes

 Line Continuation: Use \ to continue a statement across lines.

total = 1 + 2 + 3 + \

4+5

 Python Statements can be:

o Simple: one statement per line.

o Compound: combining multiple statements with ;

a = 5; b = 10; print(a + b)

Ayantika Das
Assistant Professor
Dept of CSE
Brainware University
B.Tech and 3rd Semester
Python Programming
(BES00007)
2025-26

Variables and Data Types

1. Variables
Variables are used to store data in memory. In Python:

 You don’t need to declare a variable type.

 The type is inferred automatically based on the assigned value.

 Python is dynamically typed.

Rules for Naming Variables:

 Must begin with a letter (a-z, A-Z) or an underscore (_).

 Can contain letters, numbers, and underscores (_).

 Cannot start with a number.

 Case-sensitive (Age, age, and AGE are different).

 Avoid using Python keywords as variable names (like for, if, class, etc.).

Example:

x = 10

name = "Alice"

pi = 3.14

is_active = True

2. Data Types in Python

Python has various built-in data types, categorized as follows:

Numeric Types

 int: Integer (e.g., 5, -10, 0)

 float: Floating-point number (e.g., 3.14, -0.99)

 complex: Complex number (e.g., 3 + 4j)

Ayantika Das
Assistant Professor
Dept of CSE
Brainware University
B.Tech and 3rd Semester
Python Programming
(BES00007)
2025-26

Example

a = 10 # int

b = 3.14 # float

c = 2 + 3j # complex

Text Type

 str: String (e.g., "hello", 'Python')

Example

name = "Alice"

Boolean Type

 bool: Can be either True or False

Example

flag = True

is_valid = False

Sequence Types

 list: Ordered, mutable collection

Example

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

 tuple: Ordered, immutable collection

Example

coordinates = (10, 20)

 range: Represents a sequence of numbers

Example

r = range(5) # 0 to 4

Ayantika Das
Assistant Professor
Dept of CSE
Brainware University
B.Tech and 3rd Semester
Python Programming
(BES00007)
2025-26

Mapping Type

 dict: Key-value pairs

Example

student = {"name": "Alice", "age": 20}

Set Types

 set: Unordered collection of unique items

Example

s = {1, 2, 3}

 frozenset: Immutable version of set

Example

fs = frozenset([1, 2, 3])

Binary Types

 bytes: Immutable byte sequences

Example

b = b"hello"

 bytearray: Mutable version of bytes

Example

ba = bytearray(b"hello")

 memoryview: Used to access internal data of objects that support buffer protocol.

3. Type Conversion
Python allows explicit type conversion, also called type casting.

Example:

a = int("5") # String to integer

Ayantika Das
Assistant Professor
Dept of CSE
Brainware University
B.Tech and 3rd Semester
Python Programming
(BES00007)
2025-26

b = float(3) # Integer to float

c = str(25) # Integer to string

Common Functions:

 int()

 float()

 str()

 list(), tuple(), set(), dict() for sequence types

Operators
1. Arithmetic Operators: Used for basic mathematical calculations.
Example

a = 10

b=3

print(a + b) # Addition: 13

print(a - b) # Subtraction: 7

print(a * b) # Multiplication: 30

print(a / b) # Division: 3.333...

print(a // b) # Floor Division: 3

print(a % b) # Modulus: 1

print(a ** b) # Exponentiation: 1000

2. Comparison Operators: Used to compare values. Return True or False.

Ayantika Das
Assistant Professor
Dept of CSE
Brainware University
B.Tech and 3rd Semester
Python Programming
(BES00007)
2025-26

Example

x=5

y = 10

print(x == y) # False

print(x != y) # True

print(x > y) # False

print(x < y) # True

print(x >= y) # False

print(x <= y) # True

3. Assignment Operators: Used to assign values and perform compound operations.

Example

x = 10

x += 5 # Same as x = x + 5

print(x) # 15

x -= 3 # x = x - 3

x *= 2 # x = x * 2

x /= 4 # x = x / 4

print(x)

4. Logical Operators: Used to combine boolean expressions.

Example

a = True

b = False

print(a and b) # False

print(a or b) # True

print(not a) # False

Ayantika Das
Assistant Professor
Dept of CSE
Brainware University
B.Tech and 3rd Semester
Python Programming
(BES00007)
2025-26

5. Bitwise Operators: Used to perform binary operations.

Example

a=5 # 0101 in binary

b=3 # 0011 in binary

print(a & b) # 1 (0001)

print(a | b) # 7 (0111)

print(a ^ b) # 6 (0110)

print(~a) # -6 (inverts bits)

print(a << 1) # 10 (1010)

print(a >> 1) # 2 (0010)

6. Membership Operators: Check for presence in sequences like lists, strings, etc.
Example

my_list = [1, 2, 3]

print(2 in my_list) # True

print(4 not in my_list) # True

7. Identity Operators: To check whether two variables refer to the same object in memory.
Example

x = [1, 2]

y=x

z = [1, 2]

print(x is y) # True (same object)

print(x is z) # False (same value, different object)

print(x is not z) # True

Ayantika Das
Assistant Professor
Dept of CSE
Brainware University
B.Tech and 3rd Semester
Python Programming
(BES00007)
2025-26

Precedence
Operators Description
Level

1 (Highest) () Parentheses (grouping)

2 ** Exponentiation

3 +x, -x, ~x Unary plus, minus, bitwise NOT

Multiplication, Division, Floor Division,

4 *, /, //, %
Modulus

5 +, - Addition, Subtraction

6 <<, >> Bitwise Shift Left, Shift Right

7 & Bitwise AND

8 ^ Bitwise XOR

9 | Bitwise OR

==, !=, >, <, >=, <=, is, is not, in, not
10 Comparison, Identity, Membership
in

11 not Logical NOT

12 and Logical AND

13 or Logical OR

14 (Lowest) =, +=, -=, *=, /=, //=, %=, **=, &= Assignment

Ayantika Das
Assistant Professor
Dept of CSE
Brainware University