Bibliography

1. One Friday Morning after Langstone Hughes. The Collected Works of

Langston Hughes (Volume 15) The Short Stories, University of

Missouri Press, Columbia, USA, 2002.

2. Piano after William Saroyan. The new Saroyan reader. A

Connoiseur’s Anthology of the Writings of William Saroyan, 1984

Associated Publishers Group, USA.

3. My Unknown Friend after Stephen Leacock. Laugh with Leacock: an

anthology of the best work of Stephen Leacock 1981, New York:

Dodd&Mead.

4. The Hallucination of Mr. Butt after Stephen Leacock. Laugh with

Leacock: an anthology of the best work of Stephen Leacock 1981,

New York: Dodd&Mead.

5. The Case of the Discontented Soldier after Agatha Christie.

6. The Case of the Distressed Lady after Agatha Christie.

7. A Perfect Day for Bananafish after J. D. Salinger.

8. The Prince Consort after Anthony Hope.

9. The Essence of a Man after Alan Sullivan.

10. Just before the War With the Escimos after J. D. Salinger.

11. The Alligators after John Updike.

12. Tomorrow and Tomorrow and So Forth after John Updike.

1
13. The Garden-Party after Katherine Mansfield.

14. The Snows of Kilimanjaro after Ernest Hemingway.

http://www.bbc.com/news

http://edition.cnn.com/

2
 Առաջաբան

“English Verbals in Use” ձեռնարկը նախատեսված է

հումանիտար բուհերի օտար լեզուների ֆակուլտետների
ուսանողների և դասախոսների համար: Այն ներառում է
անգլերեն լեզվի ձևաբանության այն հատվածը, որում
ներկայացված են բայի անդեմ ձևերը՝ անորոշ դերբայը,
գերունդին և դերբայները (I, II) և այդ անդեմ ձևերի հետ
կապված բարդ կառույցները իրենց շարահյուսական
առանձնահատկույթուններով: Յուրաքանչյուր անդեմ ձևը
ներկայացված է նախ տեսական մասով՝ հիմնված անգլերենի
քերականության ուսուցման ժամանակակից մեթոդների և
մոտեցումների վրա, այնուհետև տրվում է գործնական մասը,
որը համաձայնեցված է տեսական մասում ներկայացված
հիմնադրույթների հետ:

Ձեռնարկի գործնական մասում տեղ են գտել տարատեսակ

վարժություններ, որոնք միտված են օգնելու ուսանողներին
ամրապնդել նյութը և կրկնել այն: Վարժությունները
բազմաբնույթ են, բոլոր օրինակները վերցված են
գեղարվեստական գրականությունից:

3
 General Characteristics of the Verbals.

All verbs fall into two sets of forms - the finite set and the non – finite set of
forms (the Infinitive, the Gerund, Participle I and Participle II).

This distinction is based on the syntactic principle, i.e. finite forms can
perform the function of the predicate, whereas the verbals (non – finite forms of
the verb) cannot express predication by themselves, they can only be part of
predicate in combination with the finite forms of the verb.

Finite forms possess the morphological categories of person, number, tense,

aspect, voice and mood, whereas some non – finite forms have tense, voice and
aspect distinction.

Tense forms of the finite verbs differ considerably from the tenses of the
verbals. The tenses of the finite forms indicate the absolute time of the action. The
tenses of the verbals express relative time: they usually show whether the action
expressed by the verbal a) coincides with the action of the finite form of the verb
or, b) is prior to the action of the finite form of the verb.

Tense distinctions (perfect/ non perfect forms)

Infinitive Ing-forms (Gerund, Participle I)

to write – to have written writing – having written
to be written – to have been written being written – having been written

Voice distinctions (active/passive forms)

Infinitive Ing-forms
to write – to be written writing – being written
to have written – to have been written having written – having been written

4
 Aspect distinctions (continuous/non continuous forms)

Infinitive
to write – to be writing
to have written – to have been writing

Participle II has no categories. It has only one unchangeable form, i.e. the
third form of the verb.

All verbals have double nature and form predicative constructions.

The Infinitive and the Gerund combine the characteristics of the verb and the noun.
Participle I combines the characteristics of the verb and the adjective.

THE INFINITIVE

The Infinitive is the basic form of the verb. In the sentence it is usually
preceded by particle to and is called the full Infinitive or to-Infinitive.

The Infinitive has nominal and verbal characteristics due to its historical
origin and development.

The nominal characteristics are displayed in its syntactical functions. It can

function as:

1. a subject

To walk uphill is rather difficult.

It gives him pleasure to think of her.

2. an object

He promised to come in time.

5
 Never forget to say “thank you”.

3. a predicative

Her duty was to answer phone calls.

To forgive is to understand all.

The Infinitive has the following verbal characteristics:

1. It has tense, aspect and voice distinctions.

1. Tense Indefinite/Simple Perfect

to take to have taken
2. Aspect Non - Continuous Continuous
to take to be taking
to have taken to have been taking
3. Voice Active Passive
to take to be taken
to have taken to have been taken

2. The Infinitive of transitive verbs can take a direct object.

He refused to accept the invitation.

Janet has decided to make the repairs.

3. The Infinitive can be modified by an adverb.

He began to climb the rock slowly.

The team managed to do the job successfully.

6
 Verbal Characteristics of the Infinitive

1. The category of tense denotes the relation of the action either to the
moment of speaking or to some definite moment in the past or future.

The category of tense of the Infinitive is not absolute but relative.

The Simple Infinitive expresses an action simultaneous with the action

expressed by the finite form, thus, it may refer to the present, past or future.

I expect to get a new phone quickly. (present)

I went to the company’s local office to protest. (past)

He’ll be happy to get promoted. (future)

The Perfect Infinitive expresses an action prior to the action of the finite
verb.

The criminal appeared to have escaped.

The fire is reported to have started last night.

Note: The Perfect Infinitive following the verbs to mean, to expect, to intend, to
hope used in the Past Indefinite expresses an unfulfilled action.

I meant to have sent the letter in time.

She expected to have finished the work by the end of the week.

The same meaning can be conveyed by the Past Perfect of the finite verb
followed by the Simple Infinitive.

I had meant to send the letter in time.

She had expected to do the work by the end of the week.

7
 2. The aspect distinction of the Infinitive shows the way in which the action
develops, whether it is in progress or completed. The categories of tense
and aspect of the Infinitive are intermingled.

The Continuous Infinitive expresses not only an action simultaneous with

that expressed by the finite verb but also an action in progress.

He is said to be working on a new project.

The plane was announced to be landing.

The Perfect Continuous Infinitive denotes an action, which lasted a certain

time before the action of the finite verb.

She is sure to have been working in this company for 3 years.

He seems to have been waiting for us since morning.

3. The voice distinction of the Infinitive is seen in the opposition of active

and passive forms.

I am happy to be taught English by a native speaker.

The goods are reported to have been stored in the warehouse.

The volunteers are enthusiastic to teach English in rural areas.

Note: In sentences with the construction there and with the verb to be to either
active or passive Infinitive can be used without any change in the meaning.

There was only one thing to do/ to be done.

There is nothing to discuss/ to be discussed.

The room is to let/ to be let.

He is to blame/ to be blamed.

8
 Bare Infinitive

Most Infinitives are preceded by the particle to, but after certain verbs the particle
to is dropped and the bare Infinitive is used, i.e. the Infinitive without the particle
to. It is used after:

1. auxiliary and modal verbs (except ought to).

Will you come and help me with the work.

I do insist on your participating in the meeting.

I hardly dare tell him what happened.

There could be a problem about this.

2. verbs of senses (to feel, to hear, to see, to watch, to observe, to notice, also
the verb to know in the meaning of to observe).

Theodore felt the rain splatter on his hot, dusty skin.

When Denny heard the alarm clock buzz, he slapped the snooze
button to have 10 more minutes of sleep.

I have never known him pretend.

Note: The verb to be after the verb to feel is used with the particle to.

He felt his explanation to be groundless.

3. the verbs of inducement and permission (to make, to have, to let).

Since Jose had destroyed Sylvia’s spotless kitchen while

making blueberry muffins, she made him take her cut for an
expensive dinner.

Please, have him obey the regulations.

9
 Because Freddie had never touched a snake, I removed the
cover of the cage and let him pet my python.

4. modal phrases and expressions (had better, would rather, would sooner,
cannot but, nothing but, cannot choose but).

She does nothing but make scenes from morning till night.

I would rather not speak upon the subject.

I looked long at that picture and could not choose but look.
(չէի կարող չնայել):

5. the verb to help (though full Infinitive can also be used).

We helped her (to) overcome the difficulty.

They helped us (to) settle the issue.

6. the question word why when making suggestions.

Why walk when we can go in the car?

Why not ask him now?

Why wait until tomorrow?

7. the conjunctions and, or, except, but, than connecting two Infinitives.

Davy was never one to promise and not keep his word.

Do you want to take up dancing or continue going in for

swimming.

NOTE: but, except and than may be followed by either bare or to-Infinitive.

It is more preferable to take the six o’clock train than (to) wait
for the next one.

10
Note: but and except take the bare Infinitive when they follow do + anything /
everything/ nothing.

Can’t you do anything but ask silly questions.

My dog does everything but speak.

Particle to is optional in sentences such as:

All we can do is (to) write to him.

The only thing to do is (to) call her.

The only thing he could do was to apologize and leave.

It is easier to give advice than follow it.

An adverb sometimes separates the particle to of an Infinitive from the

simple form of the verb. Such a construction is called split Infinitive.

She always tried to really understand them.

It will take you a few weeks to completely recover from your

illness.

Split Infinitives are believed to be more appropriate in informal writing.

Syntactic Functions of the Infinitive

The Infinitive can perform the following syntactic functions:

1. subject

To sleep is the only thing Eli wants after his double shift
waiting tables at the café.

To know her is to leave her.

As subject the Infinitive is sometimes used with the anticipatory it.

11
 It is everyone’s duty to obey the laws.

It would be a mistake to cut down any more trees.

It is foolish of him to refuse such a proposal.

It would cost millions/take years to rebuild the castle.

The Perfect Infinitive can also be used as the subject of the sentence.

To have made the same mistake was unforgivable.

2. predicative

One of the objectives of the course is to develop students’

writing skills.

My advice to you is to keep away from these dangerous people.

It can also be part of a predicative.

He isn’t easy to do business with.

The problem is hard to focus on.

3. part of a compound verbal predicate.

a) with verbs denoting the beginning, duration, repetition or end of an action
Infinitives form part of a compound verbal aspect predicate.

Imprisonment began to tell upon him.

He went on to introduce the results of their recent research.

As soon as he entered, they ceased to discuss it.

Every night the old man would light a fire in the great stone
fireplace.

In old days Americans used to bring letters of introduction.

12
b) with modal verbs, their equivalents and modal expressions Infinitives form
part of a compound verbal modal predicate.

She knew she had to be very careful about what she said.

“Now am I to find that house”?, he thought.

The film was not bad but I could feel impatience radiating from
her.

He was unable to concentrate on the work he was doing.

You had better not open the door to stranger.

I would rather operate this computer after a bit practice.

We can’t afford to waste our time.

a) with verbs of modal character, such as want, wish, desire, intend, hope, long,
plan, mean, prefer, expect, try, attempt, manage, fail.

I’ll only try now to describe him as I saw him at the start.

I expected to get a new phone quickly.

He managed to leave Bristol immediately.

We plan to go to the company’s local office to protest.

I wanted to continue the experiment but the boss said it was

high time to stop it.

c) expressions with a link verb + predicative having certain modal shades of

meaning (to be reluctant, to be (un)willing, to be ready, to be introduced, to
be compelled).

He is ready to meet them any time they choose.

We were reluctant to break the bad news to her.

13
 He was unwilling to take a risk investing money with them.

4. object

No matter how fascinating the biology dissection is, Emmanuel turns

his head and refuses to look.

They agreed to divide the profits equally.

Remember to turn the lights out when you leave the flat.

He pretended to have read the book.

Note 1: An it + Infinitive construction may be preceded by believe, consider, find,

think, expect, discover.

He found it easy to find extra money.

He thought it safer to leave the place.

Note 2: The Infinitive as object may be part of a phrase introduced by whether,

what, why, which, when, how.

I have something so important to tell you that I hardly know how to say.

5. part of a complex object

I want you to promise me you won’t talk to Antonia about that

sort of things.

Just as he was falling into unconsciousness he heard his door

open and quickly shut.

6. attribute.
In this function the Infinitive almost always has some modal meaning of
obligation or possibility
a) with abstract and class nouns.

He was a man to attract immediate sympathy.

14
 They gave him an opportunity to escape.

He was annoyed by her failure to answer the question correctly.

b) with indefinite pronouns (somebody, something, anybody, anything).

There is hardly anything to do in most of these small towns.

I was all alone. I had no one to talk to.

c) with ordinal numerals and the adjective last.

He was the last to discover the truth.

He is always the last to work and the first to rest.

7. adverbial modifier of
a) purpose

He locked the door to keep everyone out.

He set off early to avoid traffic.

They are training dogs to shift out drugs.

The same idea can be expressed by using the conjunction in order to and so as.

They spoke quietly in order / so as not to wake the children.

I stopped for a minute in order to rest.

Note: If the Infinitive is used as an adverbial modifier of purpose and it is the

beginning phrase in a sentence it should be set off with a comma.

To buy a basket of flowers, John has to spend his last dollar.

To improve your writing, you must consider your purpose and

audience.

15
 b) Result/consequence
a) the Infinitive can refer to the subject of the sentence. It then has an active
meaning.

He is experienced enough to do that work.

He was too drunk to drive home.

You are too young to understand the problem.

He is too experienced a conductor to mind what critics say.

He was so foolish as to leave his car unlocked.

b) the Infinitive can refer to the object of a verb. It then has a passive meaning.

The plate was too hot to touch.

Note: Sometimes either an active or a passive Infinitive may be used:

This parcel is too heavy to send/to be sent by post.

But this is not always possible, so it is advised to stick to the active Infinitive.

Note: Enough + abstract noun is sometimes replaceable by have + the + noun

She had enough sense to turn off the gas.

She has the sense to turn off the gas.

c) subsequent event

In this function the Infinitive is used with or without only.

He survived the crash only to die in the desert (expresses a

disappointing sequel).

He returned home to learn that his son had just got married
(without any idea of misfortune).

16
This use is mainly confined to the verbs of motion (to come, to rush, to run, to
arrive, to leave, to get, to return), verbs of discovery (to find, to discover, to hear)
and verbs of senses (to see, to hear, to feel).

He looked round to see her sitting like something dead.

My father was out and returned to find me in a condition of

feverish anxiety.

d) comparison or manner

The Infinitive in this function is introduced by the conjunctions as if/ as

though or than.

He paused as if to find a way to phrase his next thoughts.

She made a gesture as though to touch him.

I have got more important thing to do than (to) look at the sea.

e) condition

To hear him talk you would think he was a celebrity.

She would be unhappy to spend the rest of her life with a man
she didn’t love.

f) exception

The Infinitive is used with prepositions but and except in negative and
interrogative sentences. In this function bare Infinitive is used.

I had nothing to do but wait.

There was nothing to do except forgive him mistakes.

What could he do but put up with the situation?

17
 g) parenthesis

Infinitive phrases or parentheses can be placed at the beginning or at the end of a

sentence (to be fair, to begin with, to make matters worse, to cut a long story short,
to sum up, to speak frankly, to be precise/exact, to be quite frank, to tell the truth).

To be quite frank, I don’t like him at all.

To make matters worse, it began to rain and soon we got wet to

the skin.

I have never met him, to tell you the truth.

Predicative Constructions with Verbals

All verbals can form predicative constructions.

Predicative constructions (complexes) are structures intermediate between a

phrase and a clause. Unlike phrases they contain two words, which semantically
are in Subject – Predicate relations to one another, as the nominal element denotes
the doer of the action while the verbal element is one of the verbals. There is no
finite verb-form in complexes. Therefore, complexes have neither real subject nor
real predicate.

We heard him cry/crying.

We object to his joining project

Predicative Constructions with the Infinitive

There are three predicative constructions with the Infinitive:

1. The Objective with the Infinitive Construction.

2. The Subjective with the Infinitive Construction.
18
 3. The For – to – Infinitive Construction.

The Objective with the Infinitive Construction

The Objective with the Infinitive Construction consists of a nominal element

expressed by a noun in the common case or a personal pronoun in the objective
case and a verbal element expressed by an Infinitive, which is in predicate relation
to the nominal element. It has the function of a complex object in the sentence.

Nominal Verbal
I expect John/him to take an interest in my work.

The Objective with the Infinitive Construction is rendered into Armenian by means
of:

1. Խնդիր երկրորդական նախադասություն (ներկայացված

հետևյալ շաղկապներով` թե, որ, որպեսզի, երբ, ինչպես, թե
ինչպես):

I noticed him leave the house.

Ես նկատեցի, թե ինչպես նա դուրս եկավ տանից:

They want their daughter to become a psychologist.

Նրանք ցանկանում են, որ իրենց դուստրը

դառնա հոգեբան:

2. Անորոշ դերբայ:

He let me go home.

Նա թույլ տվեց ինձ գնալ տուն:

He felt his heart beat violently.

Նա զգաց իր սրտի ուժգին բաբախելը:

19
 3. Գոյական:

He considers me to be a failure.

Նա համարում է ինձ անհաջողակ:

4. Անորոշ դերբայ, որը չի թարգմանվում:

He finds the play to be a success.
Նա համարում է բեմադրությունը
հաջողված:

This construction is used after the following groups of verbs:

1. Verbs of senses (to see, to watch, to observe, to notice, to hear, to feel, etc.).
Here bare Infinitive is used in the Active Voice. If the meaning of the
Infinitive is passive Participle II is used.

I hadn’t heard him speak before, and now I realized that he was
a good speaker.

I could feel the blood leave my face in a rush.

But,

I noticed the papers scattered all over the floor.

Note: After the verb to see in the meaning to understand and with the verb to be a
subordinate clause is used instead of the objective construction.

I saw that he didn’t understand my point.

We noticed that the speaker was embarrassed.

After to hear in the meaning to learn, to be told a clause or a gerund is used.

I hear he left/ of his leaving for Canada for good.

20
 2. Verbs of mental activity (to expect, to think, to suppose, to believe, to
consider, to feel, to find, to understand, to imagine, to trust, to know). Here
any form of the Infinitive may be used.

We can’t believe him to have robbed the bank.

I find him to be a first class computer engineer.

In such awful weather we expected the game to be interrupted

Nobody supposed her to have been working on that project all

that time.

We felt him to be wrong.

The verb feel may be used both as a verb of senses and a verb of mental activity.

After the verbs to think, to find, to consider the Infinitive can be omitted.

They thought her (to be) smart.

We consider ourselves (to be) right.

3. Verbs denoting wish and intention (to want, to wish, to desire, to mean, to
choose (in the meaning to want, would like).

I didn’t mean you to come so early.

I only know how I want people to feel when I tell them the
truth.

He wished his family to spend the holidays in a quiet place.

4. Verbs of declaring (to declare, to report, to pronounce, to announce etc.).

They reported the plane to have taken off already.

He announced the meeting to be held on Monday.

21
5. Verbs denoting order and permission (to order, to instruct, to allow, to
suffer, to let and have with bare Infinitive).

They ordered the programme to be installed.

I asked myself why on earth Mrs. Strickland had allowed me to

come.

The chairman suffered the board to introduce new provisions.

We all got so hungry every night, we could hardly wait to let

the meal get done.

6. Verbs denoting inducement (to make and to have with bare Infinitive, to
cause, to force, to induce, to get, to set oneself, to bring oneself, to compel,
to impel).
I can’t get him to do it properly.
The noise caused her to awake.
I hope you will have him sign all the documents.

The reddish color in the light made the air seem colder.

7. Verbs denoting feelings and emotions (like, love, hate, cannot bear, cannot
stand, dislike).

I dislike you to treat people like that.

I hate people to interfere with my affairs.

I can’t bear people to come up with unasked for advice.

8. After some verbs followed by prepositions (rely on/upon, count on, look for,
listen to).
Can I count upon you to help me.
I rely on you to assist us.
I look for someone to deal with that problem.

22
 The Subjective with the Infinitive Construction

This construction does not form one member of the sentence. The nominal element
is expressed by a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case
and is a subject of the sentence. The verbal element (the Infinitive) is part of a
compound verbal predicate, and is in predicate relation to the nominal element.

He is reported to have left.

The Subjective with the Infinitive Construction may be rendered into Armenian by
means of:

1) Բարդ ստորադասական նախադասություն, որի գլխավոր

նախադասությունն անորոշ դիմավոր նախադասություն է,
իսկ երկրորդականը` խնդիր երկրորդական
նախադասություն է:

He is said to be smart.

Ասում են, որ նա խելացի է:

2) Եղանակավոր բառ պարունակող պարզ

նախադասությամբ:

He is likely to know the truth.

Նա կարծես/հավանաբար գիտի
ճշմարտությունը:

He is sure/certain to come soon.

Նա անկասկած կգա շուտով:

3) Բարդ ստորադասական նախադասություն, որի գլխավոր

նախադասությունը անդեմ նախադասություն է:

He seems/appears to be healthy but in fact he is rather ill.

23
 Թվում է, թե նա առողջ է, սակայն իրականում նա
բավականին հիվանդ է:

He turned out to know my brother well.

Պարզվեց, որ նա բավականին լավ գիտի իմ

եղբորը:

The Subjective with the Infinitive Construction is used with the following groups
of verbs in the passive voice.

1. Verbs of senses (to see, to hear, to notice, to observe, to feel) are used with
full Infinitive here

The garden gate was heard to bang.

He was noticed to lock the door and leave.

2. Verbs of mental activity (to think, to consider, to suppose, to believe, to find,

etc.).

Bossini was considered to be a young man without fortune.

The troops are not expected to have been withdrawn.

He is supposed to be working in the next room.

He is believed to have been performing his duties since last

year.

He is supposed to have escaped disguised as a woman.

3. Verbs of saying and reporting (to say, to report, to declare, to pronounce,

etc.).

He is said to have put away a small fortune.

A new star is reported to have been discovered.

24
 He was pronounced to be no longer in danger.

4. Verbs of inducement (to make, to induce, to compel, to force, to press, etc.).

He was made to inform the police about the robbery.

He was compelled to lose weight for the new role.

They were forced to postpone the discussion of the question till

later.

5. Verbs of order and permission (to order, to require, to allow).

They were ordered to wait for the further discussion.

He couldn’t be allowed to run a large company.

They were instructed to turn off the electricity.

6. Verbs of seeming and appearing in the active voice (seem, appear, chance,
turn out, prove, happen) followed by all the forms of the Infinitive.

She seems to be saying good-bye to someone.

I happened to be looking out of the window when they arrived.

His country cottage turned out to be an enormous bungalow.

Tom appeared to have been recruited as a secret agent.

7. Modal phrases expressing probability or certainty (to be (un)likely, to be

(un)certain, to be sure).

Students are unlikely to take out a loan unless they really need
the qualification they are studying for.

Cecily and Gwendolen are perfectly certain to be extremely

great friends.

He is not likely to have sent that mysterious letter.

25
 The For – to – Infinitive Construction

The nominal element of this construction is a noun in the common case or a

pronoun in the objective case preceded by the preposition for. The verbal element
is expressed by the infinitive, which is in predicate relation to the nominal element.

It’s easy enough for him to introduce the new project.

This construction is rendered into Armenian by means of:

1) երկրորդական նախադասություն
a) խնդիր երկրորդական նախադասություն,

I waited for him to come.

Ես սպասեցի, որ նա մոտենա:

b) նպատակի երկրորդական նախադասություն,

The boy hid the papers for the stranger not to notice them.

Տղան պահեց թղթերը, որպեսզի անծանոթը

չնկատի դրանք:

c) ստորոգելի երկրորդական նախադասություն:

The idea is for us to organize a party.

Նպատակը այն է, որ կազմակերպենք երեկույթ:

2. Պարզ նախադասություն:

There was nothing for us to do there.

Այնտեղ մեզ համար անելու ոչինչ չկար:

3. Անորոշ դերբայ:

26
 For you to go there is absolutely necessary.

Քո այնտեղ գնալը միանգամայն անհրաժեշտ է:

For me to tell the truth will be rather hard.

Ինձ համար բավականին դժվար կլինի ասել

նրան ճշմարտությունը:

The For–to–Infinitive Construction forms syntactical complexes in the same

functions as the single Infinitive.

For us to learn the truth is absolutely necessary.

It is not difficult for us to keep in touch with each other.

All he wanted at that moment was for everyone to keep quiet.

The last thing I want is for him to think I am deceiving him.

It is not for you to make terms.

The regulation was easy for us to follow.

They were eager for Any to get married very soon.

The manager arranged for the meeting to be held the next day.

She longed so much for people to be happy.

They usually don’t care for their children to go to bed in time.

There is some time for you to think it over.

The only thing for you to do is to stop asking questions.

There is nothing for us to do but amuse ourselves.

There wasn’t anything more for him to do but think and talk
about it.

27
He bought some pictures for us to decorate the flat.

She put on her bright evening dress for him to notice her at
once.

We sometimes take the children out to the park for them to get
some fresh air.

She is too silly for them to hope that she can find a way but
herself.

The case is light enough for me to carry.

It is too soon for me to say whether the scheme will succeed or

not.

28
 The Gerund

The Gerund is formed by adding the suffix ing to the stem of the verb, and
thus, coincides in form with Participle I. That is why these two forms are often
referred to as ing-forms. The Gerund is the non-finite form of the verb, which like
the Infinitive, combines the properties of the verb and the noun as it developed
from the verbal noun.

The nominal characteristics of the Gerund are as follows:

1. It has nominal syntactical functions of:

a) Subject

Driving out here got my appetite up.

It’s awfully hard doing nothing.

b) Object
She regrets making so much trouble about that case.
I feel like advising John to sell the furniture.
c) Predicative

His first idea was finding out the truth.

His idea is constructing summer cottages.

2. It can be preceded by a preposition.

When he spoke he gave the impression of being nervous.

Did she seem to object to your visiting the house?

On arriving at the hotel he found all the rooms occupied.

3. It can be modified by a noun in the genitive case or a possessive pronoun.

You remember how shocked he was at Meg’s leaving her

husband.
29
 I hope you don’t mind my coming.

The verbal characteristics of the Gerund are as follows:

1. It can take a direct object.

I suggest attending a swimming pool.

The boy denied having taken the wallet.

2. It can be modified by an adverb.

I kept on chuckling away quietly at the mere idea of it.

We enjoyed walking slowly along the silent streets.

3. It has tense and voice distinctions.

Indefinite/ Simple Perfect

Active
taking having taken
Passive being taken having been taken

The category of the tense denotes the relation of the action either to the
moment of speaking or to some definite moment in the past or future.

The category of tense of the gerund is not absolute but relative.

The Simple Gerund expresses an action simultaneous or following the

action expressed by the finite form, thus, it may refer to the present, past or future.

I insist on your doing it properly (following action).

He is/was/ will be tired of reminding him about his duties

(simultaneous action).

The Perfect Gerund expresses an action prior to that of the finite form.
30
He denied having been here before.

He was accused of having deserted the ship.

She was ashamed of having lied to her parents.

Note: The Simple Gerund may denote priority when used after

1) the following verbs (to apologize, to excuse, to forget, to forgive, to

remember, to punish, to reproach, to thank).

He reproached me for not sending out the mail.

She will never forgive your letting her down.

2) the following prepositions: on, upon, after, without.

After hesitating a moment or two he knocked at the door.

She went away without saying a word.

The voice distinction of the Gerund is seen in the opposition of active and
passive forms.

I hate interrupting and being interrupted.

He was punished by being sent to bed without any supper.

He enjoyed being needed.

Note: Active gerund is used in passive meaning after the adjective worth and the
verbs to need, to require, to want.

His collection of stamps was worth seeing.

Lentils do not require soaking before cooking.

The house needs reconstructing or to be reconstructed.

The plant wants watering or to be watered daily.

31
 The Gerund and the Verbal Noun

Both the Gerund and the Verbal Noun are formed by adding the suffix - ing
to the stem of the verb. However, they are not identical and the following
differences can be singled out.

Unlike the gerund the verbal noun has only a nominal character, i.e.

1) it may be used with an article.

She started the loading of the ship.

He could feel that he was very close to a beginning of some

sort.

2) it may be used in the plural.

He took part in the settings of the board.

3) it cannot take a direct object but it can take the prepositional object with the
preposition of.

It was perfectly still, save for the rustling of the leaves.

4) it may be modified by an adjective or pronouns such as: some, any, a lot of

etc.
We did everything to avoid any misunderstanding.
She had to do a lot of cleaning and washing.

Syntactic Functions of the Gerund

The gerund can perform the following syntactic functions:

1. subject.

As a rule the gerund in this function occupies the front position.

32
 Knowing about it beforehand gives it an extra thrill when it
happens to oneself.

Arguing over trifles is a waste of time.

The gerund in this function may also occupy the post position in sentences
introduced by introductory it, or by the construction there is.

“It is curious your asking me that”, said Mr. Pyne

There is no accounting for his strange behavior.

It is good talking to him.

Is it any use expecting them to be on time?

2. a predicative (as a part of compound nominal predicate).

What annoyed me most of all was his accepting their proposal

quite readily.

Seeing is believing.

3. a part of a compound verbal predicate.

a) with verbs and phasal verbs denoting 1) the beginning (to start, to begin,
to burst out) 2) the continuation (to go on, continue, to keep) and 3) the
end of the action (to stop, to finish, to cease, to give up, to leave off).

In the morning he started moving to the room downstairs.

In spite of the rain we went on waiting.

She kept asking me the same question.

We left before the team ceased working.

b) with modal verbs and expressions (can’t help, intend).

He couldn’t help laughing when he heard that funny story.

33
 What do you intend doing on returning home?

4. object

Oh, how I dislike being interrupted. (direct object)

I should insist on being paid for my work. (prepositional

object)

I appreciate your father’s sending me his card. (complex object)

5. attribute

Edith had no intention of going anywhere else.

This new way of talking seemed strange to me.

There will be no difficulty in arranging this interview.

He had a gift for playing eight musical instruments.

6. adverbial modifier

Like a noun in this function the gerund is always preceded by a preposition, the
choice of which depends on the meaning of the adverbial modifier. It can perform
the syntactic function of the following adverbial modifiers of

a) manner

In this function it is preceded by the prepositions by or in.

He spent all his free time in sorting out letters.

Well, it began by my being hard up.

You spoilt the cake by adding too much sugar.

b) attendant circumstances

34
In this function the gerund is preceded by the proposition without, besides, instead
of.

Without knowing anything about you, I am sure I can trust you.

Besides sending her flowers, he wrote her letters, and gave her
presents.
Instead of saying anything to her, Paul just nodded in
agreement.
c) condition
The gerund is preceded by the prepositions without, but for, in case of, in the event
of.
He couldn’t answer the teacher’s question without my
prompting him.
You can’t act without having the necessary information.
In the case of the contract being checked by the expert you may
sign it.
But for the book being translated we wouldn’t have read it in
Armenian.
d) time
In this function the gerund can be preceded by the prepositions after, before, on
(upon), at, in.

He hesitated a moment before crossing the bridge.

On arriving at the place I was glad to find that I knew everyone.
On reading the letter he had a feeling of disappointment once
more.
e) cause or reason
As an adverbial modifier of cause the gerund is preceded by prepositions for, for
fear of, owing to, because of, from, on account of, through.

35
 She didn’t say a single word for fear of being asked a lot of
questions.
I felt embarrassed for having been caught in a lie.
He felt much better because of having taken the pills.
f) concession
In spite of/Despite having all the necessary qualifications, they
didn’t offer me the job
g) purpose
The gerund in this function follows the preposition for, for the purpose of, for the
object of, with the view of.
This area is used for planting exotic trees.
The hall was redecorated for the purpose of celebrating the
occasions.
The city council passed a law with the object of improving the
city transport system.

Gerundial Complexes

The Gerund, like all the verbals, can form predicative constructions or complexes,
in which the gerund (the verbal element) is in predicate relation to a noun or a
pronoun (the nominal element).
Nominal element verbal element
Your being so indifferent irritates me a great deal.
It is rendered into Armenian by
1) ստորադասական նախադասություն ներկայացված
հետևյալ շաղկապներով թե ինչպես, որ, այն որ
I don’t like you/your scolding everybody.

36
 Ինձ դուր չի գալիս, որ/թե ինչպես եք դուք բոլորին
նախատում: (խնդիր երկրորդական
նախադասություն)
I like the idea of our spending the weekend together.
Ինձ դուր է գալիս այն գաղափարը, որ մենք
միասին ենք անց կացնելու հանգստյան օրերը:
(որոշիչ երկրորդական նախադասությում)
Your complaining about everything so much annoys everyone.
Այն, որ դու անընդհատ բողոքում ես,
բարկացնում է բոլորին: (ենթակա երկրորդական
նախադասություն)
2) անորոշ դերբայ:
Do you mind me/my smoking so much.
Դուք դեմ չեք իմ այսքան շատ ծխելուն:
The nominal element of the gerundial complex can be expressed differently.
1) If it denotes a living being it may be expressed by:
a) a noun in the genitive case or by a possessive pronoun to stress the verbal
element of the construction.
Can we rely on your assistant’s doing it.
I don’t approve of his neglecting his duty.
b) a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case used in
spoken and less formal English to stress the nominal element of the
construction.
I dislike my mother interfering with my personal affairs.
I can’t bear the thought of the children/them staying there
alone.

When the nominal element of the gerundial complex consists of two or more nouns
it is always used in the common case.

37
 What is the point of Karen and Sam staying with them any
longer.
I can’t imagine Frank and Mabel paying so much for a piano.
2) If it denotes an inanimate thing it may be expressed by:
a) a noun in the common case.
There is very little hope of the work being done in time.
She was startled by the noise of the outer door being opened.
b) by a possessive pronoun.
He often asked for tea and insisted on its being made correctly.
3) The nominal element may be expressed by such pronouns as all, this, that,
both, each, someone, something with no case distinction.
He suddenly became conscious of someone standing beside his
desk.
There could be no danger of anything happening.
I insist on each of you attending the event.

The Use of the Gerund

The gerund is used after
Some verbs are followed only by the Gerund with or without prepositions.
admit delay dislike fancy involve miss resist
appreciate deny enjoy feel keep (on) postpone risk
like
avoid detest escape finish mention practise suggest

can’t help discuss face give up mind put off understand

apologize for prevent accuse of
from
approve of thank for complain of
insist on object to rely on

38
succeed in think of depend on
look forward to persist in suspect of

Some adjectives or nouns + prepositions.

happy about to be surprised at

bored with to be pleased at
fond of proud of to be capable of
good at sure of to be busy in
alternative to similarity/similar to to be used to
close/closeness to the idea/ thought of to be alternative to
dedication to objection to to be similar to
opposition/opposed to chance of to be accustomed to

Is there any chance of there being a vacancy in this hotel.

I was afraid he was considering resigning.
I knew he was not capable of making decisions.
My father often accused me of treating the house as a hotel.

Some verbs are followed only by an infinitive.

able arrange choose fail manage prepare seem would

like
afford ask decide happen offer pretend tend learn
agree attempt encourage help plan promise threaten
appear beg expect hope deserve refuse wish

There are some verbs, which take Infinitive or Gerund without change of meaning.
Verbs taking infinitive or gerund without change of meaning
а) begin, start, continue, cease
b) can’t bear
39
d) intend

a) With begin, start, continue, cease, bother either infinitive or gerund may be
used without any difference in meaning, but the infinitive is more usual with verbs
of knowing and understanding and the verb matter:
I began working/ I began to work.
He continued living/to live above the shop.
Don’t bother locking/to lock the door
But:
I am beginning to understand/see/realize why he acted as he did.
It ceased to matter whether or not he sold his work.
She never ceased complaining/to complain about prices.

b) After can/could bear (chiefly used in the negative) either gerund or infinitive
can be used: I can’t bear waiting/to wait; but when the infinitive refers to a
deliberate action the expression implies that the subject’s feelings prevent(ed)
him from performing the action:
I couldn’t bear to tell him. (so I didn’t)
There are some verbs and expressions, which take the Infinitive or Gerund with
some change of meaning.
c) After intend an infinitive is more usual than a gerund.

I intend to sell it.

I intend selling it.
The infinitive is necessary when we have intend + object. This is found only in
formal English:
I intend him to take over the department.
 With advise, recommend, allow and permit.
If the person concerned is mentioned we use the infinitive:
He advised me to apply at once.
40
 She recommends housewives to buy the big tins.
They don’t allow us to park here.

But if the person is not mentioned, the gerund is used:

He advised applying at once.
She recommends buying the big tins.
They don’t allow parking.

 it needs/requires/wants can be followed either by the gerund or by the

passive infinitive, the gerund being the more usual:
The grass wants cutting or
The grass needs to be cut.
 be ashamed of + gerund or be ashamed of yourself etc. for + gerund
The gerund here refers to a previous action:
You should be ashamed of lying to him or
You should be ashamed of yourself for lying to him.
In be ashamed + infinitive, the infinitive usually refers to a subsequent action:
I’m ashamed to tell you what this carpet cost.
would be ashamed + infinitive often implies that the subject’s feelings (will)
prevent him from performing the action:
I’d be ashamed to ask for help. (So I won’t/wouldn’t ask)

 Like can be followed by the Gerund or the Infinitive (often without any
difference in meaning)
I like working in the morning or
I like to work in the morning.
But in British English there is sometimes a difference between the use of the
Gerund and the Infinitive.
“I like doing it” means “I enjoy doing it”.
“I like to do it” means “I think it is good or right to do it”.
I like to make all my arrangements beforehand.
41
  Interested in doing and interested to do.
I am interested in doing something means = I am thinking of doing it, I’d like to do
it.
They are interested in building a petrol station in our road.
Interested to do is used especially with hear/see/know/read/learn.
I was interested to hear that they were getting married soon.
 Prefer can be followed by the gerund or the Infinitive.
I prefer working alone or I prefer to work alone.
But there are some differences in structures after prefer.
I prefer smth to smth else.
I prefer doing smth to doing smth else.
but
I prefer to do smth rather than (do) smth else.
 regret, remember, forget are used with a gerund when the action
expressed by the gerund is the earlier action:

I regret spending so much money =

I’m sorry I spent so much money. (Spending is the first
action, regret is the second.)
I remember reading about the earthquake in the papers,
(Reading is the first action, remember is the second.)
 forget + gerund is possible only when forget is in the negative. It is often
used after will never forget:
I’ll never forget waiting for bombs to fall =
I’ll always remember waiting for bombs to fall.
When regret, remember, forget themselves express the earlier action they are
followed by an infinitive:
I regret to say that you have failed your exam. (Regret is the
first action, to say is the second.)
regret here is normally followed by a verb such as say, inform, tell. It is normally
42
used only in the present tense,
remember can be used in any tense:
I’ll remember to ring Bill. (Remember is the earlier action.)
forget is used similarly:
I often forget to sign my cheques.
I remembered to lock/I didn’t forget to lock the door. (I
locked it.)
Conversely:
I didn’t remember/I forgot to lock it. (I didn’t lock it.)
regret, remember, forget can also be followed by a noun/pronoun or a that-
clause.

remember and forget can also be followed by noun clauses beginning with
how, why, when, where, who etc.:
I can’t remember when I saw him last.
I’ve forgotten where I put it.
 mean meaning ‘intend’ takes the Infinitive:
I mean to get to the top by sunrise.
mean meaning ‘involve’ (used only with an impersonal subject) takes the
Gerund:
He is determined to get a seat even if it means standing in a
queue all night.
 propose meaning ‘intend’ usually takes the infinitive:
I propose to start tomorrow.
propose meaning ‘suggest’ takes the gerund:
I propose waiting till the police get here.

 go on = ‘continue’ and is normally followed by a gerund. But it is used with

an infinitive, usually with a verb like explain, talk, tell, when the speaker

43
 continues talking about the same topic but introduces a new aspect of it:
He began by showing us where the island was and went on to
tell us about its climate.
Compare: He went on talking about his accident, which implies that he had been
talking about it before, with He went on to talk about his accident, which implies
that he had been speaking perhaps about himself or his journey but that the
accident was being introduced for the first time.
 stop (= cease) is followed by the gerund: Stop talking.
It can be followed by object + gerund:
I can’t stop him talking to the press.
A possessive adjective would be possible here but is very seldom used.
stop (= halt) can be followed by an infinitive of purpose:
I stopped to ask the way. (I stopped in order to ask the way.)
 try usually means ‘attempt’ and is followed by the infinitive:
They tried to put wire netting all round the garden.
( They attempted to do this.)
The sentence doesn’t tell us whether they succeeded or not.
try can also mean ‘make the experiment’ and is then followed by the
gerund:
They tried putting wire netting all round the garden.
This means that they put wire netting round the garden to see if it would solve
their problem (presumably they were trying to keep out rabbits and foxes). We
know that they succeeded in performing the main action; what we don’t know is
whether this action had the desired effect, i.e. kept the foxes out.
 be afraid of + gerund or gerund + noun/pronoun
Here the gerund usually expresses an action, which the subject fears may happen.
It is normally an involuntary action:
He never swam far out. He was afraid of getting cramp.
She avoids lonely streets. She is afraid of being mugged.

44
 She didn’t tell him because she was afraid of upsetting him.
be afraid + infinitive means that the subject is/was etc. too frightened to perform
the action. This is obviously a deliberate action:
He was afraid to jump. (so, he didn’t jump)
She was afraid to protest. (so, she kept quiet)
 be sorry for + gerund means ‘apologize/regret’. The gerund usually
refers to a previous action but can refer to an immediately following
action:
I’m sorry for making such a noise last night.
I’m sorry for disturbing you. (now)
But I’m sorry to disturb you. (would be more usual here)
be sorry + infinitive can express regret or sadness:
I’m sorry to hear that you’ve been ill.
When the action expressed by the infinitive is involuntary, the two actions are
almost simultaneous:
I was sorry to see him looking so ill. (When I saw him ... I
was sorry.)
When the infinitive refers to a deliberate action, be sorry is the earlier of the two
actions and is then very similar to regret.
I’m sorry to inform you that there has been an accident.

be sorry that ... is also possible. Note: I’m sorry that usually expresses genuine
regret, but that with I’m sorry to say that or I’m afraid that the regret may be very
faint, even perfunctory.

The Participle

The Participle is a non-finite form of the verb. Grammatically, it combines the

characteristics of the verb with those of the adjectives or the adverb.
There are two participles in English: Participle I (the Present Participle) and
Participle II (the Past Participle). Though, the difference between these verbals is
45
not that of tense but that of voice.
Participle I
Participle I is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of the verb and is
considered one of the ing – forms as well as with the Gerund.
The distinction between these two homonymous forms is based on their
meaning and function.
As for the meaning Participle I expresses an action characterizing a person or
a thing (like an adjective) or as modifying another action (like an adverb), whereas
the gerund expresses an action in its most general sense, naming it (like a noun).
Compare: She was always to him a laughing girl with dancing eyes. (Participle I)
For a time he lay, trying to think his way out. (Participle I)
Repairing is what the house needs. (Gerund)
The car needs fixing. (Gerund)
As for the function both Participle I and the Gerund may be used in the function of
attribute and adverbial modifier. The difference between them is that Participle I in
these functions is not preceded by prepositions.

Compare: Coming back he paused at the pile of the letters (Participle I,

adverbial modifier of time).
On entering the room he noticed a telegram on the table
(Gerund, adverbial modifier of time).
The idea of parting never crossed our minds (Gerund, attribute).
I used to tell all my troubles to our neighbor living next door
(Participle I, attribute).
Thus, Participle I has the properties of a verb, adjective and adverb.
The verbal characteristics of Participle I are as follows:
a) it can take a direct object
Having done all, that was required, he was the last to leave the
office.
b) it can be modified by an adverb
46
 He found them sitting together and talking peacefully.
c) it has tense and voice distinctions.

Tense Indefinite Perfect

taking having taken
Voice Active Passive Active Passive
taking being taken having taken having been
taken

The category of tense denotes the relation of the action either to the moment
of speaking or the some definite moment in the past or future.
The category of tense of Participle I is not absolute but relative.
The Simple Participle expresses an action simultaneous or following the
action expressed by the finite form. It may refer to the present, past or future.
There is something bothering me. (present)
There was something bothering me. (past)
There will be something bothering me. (future)
The Perfect Participle shows the action prior to the action expressed by the
finite verb.
Having been informed of their arrival the day before, he was
better prepared to meet them.
Prior action is not always expressed by Perfect Participle. With the following verbs
of sense perception and motion Simple Participle is used to express a prior action
(to see, to hear, to come, to arrive, to seize, to look, to turn, to return etc.)
Returning home in the afternoon, she became conscious of her
mistake.
Turning to the main street, she ran into Donald and Mary.

Syntactic Functions of Participle I

Participle I can perform the following syntactic functions:
47
 1. an attribute
In this function Participle I can
a) precede the noun it modifies and is normally used alone, hardly ever used
with accompanying words.
The train rattled on in the dying twilight.
b) follow the noun it modifies, as a rule with one or several accompanying
words
I received from her another letter saying that she was passing
through Paris.
There was something bothering me in the back of my mind.

Note! Participle I in the function of an attribute cannot express priority. It is

rendered in English by an attributive clause.
The man who had written several articles on that subject is
highly appreciated.
The rector congratulated the freshmen who had done well in the
entrance exams.
c) be detached, i.e. it stands in loose connection with the word it modifies and
is separated by a comma
Martin, almost regretting his reply, was making lame excuses.
2. an adverbial modifier of:
a) time
In this function Participle I may denote either a simultaneous or a prior action.
Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door.
Having finished his work, he sighed with relief.
To express simultaneity we can also use conjunction when or while.
John hurt his leg while playing football.
Be careful when crossing the street.
Note: With the following verbs of sense perception and motion (to see, to hear, to
48
arrive, to come, to enter, to seize, to look out, to turn, to approach, to get etc.) non
– perfect participle I is usually used to express priority.
Coming back, he paused at the pile of pamphlets and
straightened them nearly.
Returning to the office he found it in a mess.
b) a cause / reason
He couldn’t join his friends being still busy in the laboratory.
Having already seen the film twice, I didn’t want to go to the
movies.
Having spent hours searching for that information, he got
exhausted.

c) attendant circumstances (with the verbs to lie, to sit, to stand etc.)

I sat on the doorstep holding my little sister in my arms and
thinking over my chances of escaping from home.
Jody stood quietly watching Grandfather.
We were sitting reading of the London Pictorial.
d) a comparison (introduced by conjunctions as if, as though)
She looked at me as if trying to understand what I was driving
at.
As though responding to an electric shock, Selena’s brother
pulled back his injured hand.
e) condition
Speaking like that, you will disappoint her.
You’ll make people laugh, behaving like that.
3. a part of a complex object (also after verbs to send and set)
He felt the bridge shaking under his feet
She turned and saw Shelton standing down there.
The wind sent the flames racing.
It set his heart beating.
49
 4. predicative
In this function Participle I gives qualitative characteristics to the subject.
His answer is very surprising.
The film was horrifying.
It sounded exciting.
5. part of a compound verbal predicate.
The children were seen playing in the yard.
In this function it is also used with the following verbs (to go, to come, to
disappear, etc.).
The wind came blowing up from the bay.
We went shopping last week.
6. parenthesis
In this function participial phrase is used.
Taking into consideration your standpoint, we can accept their
proposal.
Speaking for myself, I am not keen on photography.
Generally speaking, I don’t approve of her engagement.

Participle II
Participle II is a non-finite form, which stands apart from the other verbals. It
is unchangeable, so it doesn’t possess morphological categories. It doesn’t express
an action itself but the result of an action (quality or state).

Syntactic Functions of Participle II

Participle II has only one form and it can be used in the following syntactic
functions:
1. attribute
In this function participle II may be
a) in pre-position
I took up the dairy and turned over the written pages.
50
 The big pads slipped on the frozen wood.
b) in post-position
Police are looking for a boy known to work at Smith’s.
Failure is a word not tolerated in this establishment.
c) detached
Set loose, Sibyl immediately ran down to the flat part of the
beach.
Locked in her room, she flung herself on the bed and cried
bitterly.
Shocked by the poverty of my own vocabulary, I went to the
British Museum library.

Note! In addition to its attributive meaning the Participle II as a detached

attribute acquires some additional meaning of an adverbial modifier of (cause,
time, concession).
2. adverbial modifier of:
a) time
When challenged he denied it.
b) of condition
It was clear that he would go back to London, if given half a
chance.
c) of comparison
It was only a couple of pages as though specially designed for
long-sighted elderly man.
d) of concession
Though greatly embarrassed by the situation, she could find
what to answer back.
3. predicative
The child kept silent and looked frightened.
His name was well known among the younger writers of
51
 France.
4. part of a complex object
How often do you have your carpets cleaned.
They got the place surrounded?
5. part of a compound verbal predicate.
The money was found hidden under the carpet.
The building was considered fully restored.
She seemed deeply confused.

Predicative Constructions with Participles

Participle I and II can be found in the following Predicative Constructions:
1) The Objective Participial Construction
2) The Subjective Participial Construction
3) The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
4) The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction

The Objective Participial Construction

The Objective Participial Construction consists of a nominal element expressed by

a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case, or a reflexive
pronoun and a verbal element expressed by Participle I or Participle II, which is in
predicate relation to the nominal element. It has the function of a complex object in
the sentence.
He heard the young people singing and shouting from the
opposite bank.
I heard some mention made of Scotch whiskey.
The Objective Participial Construction is rendered into Armenian by means of
1) Խնդիր երկրորդական նախադասություն (ներկայացված
հետևյալ շաղկապներով որ, թե, թե ինչպես):
He felt the water reaching his knees.
52
 Նա զգաց, թե ինչպես ջուրը հասնում է իր
ծնկներին:
He felt himself clutched by the collar.
Նա զգաց, որ իրեն բռնեցին օձիքից:
2) Համակատար դերբայ
He saw Billy working in the field.
Նա տեսավ Բիլին դաշտում աշխատելիս:
3) Հարակատար դերբայ
I found the dog tied to a tree.
Ես գտա շանը ծառին կապած:
4) Անորոշ դերբայ
You can get your dress made in Paris.
Դուք կարող եք պատվիրել ձեր զգեստը
Փարիզում:
5) Պարզ նախադասություն
Why don’t you have your hair cut?
Ինչու չես կտրում/կտրել տալիս մազերդ:

This construction is used after the following groups of verbs:

1. Verbs of senses (to see, to hear, to feel, to notice, to find, etc.). Both
Participle I and Participle II are used.
He found Dora reading a novel in their bedroom.
I heard the visitor walking restlessly backwards and forwards.
She heard her father referred to.
You will find yourself confused.
2. Verbs of mental activity (to believe. to consider, to understand, to imagine,
etc.)
We consider the novel finished.
I believe them annoying their friends.
3. Verbs denoting wish (to want, to wish, to desire, prefer, need, would like)
53
 Only Participle II is used
The wished the program installed within a month.
We need the office redecorated.
I’d like my car (to be) serviced.
4. Verbs of reporting (to report, to declare, to announce, etc.)
They reported the project approved.
5. Verbs to have, to get. Only Participle II is used.
She may be at the hairdresser’s having her hair dyed.
Get the things packed before going to bed.

This construction is used if the person referred to the subject of the sentence is not
responsible for what happens:
I had my appendix removed when I was 16.
They had their flat broken into again.
In sentences like this get is used in informal speech.
She got her fingers trapped in the bicycle chain.

Subjective Participial Construction

The Subjective Participial Construction is a construction in which the

Participle is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the
nominative case. Thus, this construction does not form one member of the
sentence. The nominal element (the Noun or the Pronoun) is the subject of the
sentence and the verbal element (the Participle) is part of a compound verbal
predicate.
Dogs have often been seen killed on the road.
They were seen walking in the procession.
The Subjective Participial Construction may be rendered into Armenian by
means of:
54
 1. Բարդ ստորադասական նախադասություն, որի գլխավոր
նախադասությունն անորոշ դիմավոր նախադասություն է,
իսկ երկրորդականը` խնդիր երկրորդական
նախադասություն է:
He was seen riding a bicycle.
Տեսան, որ նա հեծանիվ է քշում:
2. Համակատար դերբայ
He was noticed hiding the documents.
Նրան նկատեցին փաստաթղթերը թաքցնելիս:
3. Հարակատար դերբայ
The work was believed completed.
Աշխատանքը համարվեց ավարտված:
This construction is mainly used with the verbs of senses (to see, to
hear, to feel, to notice, to find, etc.), mental activity (to believe. to consider,
to understand, to imagine, etc.) and reporting (to report, to declare, to
announce, etc.) in the passive voice, and the verb to seem in the active voice.
Grandfather was seen napping on the porch.
The mountaineers were believed caught in a storm.
The moonstone was reported stolen.
She seemed depressed.

The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction

Like all other predicative constructions the Nominative Absolute Participial

Construction consists of a nominal element and a verbal element. The peculiarity
of this construction is that the nominal element, which is expressed by a noun in
the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case is not the subject of the
sentence. The verbal element of the construction is expressed by Participle I or
Participle II.
Things packed, we called a taxi.
55
 The boy being your son, you are responsible for whatever he
does.
This construction is chiefly used in literary style and may be rendered into
Armenian by means of:
1. Բարդ ստորադասական նախադասություն
That done, the young lady took the ring to the jeweler.
Երբ դա արվեց, երիտասարդ կինը մատանին
տարավ ոսկերչի մոտ: (ժամանակի պարագա
երկրորդական նախադասություն)
Nobody having anything more to say, he went out.
Քանի որ ոչ ոք ասելիք չուներ, նա դուրս եկավ:
(պատճառի պարագա երկրորդական
նախադասություն)
Circumstances permitting, we’ll invite more people to our
housewarming party.
Եթե հանգամանքները թույլ տան, մենք ավելի
շատ մարդ կհրավիրենք մեր
բնակարանամուտին: (պայմանի պարագա
երկրորդական նախադասություն)
2. Դերբայական դարձված հարակատար դերբայով
Fernando was standing a little apart, his back turned against the
driving snow.
Ֆերնանդոն մի փոքր այն կողմ կանգնած՝
թիկունքն արած քամուն:
3. Բարդ համադասական նախադասություն
The girl sat by her, the sun shining on her hair.
Աղջիկը նստեց նրա կողքին , (և) արևի շողերն
ընկան մազերին:
This construction may be used in the following functions of a adverbial modifier
of:
56
 a) time
The operation being over, the patient felt the pain leave him.
The day of the wedding party fixed, they started making
preparations.
b) cause
The patient’s leg having been amputated, there was no doubt of
his recovering soon.
There being nothing else to do, we went to the club.
c) condition
It mainly occurs with the verbs permit and fail. Only Participle I is used
here.
Weather permitting; we will go swimming in the lake.
d) attendant circumstances
Constantia lay like a statue, her eyes fixed on the ceiling.
She crept into the room on tiptoes, her heart beating at twice its
usual speed.

Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction

This construction is introduced by preposition with and is chiefly used in the

syntactic function of an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances.
Down the road they walked, with the pig trotting behind them.
(attendant cirumstances)
She walked out, with her head held high. (attendant
cirumstances)
With the papers signed, he could start the new project. (time/
cause)

Abosolute Constructions without Participle

The participle being is sometimes omitted in the absolute constructions.
57
 The dinner over, they left.
There are two types of absolute constructions in which no participle is found: the
Nominative Absolute Construction and the Prepositional Absolute Construction.
The second element in these constructions is an adjective, a prepositional phrase or
an adverb.
1. The Nominative Absolute Construction without Participle is used in the
function of adverbial modifier of time and attendant circumstances.
Breakfast over, we went to his counting house.
Manson went homeward alone, his heart full of strange emotions.
There he stood, his face to the South-East.
Mind the difference! The lesson over… (temporal meaning).
The lesson being over…(casual meaning).
2. The Prepositional Absolute Construction without Paticiple is mostly used in
the function of adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances.
I found him waiting for me, with his stick in his hand.
Prepositional Absolute Constructions are usually separated from the rest of the
sentence by a comma.

Exercises (The Infinitive)

Ex.1. Point out the Infinitive and state its form.
1. A little quiet murmur of voices could be heard. 2. He was willing to make friendly
58
gestures. 3. The story could not be written if anyone doubts the facts here to be
presented. 4. It is the best play to have been staged this season. 5. “I think that can
be managed”, said Mr. Pyne. 6. It is so nice of you to have brought the book I
need. 7. The firm is reported to be conducting negotiations for the purchase of
sugar. 8. He seemed to have been thinking about the problem for a long time. 9.
We pretended not to have noticed the mistake he had made. 10. He said that the
poems happen to be written by the only great poet of the century. 11. How nice of
you to have booked the tickets in advance. 12. Who was the first to put forward the
idea. 13. He is said to have been appointed director of a big plant. 14. The water
seems to be boiling. 15. The student is known to have been studying English for
six months. 16. The design of this motor appears to have been published in the
latest issue of the magazine.

Ex.2. Choose the correct form of the Infinitive.

1. I was given a free choice whether … or not.
a) to cooperate b) to be cooperatedc) to have cooperated
2. The weather seems … for the better. It isn’t so cold today.
a) to change b) to have changed c) to be changed
3. We are lucky … all the exams successfully.
a) to pass b) to be passing c) to have passed
4. A machine in the factory needs …
a) to fit b) to have been fitted c) to be fitted
5. The old man wanted … of, to have someone …
a) to be taken care, to talk to b) to take care, to be talked to
c) to be taken care, to be talked to
6. Surprisingly enough I seemed … that face before.
a) to see b) to have seen c) to have been seen
7. This device must … with care.
a) be handled b) have handled c) be handling
8. He is the man … on.
59
 a) to have been relied on b) to rely c) to be relying
9. The boy wanted … for high achievement.
a) to have been praised b) to praise c) to be praised
10. He is so happy … the first prize for his performance.
a) to have been awarded b) to have been awarding c) to have awarded
11. The party proceeded. Everyone appeared … themselves.
a) to have enjoyed b) to have been enjoying c) to be enjoying
12. He was the only one … to take part in the conference.
a) to be invited b) to be inviting c) to have invited
13. The last item on the programmes was a grand display of fireworks …
exactly at midnight.
a) to have let off b) to be let off c) to let off
14. It’s a pleasure … your friend all these years.
a) to be b) having been c) to have been
15. The money seems … and the incident … .
a) to be finding, to be forgotten b) to have found, to have been forgotten
c) to have been found, to have been forgotten

Ex.3. Open the brackets using appropriate form of the Infinitive.

1. I hate (to bother) you, but the man is still waiting (to give) a definite answer.
2. He hated (to bother) with trifling matters when he had many more important
questions (to decide). 3. She would never miss a chance (to show) her
efficiency, she was so anxious (to like) and (to praise). 4. The idea was too
complicated (to express) in just one paragraph. It seemed it would take not less
than a page (to put) it into words. 5. The book is likely (to publish) and (to
appear) on sale pretty soon. It is sure (to sell) well and (to sell) out in no time.
6. What he took to writing for was not (to earn) a living but a name. All he
wanted was (to read) and not (to forget). 7. How fortunate he is (to travel) all
over the world and (to see) so much of it. 8. The man appears (to know)
60
 practically all European languages; he is said (to learn) them while travelling. 9.
The river was reported (to overflow) the banks and (to advance) towards the
suburbs of the city. 10. The girl pretended (to read) a book and not (to notice)
me. 11. You seem (to look) for trouble. 12. It seems (to rain) ever since we
came here. 13.The man seemed (to study) me, and I felt uneasy in his presence.
14. Perhaps it would bother him (to tell) about the quarrel. 15. He is supposed
(to work) at the translation of the book for two years. 16. The only sound (to
hear) was the ticking of the grandfather’s clock downstairs. 17. The book was
believed (to lose) until the librarian happened (to find) it during the inventory. It
turned out (to misplace). 18. The strength of the metal proved (to overestimate)
by the designer. The engineer claimed (to warn) against its use for the purpose
all along as he had been always sure it was likely (to deform) under great load.
19. We seem (to fly) over the sea for quite a long time and there is yet no land
(to see). 20. Not (to answer) would have been a wrong step. 21. We don’t seem
(to acquaint), at least I can’t remember ever meeting him.

Ex. 4. Match two parts of the sentences.

1) She goes swimming. G A) Why not go to the country?

2) They have to stay in. They can’t afford.L B) to shout at Ann?
3) Are you fit enough J c) to have a holiday.
4) To spend too much money I d) to ask for help.
5) To err is human, K e) to post it?
6) Don’t hesitate to phone me H f) to see how she is.
7) The weather is fine. A g) to try and keep her weight down.
8) The letter is urgent. Could you remind me E h) if you need help.
9) I am sure, she is OK. We could telephone F i) would be foolish.
10) Who allowed you B j) to take part in the competition
11) She is too proud D k) to forgive - divine.
12) Ann is tired. She is eager C l) to go out very much.

61
Ex. 5. Translate the following sentences into Armenian paying attention to the
forms of the Infinitives.

1. We made a list of things to be taken. 2. Look back to make sure you haven’t left
anything behind. 3. This is the lesson to be learnt from a study of history. 4. He
would have been last to claim to have solved the problem. 5. He ought perhaps to
have put a spoke in the wheel of their marriage. 6. Then Falcon Island was reported
to be missing again. 7. This theory was found to have disappeared with practice. 8.
The captain ordered the passengers to be shown their cabins. 9. But these people
are illogical, they want to be reassured by you telling them what they want to
believe. 10. John is said to have spent all his money while 62raveling all over the
world. 11. We must have been sitting there, with scarcely a word, for well over an
hour. 12. The twist of her imagination, which, two months before, had disclosed to
her unguessed desire to see him again, seemed now to have been leading up to this
dance. 13. The very possibility of communication through a language depends on
the lexical and grammatical conventions to be accepted by all speakers of the
language. 14. Now he discussed what he ought to have said instead of what he
said. 15. “How silly of Melanie to be bothering me about modesty at a time like
this”, Scarlett thought irritably. 16. I should have liked to say something final, but I
could not think of anything, I just said that I must be getting along and with a curt
nod left him. 17. Young Tom Driscoll appeared and joined the party. He pretended
to be seeing the distinguished strangers for the first time when they rose to shake
hands. 18. The girl noticed that particularly, because it struck her as odd that a lady
so well dressed should be carrying a case about.

Ex. 6. Open the brackets using the correct form of the Infinitive.

1. She appeared (not to read) NOT TO HAVE BEEN REAGING anything since
she left school. 2. Nick’s father ordered some bread (to put) TO BE PUT on the
stove. 3. You seem (to have) TO HAVE HADa rotten time in Paris. 4. What on
62
earth can (to happen) HAVE HAPPENED to Jony? “My dear, he is not likely TO
BE RUN OVER(to run over) by a motorbus”. 5. I haven’t been home for five
years. I think I’d forgotten it all; I seemed (to go away) TO HAVE GONE AWAY
so far from my father’s house, that I was shy at the idea of revisiting it. 6. It is so
kind of you TO HAVE SENT (to send) all those lovely flowers when I was ill. 7.
The money for charity is supposed (to raise) TO BE RAISED by the organizers
of the party. 8. The police are looking for a missing boy. He is believed TO BE
WEARING (to wear) a white pullover and blue jeans. 9. When we got to the
airport, we found all the flights (to cancel)TO BE CANCELLED that day. 10.
These houses were among the few (to survive) TO HAVE BEEN SURVIVED
after a great fire. 11. The Shakespeare Memorial Theatre players were the second
British company (to visit)TO HAVE VISITED Russia. 12. He found that he was
the only one (to notice) TO HAVE NOTICEDthe discrepancy. 13. I would GO (to
go) to the Oxford if my parents had had more money. 14. The idea was too
complicated TO BE EXPRESSED(to express) in just one paragraph. 15. Well, I
am not sorry (to miss) TO HAVE MISSED that train. I should NOT HAVE MET
(not to meet) you otherwise. 16. There were always four little boys TO PICK UP
(to pick up) balls and at least three dozen balls TO BE PICKED UP (to pick up).

Bare Infinitive

Ex. 1. Insert particle “to” where necessary.

1. Nothing would induce me TO… do business with them. 2. How dare you …-
speak to me like this. 3. We had nothing TO… do … but -… wait. 4. It’s enough
…TO make a cat …- laugh. 5. They couldn’t help but -… agree to our terms. 6.
The house needs TO… be painted but we plan …TO wait until next summer TO…
do it. 7. You needn’t speak so loudly, I can -… hear you very well. 8. He urged the
government …TO allocate additional funding …TO help the schools in
Birmingham …TO/- recruit good teachers. 9. She knew that it was impossible, but
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Lizzie’s manner made her …- hesitate. 10. She would rather -… stay in town than
…- go to the seaside with the children. 11. I’d rather not - … take their words into
account. 12. Arthur could not but -… glance at Daniel in surprise. 13. Why not -…
try …TO persuade him not to quarrel with her. 14. The host had his daughter …-
make tea. 15. I’d rather not -… tell her what I think about their proposal. 16. Their
family was made TO… sell the house and …- leave for Manchester. 17. Was he
seen …TO speak to the editor? – Yes, my assistant saw her -… do it. 18 We had
nothing to do except -… look at the posters. 19. I felt my blood -… freeze. 20.
Why …- turn to her now when she is so busy. 21. She felt herself TO… be tall
and slim and fresh. 22. Get them …TO come as early as possible. 23. There is
hardly anything …TO do but -… work out an alternative plan. 24. She was never
heard …TO complain of difficulties. 25. It’s more reasonable to send out
invitations beforehand than …- leave everything for the last moment.

Ex. 2. Correct the mistakes, if necessary.

1. They allowed the children TO go to the swimming pool without parents. 2.

Every feature seemed to have been sharpening SHARPENED since he saw her
last. 3. Why not to write to her about it. 4. They were made TO obey the
regulations. 5. He is said to put awayTO HAVE PUT AWAY a small fortune. 6.
For the last few days she seemed to be talking TO HAVE BEEN TALKING to
nobody but strange men. 7. I suppose Mr. Jelleby had been more talkative once,
but seemed to have exhausted long before I knew him. 8. My feelings as a father
and a husband compel me TO ask you yet again whether you will not reconsider
your decision. 9. Why not to start out now? We cannot wait for the weather to be
changed. 10. The teacher’s argument caused me TO change the subject of my
course paper. 11. How dare you to open my letters. 12. I know him to be an actor
once.

Syntactic Functions of the Infinitive

64
Ex. 1. Define the function of the Infinitive
1. “The way to learn is to do”, Liam quoted. 2. How long are you going to wait if
they don’t show up. 3. Jody hardly knew when Grandfather started to talk. 4. That
is to drive the mice out. They don’t know what is going to happen to them. 5.
Russia wants the Ukraine to pay for gas bills dating back to late 2013. 6. The grass
was too wet to sit on. 7. He says he is going to drive out Saturday to stay for a little
while. 8. To push forward was his first instinct. 9. Just the minute the people began
to get hungry they would start slaughtering the oxen. 10. If I do not think I can
succeed I refuse to undertake a case. 11. So, to make sure, I had an expert look at
this ring this morning. 12. He was too weary to care. 13. To tell the truth, it is
impossible from the comparison of the two versions, to determine which was the
original and which the translation. 14. He went to Africa to die of malaria.
15.Don’t you know it is against the law to damage a passport? 16. The objective
is not only to identify the problem, but also to solve it. 17. We’ve got orders to
stay. We’ve got to take it. 18. To judge your friends you shouldn’t listen to what
they say, but observe what they do. 19. They had to walk a kilometer to get to the
place. 20. It was easy enough to understand what he was driving at. 21. She would
be unhappy to marry for money.

Ex. 2. Define the function of the Infinitive.

1. I awoke a little after sunrise to find Evan gone. 2. To look at his pictures you
would have thought that Monet, Manet and the rest of the Impressionists had never
been. 3. She leaned forward with kindled eyes as if to impress the word on the
inspector. 4. He found the sky so pallid as to be almost invisible. 5. To speak
frankly, I am not in favour of long engagements. 6. It must be awful to have a
brilliant future behind you. 7. To know all is to forgive all. 8. He was a man to
attract immediate sympathy. 9. He knew he must not say anything at all in order to
establish communication with her. 10. The trail was hard to break. 11. It’s high
time to establish new relations in Europe based on a real relaxation of tension and
65
mutual trust. 12. The enemy was reported to have suffered heavy losses in
manpower and material. 13. He didn’t intend to be caught by surprise. 14. He went
out into the street to find himself alone. 15. The first thing I did was to redeem the
wretched ring. 16. His age was difficult to guess. 17. He had been one of the first
to become interested in the development of the street car system. 18. “You are not
English – you cannot be English to dance as you do”, murmured Jules into Lady
Dormothier’s ear. 19. Mr. Parker Pyne arrived at his office on Thursday morning
to find Mrs. St. John already awaiting him. 20. She made a gesture as if to touch
him.

Ex. 3. Complete the sentences using the Infinitive. Define the function of the
Infinitive.
1. It was easy enough… . 2. The only thing to do was … . 3. My parents know how
to … . 4. … was the only way to rid herself of all troubles. 5. Nobody likes … . 6.
He is not the man … . 7. The man was too young … . 8. She is clever enough … .
9. I find it possible … . 10. We badly need the information when … . 11. There
was only one person … . 12. They left never … . 13. You must buy your tickets
well in advance to … . 14. Don’t forget … . 15. We didn’t know how to … .

Ex. 4. Paraphrase the following sentences using the Infinitive in different

syntactic functions.
1. There was nothing that might keep him at home that night and he gladly
accepted the invitation. 2. If you want to read the book in the original you must
know the language. 3. He is not the man who would shirk his duty. 4. He must
have got into a pretty fix if he had to take a risk like that. 5. The man made in my
direction as if he was going to stop me. 6. Here is the list of medicines which are
not to be sold without prescription. 7. We could not spare a moment. 8. The father
came home late and did not switch the light lest the child should wake up. 9. On
hearing me say that she shrugged her shoulders as though she wanted to express
her indifference. 10. I moved to the first row so that I could see the blackboard
66
better. 11. The young doctor is not experienced enough, he cannot perform such an
operation. 12. The difficulty of the situation is not so slight that it could be ignored.

Ex. 5. Translate into Armenian.

1. All the attempts to confirm the suggestion have failed. 2. To translate a sentence
is to discover its meaning and then construct a sentence in the target language that
possesses the same meaning. 3. Scientists consider this effect to be the result of an
experimental error. 4. He seems to be satisfied to be doing nothing. 5. The bill to
be put before the House is to be published and considered at the first reading. 6.
This theory was found to have disagreed with practice. 7. After the third lesson I
left his class never to return again. 8. The aim of the book exhibition is to exchange
experience and display the finest editions. 9. He paused as if to find a way to
phrase his next thoughts. 10. She is a spoilt child not to be trusted. 11. To cut a
long story short, the infant that has just gone out of the room is not your son. 12.
The prospective buyer is someone who is not, to put it mildly, a supporter of
female emancipation. 13. To consent to this sale would be to consent to change
the character of the newspaper altogether. 14. We asked to be given convincing
evidence. 15. He received a note to say that he was expected at the family dinner.
16. You have health and much to live for. 17. Phil and Sylvia were so kind as to
support us when we were pressed for money.
Ex. 6. Translate into English using the Infinitive in different syntactic
functions
1. Այս փաստին պետք է հատուկ ուշադրություն դարձնել: 2.
Փոթորիկը այնքան ուժեղ էր, որ արմատախիլ արեց հնադարյան
ծառերը: 3. Հրավերքից հրաժարվելը կլիներ առնվազն
անքաղաքավարի: 4. Դուք այն միակ մարդն եք, ով կարող է
գլուխ բերել այս գործը: 5. Նրանք խոսում էին շշուկով, որպեսզի
նրանց չլսեն: 6. Այս մարդու հետ հաճելի է գործ ունենալ: 7.
Նրանց զգուշացնելու միակ հնարավորությունը անհապաղ
զանգելն է: 8. Կլայդը այնքան էլ չէր սիրում, երբ իրեն հիշեցնում
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էին ծնողների աղքատության մասին: 9. Նա պահանջում էր, որ
իրեն տան ևս մեկ հնարավորություն ապացուցելու իր
անմեղությունը: 10. Ենթադրվում է, որ կառավարական
պատվիրակությունը ժամանելու է «Զվարթնոց»
օդանավակայան մի քանի րոպեից: 11. Ասում են, որ նոր օրենքը
արդեն ընդունվել է և կմտնի ուժի մեջ հաջորդ տարի: 12. Մենք
առանձնացրեցինք օրակարգի մի քանի հարցեր, որոնք պետք է
մանրամասնորեն քննարկվեն ընթացիկ ժողովին: 13. Նա
հրաժարական տվեց 46 տարեկանում և այլևս չվերադարձավ
քաղաքական կյանք: 14. Սկսենք նրանից, որ նա չի ցանկանում,
որ որևէ մեկը խառնվի իր գործերին: 15. Եթե լսեք, թե ինչպես է
նա խոսում, կմտածեք, որ նա հիանալի հռետոր է: 16. Նա գլխով
արեց կարծես արտահայտելու իր համաձայնությունը:

Predicative Constructions with the Infinitive

Objective with the Infinitive Construction

Ex. 1. Point out the Objective with the Infinitive construction and translate
the sentences into Armenian.
1. We heard the commander give the instruction. 2. The colonel ordered the
prisoners to be questioned by the lieutenant. 3. The mother allows her children to
play in the open air. 4. Daddy wants him to go back to college, but he won’t go. 5.
I heard the guys tell how they got up and couldn’t think of a thing to say. 6. I
didn’t mean her to be invited here. 7. He preferred the pictures to be exhibited in
the central gallery. 8. I’ll never have him give up his job. 9. He heard Robert try to
chuckle and gasp when it hurt him. 10. How would you like it to happen to your
family? 11. Dr. Messy believes the data to be reliable. 12. You surely don’t expect
me to do all that work in one day, do you? 13. He felt his work to be directionless,
merely “copy”. 14. He turned over on his stomach, letting a sausaged towel fall
from his eyes. 15. He looked at Ginnie as if he had expected her to be sitting there.
68
16. Government can make you feel so small and mean that it takes some doing to
build back a sense of self-importance.

Ex. 2. Define the meaning of the verb with which the Objective with the
Infinitive construction is used.
1. Paul made the iron crucifix swing toward Katy. 2. One might think Mr. Serge to
have been a trooper once upon a time. 3. I have seen you go through the other way
a little while ago. 4. He hated people to argue about things of no importance. 5. He
declared himself to be a member of the club. 6. At last they got him to write a letter
to his brother. 7. I have never known that boy to be on time. 8. From the age of five
he had come to the studio to watch his own father work. 9. It would be unfair to
expect other people to be as remarkable as oneself. 10. Mr. Posser had an impulse
to let him sleep. 11. I tried to induce your father to give him the authority he
desired. 12. She saw his hands go quietly to the white and black keys. 13. While he
was letting the melody grow, he talked to the clerk about the piano. 14. It was this
sketch, which first caused me to begin to realize what was happening. 15. This was
the one time Charlie saw Joan cry actual tears.

Ex. 3. Paraphrase the following sentences using the Objective with the
Infinitive or Participle II construction.
1. Peter’s father saw that the picture had fallen down. 2. The boy found that the
story was very interesting. 3. We saw how the car was loaded. 4. He felt that she
was unreasonable and unjust. 5. I think both of you are too simple to be dishonest.
6. Look! Do you see how the storm is coming near? 7. The girl felt that
somebody’s hand was touching her cheek. 8. I didn’t mean that you should go
there immediately. 9. His son’s wish was that his father should buy him a new
laptop. 10. I want another pair of shoes and I would like that you should help me to
choose the style and the colour. 11. Do you like it when your guests leave your
place late? 12. We counted on their bringing some wine and didn’t go to the
supermarket. 13. The surgeon announced that the patient had recovered. 14. They
69
consider that the boys did it deliberately. 15. We expect that Mariam will cope
with the problem on her own.

Ex.4. Complete the sentences using the Objective with the Infinitive
Construction.
1. Andrew Manson considered … 2. He watched and suddenly he saw… . 3. He
wouldn’t permit … . 4. I say that certain things are to be done but I don’t order … .
5. I am sure you don’t want … . 6. The window was open and he could hear … . 7.
I am sorry but experience compels me … . 8. When you get this I won’t be here
and I want … . 9. He liked to see… . 10. Our lecturers expect… .

Ex. 5. Translate into English using the Objective with the Infinitive
construction where possible.
1. Ես լսեցի, թե ինչպես պրոֆեսորը նշեց այդ փաստերը իր
դասախոսության մեջ: 2. Ես չեմ կարող թույլ տալ, որ նրանք
այդպես վատնեն իրենց ժամանակը: 3. Ինչպե՞ս ստիպեմ նրանց
ժամանակին ավարտել աշխատանքը: 4. Ես ակնկալում եմ, որ
նա մի օր մեծ դերասան կդառնա: 5. Նա երբեք չի հրամայում իր
աշխատակիցներին անել որևէ բան, այլ պարզապես խնդրում է:
6. Ես տեսա, որ նա չհասկացավ կանոնը և ևս մեկ անգամ
բացատրեցի այն: 7. Ես գիտեմ, որ նա շատ փորձառու դասախոս
է և լավ է տիրապետում առարկային: 8. Ես զգացի, որ նա
անկեղծ է և հավատացի իր խոսքերին: 9. Տղան չէր
հանդուրժում, երբ ինչ որ մեկը խառնվում էր իր անձնական
գործերին: 10. Մենք երբեք չէինք տեսել նրան այդքան շփոթված
և անտրամադիր: 11. Սյուզնը ենթադրում է, որ Աննան
աշխատում է իր ատենախոսության վրա: 12. Մենք զգացինք, որ
սառը քամին դադարեց և օդը իսկույն լցվեց գարնանային
ծաղիկների բուրմունքով: 13. Իշխանությունները
հաստատեցին, որ վտանգավոր հանցագործը փախել է բանտից
70
երեք ժամ առաջ: 14. Լսել եմ, որ դու փոխել ես
մասնագիտությունդ և աշխատում ես որպես ծրագրավորող: 15.
Դուք լսեցի՞ք թե ինչպես նա արտահայտվեց իմ մասին
արհամարհական ձևով: 16. Հայաստանը հայտարարեց, որ
աշխարհի համայն հայությունը արդեն մեկ դար պահանջում է
ընդունել ցեղասպանությունը:

Subjective with the Infinitive Construction

Ex. 1. Point out the Subjective with the Infinitive construction and translate
the sentences into Armenian.
1. He is thought to have information, which will be useful to the police. 2. She is
believed to be living abroad. 3. Norman seems to be a great athlete. 4. They
seemed to be heading toward a wooden bridge arching over the stream. 5. Under
these circumstances it’s always supposed to be very funny if a man has got
married. 6. Luigi’s daughter was very likely to have her child in a shell hole,
illuminated by parachute flares. 7. Do you happen to know where the main light
switch is situated? 8. Miss Richards didn’t consider that Mr. Luttrell was likely to
be an authority on diamonds. 9. I happened to know that he was supposed to come
to the wedding. 10. The public was reported to have given a warm reception to the
pop group. 11. Mr. Weller was heard to shut the street door. 12. I happen to be
pretty comfortably placed. 13. His salary was fifty dollars a week, and he was
certain soon to get more. 14. Five enemy aeroplanes were reported to have been
brought down. 15. This appears to be the only exception to the rule. 16. The
performance is certain to have made a deep impression on the audience.

Ex. 2. Paraphrase the following sentences using the Subjective with the
Infinitive construction.
1. It is reported that the famous pop star has left Yerevan. 2. As was reported in the
press the Prime Minister had received the German delegation late in the afternoon.
71
3. It is said that he has been looking for a job for quite a long time. 4. We suppose
that a number of politicians representing different parties will appear on TV
tonight. 5. We believe him to be a great authority on the subject. 6. It is announced
that the storm has caused much damage and killed many people. 7. It is known that
he conquered Mount Ararat, one of the highest peaks in the world. 8. It happened
that she wasn’t properly dressed. 9. It is expected that the substance possesses the
required properties. 10. It seemed that they two were having such a wonderful time
together. 11. It is pretty unlikely, that they would approve of the plan. 12. It was
thought that he would go down to keep up his father’s prestige. 13. It happened
that he was wondering whether much anxiety of mind affected his eyesight. 14. It
is known that he refused office in the interest of his profession. 15. It was observed
that the friends had met daily during the last week in Richmond Park.

Ex.3. Complete the sentences.

1. He is sure … . 2. The weather isn’t likely … . 3. That evening appeared … . 4.
The plan proved … . 5. The educational system is unlikely… . 6. Did you happen
… ? 7. The film didn’t seem … . 8. The teacher was heard … . 9. The students
were certain … . 10 The improvements are expected … .

Ex. 4. Translate into English using the Subjective with the Infinitive
construction.
1. Հայտարարվեց, որ ինքնաթիռը ժամանակին վայրէջք է
կատարել «Զվարթնոց» օդանավակայանում: 2. Նրան երբեք չեն
տեսել մեքենա վարելիս: 3. Համարվում է, որ նրանք զարմանալի
հայտնագործություն են արել տեղեկատվական
տեխնոլոգիաների բնագավառում: 4. Կասկածյալը կարծես ինչ
որ կարևոր տեղեկություն էր թաքցնում ոստիկաններից: 5.
Ենթադրվում է, որ բանակցությունները տեղի կունենան
անմիջապես պատվիրակությունների ժամանումից հետո: 6.
Հայտնի է, որ հատուկ հանձնաժողովը ստուգել է
72
ընտրությունների վերջնական արդյունքները: 7. Նրան
ստիպեցին խոշոր ներդրում կատարել, որին նա դժվարությամբ
համաձայնեց: 8. Մենք անշուշտ կմասնակցենք ձեր խնջույքին,
եթե անսպասելի ոչինչ չպատահի: 9. Պարզվեց, որ նա երկար
ժամանակ աշխատում է իր մենագրության վրա և չի կարող
մասնակցել այս միջոցառմանը: 10. Հայտարարվեց, որ
հակառակորդը մեծ կորուստներ է ունեցել վերջին
իրադարձությունների ժամանակ: 11. Ակնկալվում էր նրա
անձնական աջակցությունը կրթական ոլորտում
իրականացվող փոփոխություններին: 12. Համարվում է, որ
սարսափ ֆիլմերը բացասական են ազդում երեխաների
հոգեբանության վրա: 13. Մասնագիտության ընտրությունը
միշտ էլ համարվել է լուրջ և պատասխանատու քայլ անհատի
կյանքում: 14. Ենթադրվում է, որ այդ թեկնածուն տիրապետում է
առանձնահատուկ հաղորդակցական հմտություններին: 15.
Թվում է, որ նա արհամարհում էր ներկաներին և անտեսում
նրանց կածիքը: 16. Նրան ստիպեցին տալ կեղծ վկայություններ:
17. Նա, կարծես, երկար ժամանակ երազում էր խաղալ բեմի վրա
և դառնալ հանրահայտ դերասան:

For-to–Infinitive Construction

Ex. 1. Point out the For–to–Infinitive construction, translate the sentences into
Armenian.
1. It may be necessary for you to go far inshore to carry out those orders. 2. There
is only one thing for her to do and that is to divorce him. 3. We were sitting there
waiting for the one barber chair to be vacant when Luigi appeared. 4. It is quite
possible for an educated person to speak with a very marked provincial accent and
yet to write perfectly good English. 5. But the pain in James’ head asserted itself
too cruelly for him to think of anything else for the moment. 6. For Ray to ask for
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advice meant he was incapable to find a proper solution. 7. The teachers made it
possible for her to have knowledge and training. 8. It is too soon for me to say
whether the scheme will succeed or not. 9. “We have a number of interesting
personalities I shall be glad for you to meet”, said Ellie. 10. The evidence was not
definite but it was definite enough for a doctor to advise that she should have
mental treatment. 11. He was well enough known in the theatrical work for her to
be flattered by the compliments he paid her. 12. They talked so much together that
it was inevitable for her at last to learn his views on marriage. 13. It would not be
possible for a human and intelligent person to invent a rational excuse for slavery.
14. The worst offer was for Andrew to leave his family and go abroad to work for
another firm. 15. It is not enough for Armenians to survive. We must dare to be
alive, dare to thrive. 16. There is a very interesting item for us to include in agenda.

Ex. 2. Point out the For – to – Infinitive construction and define its syntactic
function.
1. I have work for you to do. 2. The man spoke louder for the people in back to
hear him. 3. The idea is for us to give a special concert at the festival Hall. 4. She
waited for Bart to say something. 5. There is no need for you to stay here any
longer. 6. I arranged for Tom to meet them. 7. The stone was too cold for us to sit
on. 8. It is too late for you to admit your mistake. 9. He brought the novel for the
editor to read. 10. She was anxious for him to go to college. 11. Why is it good
experience for you to read books in the original? 12. She saw he was anxious for
her to make a good impression. 13. It is hard for me to recall a face and frequently
I fail to recall people’s appearance. 14. After school there seemed nothing for him
to do but go home promptly and do his homework. 15. We dine at 8 o’clock.
Would you care for some refreshments to be sent to your room meanwhile? 16. We
walked slowly enough for the rest to catch up with us.

Ex. 3. Complete the following sentences using For-to-Infinitive construction.

1. The best thing for us … . 2. It was easy enough for … . 3. It’s a joy for him … .
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4. The garden is big enough … . 5. I have fixed for … . 6. She talked too fast … .
7. There will be many interesting people for … .8. Here is the book … . 9. That is
not for … . 10. She left the letter on the table… . 11. The price is reasonable
enough … . 12. They are too anxious for … .

Ex. 4. Paraphrase the sentences using the For – to – Infinitive construction.

1. I shall bring you the article so that you may read it. 2. It is unbelievable that a
man should go so far beyond his limit. 3. It’s high time you knew grammar well. 4.
This is a task you can carry out. 5. I gave an umbrella to the children lest they
should get wet through. 6. It is very unusual that he should say such a thing before
public. 7. This is a problem you should solve all by yourself. 8. The first thing he
must do is to admit his mistake. 9. Let us wait till they settle this matter. 10. She
held out the telegram so that I might see it. 11. The task was so difficult that I
couldn’t carry it out. 12. Was it reasonable that the whole population of the village
had been evacuated? 13. The first thing that I should do in the morning was to send
them e-mail. 14. I have prepared everything so that you could sleep peacefully. 15.
The water is quite warm. The children may swim in it. 16. It is amazing that a little
child should understand such things.

Ex.5. Translate into English using For-to-Infinitive construction.

1. Դասախոսը սկսեց խոսել ավելի դանդաղ, որ ուսանողները
հասցնեն նշումներ անել: 2. Ժամանակն է, որ ամբողջ աշխարհը
ընդունի Հայոց ցեղասպանության ողբերգական փաստը: 3. Մեզ
համար չափազանց անհրաժեշտ է պարզել բոլոր հարցերը
մինչև մրցույթի սկիզբը: 4. Առաջին բանը, որ դուք պետք է անեք՝
ամեն ինչ մանրամասնորեն բացատրելն է: 5. Տղան արագ լքեց
սենյակը, որ ծնողները նրան ավելորդ հարցեր չտան: 6.
Լրագրողները սպասեցին մինչև նախագահը ավարտի իր
խոսքը: 7. Ամեն ինչ բավականին պարզ է: Ես էլ ոչինչ չունեմ
ավելացնելու: 8. Չափազանց ուշ էր, որ մենք գնայինք ոտքով,
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ուստի մենք տաքսի պատվիրեցինք: 9. Բնական է, որ դու
այդպես ես մտածում, բայց ես բոլորովին այլ կարծիք ունեմ այդ
հարցի շուրջ: 10. Հավաքականը երկար մարզվեց մինչև խաղը,
որ հանդիսատեսը տեսնի նրանց ամենալավ սպորտային
մարզավիճակում: 11. Արդյոք անհրաժեշտ է, որ հեռախոսը
անջատված լինի գիշերը: 12. Քանի որ նրա համար նոր
աշխատանք գտնելու ոչ մի հնարավորություն չկար, նա որոշեց
ընդմիշտ մեկնել Կանադա: 13. Մառախուղը չափազանց խիտ էր,
որ վարորդները շարունակեն իրենց ճանապարհը: 14. Մի
անհանգստացեք, այդ հարցը կառավարության լուծելու
խնդիրն է: 15. Վաղուց ժամանակն է, որ պարոն Սմիթը
վերահսկի ընկերության ֆինանսական իրավիճակը: 16. Իմ
նպատակը այն է, որ Դուք վերադարձնեք պարտքը և
մեկընդմիշտ մոռանաք դրա մասին:

REVISION ON THE INFINITIVE

Ex. 1. Choose the best form of the Infinitive.
1. But Lieutenant Earl Schoen was not … so lightly.
a) to dismiss b) to be dismissed c) to have dismissed
2. I’ve tried … you a house here with some self-respect of its own.
a) to plan b) to have planned c)to have been planning
3. He seems … by your remark.
a) to be hurting b) to have hurt c) to have been hurt
4. She felt her son … wrong.
a) to be b) be c) to have been
5. Henet was one of those people whose fate is … to others and to have no one
devoted to them.
a) to devote b) to have been devoted c) to be devoted
6. We were made … her words.
a) to believe b) believe c) to have believed
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7. Five enemy aeroplanes were reported…
a) to have been brought down b) to have brought down c) to bring down
8. He was known … office in the interests of his profession.
a) to be refused b) to have been refused c) to have refused
9. He seemed … it over in his mind.
a) to be turning b) to have been turning c) to be turned
10. He is said … a good pupil last year.
a) to be b) have been c) to have been
11. After that Tommy was forced … that prospect looked dreary.
a) admit b) to be admitted c) to admit
12. He seemed … all the time whether much anxiety of mind had affected his
eyesight.
a) to be wondering b) to have been wondering c)to have been wondered

Ex. 2. Define the syntactic functions of the Infinitive.

1. To live a healthy life in the country was good for them. 2. It was a great
happiness to him to discover that she was in complete agreement with him in
opinions. 3. It was a real pleasure to him to give pleasure to others. 4. She had
never learned the habit of command: her habit was to ask permission. 5. His first
act was to seek the tailor that Glover had recommended. 6. Margaret’s visit was
exciting. He started to plan her reception. 7. What could he do but put up with it. 8.
The train began to slow down. “Why, here we are in Oxford”, said the man. 9.
Now you can do whatever you like. 10. We used to listen to his funny stories about
travellings. 11. “Listen, Gilbert, I have got to talk to you seriously”. But Mr.
Pinfold would not answer. 12. He taught his son to swim and to ride. 13. This is
the first question to answer. 14. William went to London to start a new life. 15. He
opened his eyes too late to see the momentary gleam of light from the corridor. 16.
I wish I were young enough to help you with the problem. 17. She looked at me a
second longer as if to be quite sure. 18. She was glad she had made something
Miss Dietrich liked well enough to allow her to enter in the contest. 19. He went on
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to Aili’s house to be met at the gate by the butler with the announcement that he
wasn’t at home. 20. They commenced to turn to him for amusement and escape.
21. A good teacher should try, so to speak, to breathe life into his or her subject.
22. The company began to drift in a polite group towards the door.

Ex. 3. Replace the clauses in the following sentences with Infinitive phrases.
Define the function of the Infinitive.
1. I should be delighted if I could get acquainted with the captain of your team. 2.
I’m pleased that I have been of some service to you. 3. He was annoyed when he
learnt that they hadn’t chosen him as a player for the All-Union match. 4. I was
sorry that I had missed the beginning of the match. 5. We must wait till we hear the
referee’s whistle, then we’ll see the teams coming out. 6. They wouldn’t be
surprised if they were to receive an invitation to play in a tennis match with the
fellows from our college. 7. I was sorry when I heard of their failure. 8. We are
sorry that we have been of so little assistance. 9. He pressed his finger to his lips as
if he wanted to warn her. 10. You would be foolish if you missed the chance.

Ex. 4. Point out the predicative constructions with the Infinitive and define
their types.
1. He stopped and seemed to hesitate whether he should go on at all. 2. That’s how
the old woman happened to be there looking at the flag. 3. It is not enough for
Armenians to survive. We must dare to be alive, dare to thrive. 4. They were
supposed to be marched into the Syrian desert to die. 5. I said prayers when I saw
my friend mount the Rumba, a frightening roller coaster that twists and rolls like a
giant sea serpent. 6. The guide explained the route for the tourists to know what
they were going to see. 7. He heard Carl dismount from his creaking saddle and
slap the horse on the side. 8. Scientists consider this effect to be the result of an
experimental error. 9. She saw Ailie’s lovely eyes glance about in panic. 10. Tired
of rains, we longed for the weather to change for the better. 11. This was the one
time Charlie saw Joan cry actual tears. 12. It’s difficult for people, living in their
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untroubled homes to understand the position of a refugee. 13. This medicine is said
to be very effective for curing that disease.

Ex. 5. Translate the sentences into English using the Infinitive or Infinitive
constructions.
1. Ես հաճախ լսել եմ նրան ելույթ ունենալիս գիտական
կոնֆերանսներին: Հայտնի է, որ նա լավ խոսնակ է: 2. Նրան
տեսան տուն մտնելիս, բայց ոչ ոք չնկատեց նրան տանից դուրս
գալիս: 3. Հավանաբար, ձեր ընկերը այս պատմավեպը վերջերս է
կարդացել: Նա հիշում է ամեն մանրուք: 4. Տղային ստիպեցին
ասել ողջ ճշմարտությունը կողոպուտի վերաբերյալ և նրան
հաջողվեց խուսափել պատժից: 5. Միակ բանը, որ դուք կարող
եք անել ինձ համար՝ հանգիստ թողնել գոնե մեկ ժամ: 6. Մենք
չէինք ակնկալում, որ նամակը կհասնի հասցեատիրոջը այդքան
արագ: 7. Այդ ուշ ժամին ես ուրիշ անելիք չունեի օֆիսում, ուստի
ես շտապեցի տուն, որպեսզի երեկոն անցկացնեմ ընտանիքիս
հետ: 8. Ասում են, որ այդ երաժիշտը հանդես է եկել մի շարք
եվրոպական երկրներում և ակնկալվում է, որ շուտով
ժամանելու է Հայաստան: 9. Կարճ ասած, մենք բոլորս
համամիտ ենք Ձեր կարծիքին և լիովին պատրաստ ենք
աջակցելու ձեզ: 10. Հանձնաժողովը որոշեց որակազրկել
մարզիկին և թույլ չտալ նրան մասնակցել գալիք Օլիմպիական
խաղերին: 11. Ենթադրվում է, որ խաղը կտեղափոխվի մեկ այլ օր
անբարենպաստ եղանակի պատճառով: 12. Ժամանակն է, որ դու
նոր աշխատանք գտնես ավելի բարձր աշխատավարձով: 13.
Դուք ակնկալում ե՞ք, որ նա կպատմի Ձեզ ամբողջ
ճշմարտությունը կապված այդ հանցագործության հետ: 14.Մեզ
համար չափազանց դժվար էր համոզել նրան, որ անհրաժեշտ է
որոշ շտկումներ անել իր զեկույցի մեջ: 15. Ճիշտն ասած, այս
դասընթացը նախատեսաված չէ մեր բուհի ուսանողության
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համար:

Ex. 6. Translate the following sentences into English using predicative

constructions with the Infinitive.
1.Հիվանդին պարտադրեցին ընդունել դեղամիջոցը օրը 2
անգամ: 2. Պարզվում է, որ ոչ ոք չէր լսել դժբախտ պատահարի
մասին, որը տեղի էր ունեցել 2 ժամ առաջ: 3. Բոլորը ուշադիր
հետևում էին, թե ինչպես է նախագահը ընդունում
պատվիրակությունների ներկայացուցիչներին: 4. Ո՞վ է ձեզ
թույլ տվել խոսել ինձ հետ նման տոնով: 5. Նրանք, հավանական
է, կամուսնանան և կմեկնեն Կանադա մշտական ապրելու
նպատակով: 6. Աղջիկը գունատվեց, և ես զգացի, թե ինչպես նա
ամբողջ մարմնով սկսեց դողալ: 7. Մենք շատ կուզենայինք, որ
դուք հանդիպեիք և զրուցեիք այդ գիտակ մարդու հետ ևս մեկ
անգամ: 8. Ոչինչ չի կարող ստիպել մեզ հրաժարվել մեր
սկզբունքներից: 9. Կարծում եմ, շատ քիչ հավանական է, որ նա
կապանքինվի մինչև երկուշաբթի: 10. Ծնողները միշտ էլ
ակնկալում են, որ իրենց զավակները կմեծանան և կդառնան
ազնիվ ու պարկեշտ մարդիկ, նվիրյալ իրենց հայրենիքին: 11.
Պարզվեց, որ իրենք վաղուց գիտեին միմյանց և շատ ժամանակ
են անցկացրել զրուցելով տարբեր հարցերի շուրջ: 12. Միակ
բանը, որ դու կարող ես անել ինձ համար՝ ավելորդ հարցեր
չտալն է: 13. Մեզ համար չափազանց դժվար էր ընդունել այն
փաստը, որ մեր իրավունքները ոտնահարվել են: 14. Լսեցին,
ինչպես նա բացեց դուռը և պատվիրեց սպասավորին, որ իր
համար մեկ բաժակ թեյ բերեն: 15. Ակնկալվում էր, որ Լուին
կմիանա մեր արշավին, եթե ապաքինվի:

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 The Gerund

Ex. 1. Point out the Gerund and state its form.

1. I suspected my landlady of having pried about in my room out of curiosity.
2. “I don’t feel like getting stuck for the whole cab fare again today”, she said.
3. He never minded being interrupted. 4. Father didn’t approve of my having
rejected the offer. 5. She was inspired with the idea of being married immediately
and returning to Pensacola as his wife. 6. I prefer thinking matters over and over
again rather than jumping to conclusions. 7. I insist on being treated with certain
consideration. 8. Her air of having been unwittingly involved in a contemptible
business vanished. 9. Victoria displayed a distant pleasure at being allowed to tell
her story. 10. I do apologize for not having changed, but I was terrified of being
late. 11. You denied having asked Langton to get cyanide, or rather you expressed
surprise at his having done so. 12. I felt proud of having been of use to her, but I
couldn’t think of anything to say to her except “Does it only come down by
accident”? 13. The upper class men who passed by him knew without being told
that he was a rich boy. 14. On being told the news she gave a gasp of surprise. 15.
The idea is worth considering. 16. Your parents will mind your having married
Jane. 17. I feel better after being operated on. 18. The possibility of man being able
to reach the moon was seriously discussed at that time.

Ex. 2. Open the brackets using the right form of the Gerund.
1. There is little hope of the work (to do) in time. 2. (To avoid) the use of the
Perfect Gerund is quite common if there is no fear of (to misunderstand). 3. He
suspected her of (to give) the police information about him while the workers were
on strike. 4. (To speak) without (think) is (to shoot) without aim. 5. The coat
showed evident signs of (to wear) on the preceding night. 6. She never lost the
power of (to form) quick decisions. 7. They reproached us for (not to come) to the
party, as they were waiting for us the whole evening. 8. I remember (to take) to
Paris when I was a very small child. 9. Do you know what is peculiar about the
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English rule of (to drive)? 10. From somewhere they could hear a dinner table (to
set) and a woman’s voice sing obviously to a small child.
11. She seemed a little self-conscious now and she avoided (to meet) his eyes. 12.
He felt better for (to write) her a letter with apologies. 13. Life seemed worth (to
fight) for. 14. The attempt is at least worth (to make). 15. I remember (to see) him
with her and Marner go away from church. 16. Let me tell you whose house you
have come into without (to ask) or (to want). 17. The water requires (to filter). 18.
The equipment must go through a number of tests before (to install). 19. After (to
look) through and (to sort out) the letters were registered and filed. 20. He liked to
do things without (to disturb) anyone or (to disturb). 21. I seem honored in (to
permit) to draw the attention of all the parties to this. 22. Hayson was by way of (to
interest) in antiquarian matters and he talked to us with a great deal of energy and
enthusiasm. 23. The camera wanted (to adjust). 24. The old man could not stand
(to make) fun of.

Ex. 3. State the syntactic function of the Gerund.

1. It was no good taking the little darling up to town, she got only tired. 2. The
main thing to do in this situation is getting away as soon as possible. 3. The car
began moving away down the road. 4. He enjoyed teaching and knew that he did it
well. 5. The boy spent half night in writing to his people. 6. On hearing the sound
Nancy hurried to the door, and Grant to the window. 7. He denied having opened
the box the other day. 8. Writing quickly tires my hand. 9. Every second he kept
glancing at the clock. 10. However hard he tried he couldn’t help thinking of the
girl he had met. 11. I dislike reminding you continually of the things you ought to
have done. 12. By studying early in the morning he saved a good deal of time. 13.
Before speaking he carefully thought out what he was going to say. 14. I walked to
my place as fast as I could without breaking into a run. 15. I can’t afford buying
this expensive hat. 16. Seeing is believing. 17. But instead of soothing Shelton
these words had just the opposite effect. 18. The idea of settling down in that little
town filled her with nothing but regret. 19. Nobody thought of anything but
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spending money and having what they called “a good time”. 20. He was accused of
having entered the country illegally. 21. He has done it by pioneering a new way of
starting a new business. 22. I remember her saying that the best way to win is to
create.
23. Without dismissing it’s time to move forward. 24. She began by stealing most
of the milk, so that poor Roy and Brigid turned out runts. 25. It wasn’t long before
she began eating chickens and ducks. 26. Charles felt thankful for having been
born a boy. 27. It was a talent, all right, but instead of using it, he had traded on it.
28. They cancelled the train owing to the railway being blocked. 29. Servants have
little chance of handling valuable things. 30. We shall have to act quickly and it
means gaining admission to the house.

Ex. 4. Insert prepositions where necessary.

1. He had never had much difficulty … getting jobs. The trouble had always been
… keeping them. 2. He did not object … seeing and entertaining Francis. 3. If he
persists … marrying the girl it will mean absolute ruin for him. 4. I thought …
taking a trip up the Scandinavian coast. 5. Quite late, when he was on the point …
going upstairs, the doorbell rang. 6. She had not succeeded … making her sister
talk. 7. The critics accused him … writing down to the public. 8. After all, I’m
fairly used … keeping my mouth shut. 9. He was jealous of his friend … winning
Ann. 10. At the time I was very keen … getting an independent income. 11. I
became aware of the specific benefit. I was capable … getting from travel. 12.
Your colleagues are good … keeping a secret, aren’t they? 13. After half an hour
he began to feel tired … looking at copies of agreements and bills. 14. I can’t
blame you … being so eager to leave the town in this weather. 15. There was
nothing to prevent him … returning to London. 16. He reproached himself … not
having tried to talk with her. 17. How did you account … buying that car? 18. He
was annoyed with her … getting him involved in this quarrel. 19. I was a little
disappointed … not meeting Charles. 20. I felt proud … having been of use to him.
21. You can’t tell how a man is feeling just … looking at him. 22. You see a
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definite reason … going down to Handborough.23. After a light meal, Poirot
suggested our … stepping round to pay and after dinner call on my so-called
cousin. 24. He insisted … coming downstairs with her and putting her into a cab.
25. He was tempted by the idea … having a flat of his own, but it was out of the
question.

Ex. 6. Complete the sentence using the Gerund in different functions.

1. What kept you from … ? 2. The audience enjoyed … 3. What do you mean by
… . 4. We all look forward to … .5. I hardly remember … 6. You can’t act without
… .7. Are English people fond of … ? 8. It is worth while … ? 9. He is sure to
boast of … . 10. I hate the idea of … . 11. … is out of the question. 12. … was
painful. 13. … was her constant passion. 14. Do you feel like … . 15. She
immediately stopped … . 16. She badly needs ... . 17. They got accustomed to …
18. I am not much in the habit of … . 19. He has reputation of … . 20. He proved it
by … .
Ex. 5. Translate the sentences into English using the Gerund.
1. Նելլին առաջարկեց այցելել պատմության ազգային
թանգարան և պնդեց, որ վերցնենք էքսկուրսավար մեզ հետ: 2.
Նա մի փոքր երկմտեց դուռը բացելուց առաջ, քանի որ
վախենում էր հարձակման ենթարկվելուց: 3. Լսելով դժբախտ
պատահարի մասին աղջիկը, արագ վերցրեց հեռախոսը և
զանգահարեց ոստիկանություն: 4. Մենք բոլորս կասկածում
էինք, որ մեզ խաբել և ասել էին կրկնակի արժեք մեքենայի
համար:5. Ես հիշում եմ, որ հանդիպել եմ այս
արտահայտությանը գրքերից մեկում, բայց, ցավոք, չեմ հիշում,
որ գիրքն էր դա: 6. Բոլորովին իմաստ չունի նրան սպասելը:
Դուք դեմ չե՞ք լինի, եթե մենք գնանք: 7. Նա հաճույք էր ստանում
թատրոն այցելելուց և շատ էր սիրում զրուցել դերասանների
խաղի մասին ներկայացումներից հետո: 8. Ինձ դուր չեկավ այն
գաղափարը, որ մենք որոշ ժամանակ պետք է անց կացնեինք
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գյուղում:9. Ես չեմ սիրում, երբ ինձ ստում են: 10. Բժիշկը պնդում
է, որ հիվանդը պետք է տեղափոխվի հիվանդանոց: 11. Ինչը ինձ
ամենաշատը զայրացրեց, դա իր այդքան արագ նման
առաջարկը ընդունելն էր: 12. Նա պատասխանում էր մեր
հարցերին շատ արագ, առանց մտածելու, կարծես
մեխանիկորեն: 13. Նա սովորություն ուներ 2 ժամ քայլել
զբոսայգում ճաշից առաջ: 14. Չեմ կարծում, որ դուք որևէ
խնդիր կունենաք այդ հարցը լուծելիս: 15. Իմաստ ու՞նի տանը
մնալ այս գարնանային արևոտ եղանակին: 16. Որև՞է մեկը
առարկում է, որ այցելենք նրան հիվանդանոցում: 17. Ես ունեմ
բոլոր պատճառները մերժելու նրա առաջարկը
համագործակցելու նրա հետ: 18. Ամբողջ օրը անձրևեց, և ես
կորցրի հույսը, որ կհանդիպեմ նրան կրկին:

GERUNDIAL COMPLEXES
Ex. 1. Point out the Gerundial complexes and define their functions. Translate
the sentences into Armenian.
1. Uncle Julius insists on me coming to keep him company. 2. Don’t think she will
approve of your telling me this. 3. His having failed the entrance examination was
a great disappointment to his mother. 4. We have got a lot of questions to settle
before your leaving. 5. The silence was broken by the sound of a door being
locked. 6. Your being so indifferent irritates me a great deal. 7. What annoyed me
most of all was his accepting their proposal quite readily. 8. I dislike the idea of
our spending a holiday with hundreds of other people. 9. Of course, I should insist
on your accepting the proper professional fee. 10. I can’t bear the thought of the
children staying there alone. 11. I remember in school days he couldn’t answer the
teacher’s questions without my prompting him.
12. Is it worth your interfering with their affairs so much? 13. Do you agree to our
taking her up to town and putting her under the best control? 14. I remember my

85
visiting London for the first time. 15. Your mother will be furious at me for my not
having warned you about the delay. 16. In spite of her being extremely tired she
eagerly promised to help me with the work. 17. The solution was found by our
participating actively in the discussion. 18. It was a slight disappointment that the
dancers had been unable to fulfill their contract, owing to Juanita’s spraining her
ankle.
Ex. 2. Form Gerundial constructions out of the elements given in the brackets.
1. It is bad enough (Richard, fail) at the examinations.2. She was not aware of (her
sister, marry) a famous pianist.3. He did not approve of (the children, dream).4.
We postponed our visit because of (John, be ill). 5. You may rely on (I, set) matters
right. 6. You must excuse (I, not answer) you before. 7. I entered the room without
(he, see) it. 8. All the happiness of my life depends on (you, love) me. 9. I object to
(you, have) any relations with my sister. 10. Your reading so carelessly prevents
(you, enjoy) this poetry. 11. I saw that she was not pleased at (I, come). 12. Do you
mind (I, ask) you one or two more questions? 13. There was no question of
(anybody, not have) enough work to do. 14. It is no use (you, tell) me not to worry.
15. He was sore at (his son, disobey) him. 16. I insisted on the (TV, fix) and (it, be
ready) as soon as possible. 17. We objected to (John and Mary, participate) in the
coming event.

Ex. 3. Paraphrase the following sentences using Gerundial complexes. Add

prepositions where necessary.
1. Nick suggested that we should dine at a restaurant to celebrate this little event. 2.
I remember Mother reprimanded me when I spoiled her favourite fish-cake. 3. He
doesn’t like it when I give him advice. 4. Nobody objects that the child lives with
us. 5. We decided that we should join them in Glasgow.
6. She hates it when the children prompt one another and always gets very angry.
7. I can’t recollect that they ever invited me to stay a weekend with them. 8. Nell
denies that he has cheated everybody. 9. He wrote he would stay in Paris another
week and did not explain why he was obliged to do so. 10. I insist that everything
86
should be said in plain words so that there can’t be any misunderstanding. 11.
Thank you that you reminded me about the work I have to do for the company. 12.
He was afraid that the news might cause excitement among the girls. 13. Nobody
knew that they had agreed to take part in the expedition. 14. I prefer that we should
make use of tape-recording before we read the text. 15. I suspect that he told us a
lie the other day. 16. I don’t like the idea that they should be interviewed for the
second time. 17. That Bill was fired one month before he realized the plan was a
shock to the whole company. 18. Everything was organized so that we could start
immediately. 19. I don’t mind if the child sleeps with the window open. 20. I asked
if there was the slightest possibility that she could get those books at our library.

Ex. 4. Find the Gerundial constructions in the following sentences and define
their syntactic functions.
1. In spite of his coming in time we could not start at once. 2. The children enjoyed
playing with you and you were very kind in your playing with them. 3. The most
exciting thing was their wearing fancy ball dresses. 4. My son, such a dear boy, we
have great hopes of his doing well in the future. 5. I don’t like the idea of us
starting so early. 6. I have a mother’s feelings and I can never look at a confirmed
bachelor without the tears coming into my eyes. 7. Sometimes people who are in
good health think they have cancer and won’t live another year and that can lead to
their taking their own life. 8. Her thoughts were interrupted at last by the door
opening gently. 9. His being a foreigner, an ex-enemy was bad enough. 10. Her
getting married caused much grief to her family. 11. His constant smoking in bed
irritated his wife. 12. The only escape was our leaving the town at once. 13. On
their returning home the police informed them about the results of the
investigation.

Ex.5. Translate the following sentences into English using Gerundial

complexes.
1. Դուք զարմացա՞ծ եք, որ ես խոսում եմ ձեզ հետ նման ձևով: 2.

87
Նախքան ձեր գնալը, ես պնդում եմ, որ դուք պատասխանեք
որոշ հարցերի: 3. Նա հաճախ մտածում էր այն մասին, թե
ինչպես է վերադառնալու հայրենիք: 4. Շատ անսպասելի էր, որ
նա վերադարձավ այդքան շուտ: Արժե՞ր արդյոք, որ դուք
փորձեցիք նրան համոզել, որ նա սխալ էր: 5. Չնայած հոգնած
լինելուն, նա շարունակում էր ջանասիրաբար աշխատել,
որպեսզի ապացուցի, որ արժանի է այդ պաշտոնին: 6. Ես
շնորհակալ եմ նրան, որ նա ժամանակին զգուշացրեց ինձ
սպասվող դժվարությունների մասին: 7. Ես հիշում եմ, որ մենք
հանդիպել ենք անցյալ տարի Փարիզում կազմակերպված
միջազգային ցուցահանդեսում: 8. Այն փաստը, որ դիմորդը չի
տիրապետում ֆրանսերենի նվազեցրեց այդ աշխատանքը
ստանալու նրա հնարավորությունը: 9. Մենք չէինք կարող
հասնել լավ արդյունքների առանց նրա աջակցության: 10. Ես
պնդում եմ, որ նման խնդիրները անհապաղ լուծում ստանան:
11. Ինձ դուր չի գալիս որ դուք ինձ անընդհատ նախատում եք:
12. Չնայած իր երիտասարդ և անփորձ լինելուն բժիշկը հասավ
փայլուն արդյունքների իր ասպարեզում: 13. Այս ամենը տեղի
ունեցավ քո անփութության պատճառով: 14. Ո՞վ է մեղավոր, որ
աշխատանքը չի կատարվել ժամանակին: 15. Դուք դեմ չե՞ք լինի,
եթե մենք քննարկենք այդ հարցերը մեր հաջորդ հանդիպման
ժամանակ: 16. Մեկ օր էլ չէր անցնում, որ նա հանդես չգար
նորանոր գաղափարներով:

Ex. 6. Define whether the ing-form is a gerund or a verbal noun.

1. He may have noticed my goings out and comings in. 2. Upon reading this letter
Shelton had once more a sense of being exploited. 3. “Oh”, she cried when they
were out of hearing. 4. She went quickly past him and out of the room without
looking back. 5. She arose, but before she had time to get out of the room a loud
rapping began upon the front door. 6. Oh, Robert, dearest, don’t leave us! I’ve so
88
loved being with you. 7. Remember at school one was always kept waiting for a
beating. 8. There was the splashing of big drops on large leaves and a faint stirring
and shaking in the bush. 9. Well, what are your plans, Dixon? – I was thinking of
going in for school teaching. 10. He reached his room at midnight so exhausted
that, without waiting to light up, he dropped into a chair. 11. His paraphrase made
Peter’s reading of the lines seem more ridiculous than it was. 12. He told her there
was a fault in the wiring in my room. 13. There was the cracking of wood – a
crash, and the door burst from its hinges. 14. While we were there the setting of his
ring got loose. 15. Then the most sensational was an exhibition of modern dancing.
16. The “cabaret” over, normal dancing was resumed. 17. Whatever else it might
be, it was certainly not holiday reading. 18. “Oh, I do my little writing anywhere”,
smiled Mrs. Clinton.

The Gerund and the Infinitive Compared

Ex. 1. Open the brackets using either the Gerund or the Infinitive. Add
prepositions where necessary.
1. He stopped (whistle) and went into the bathroom to turn the water on for the
bath. 2. Mary and I were upset and the others went on (try) to cheer us up. 3. On
reaching the house she saw Ann and stopped (talk) to her about the latest events. 4.
Don’t forget (lock) the door when you decide to go to bed. 5. To learn to write I
tried (alter) words or the order in which they were set. 6.I regret (disappoint) you,
but you ought to know the facts. 7. Why didn’t you try (find) yourself a job? 8. I’ll
never forget (spend) my summer holidays in Spain. 9. The article went on (say)
that Miss Maclean was born in Dublin and still had relations living there. 10. “I
must remember not (slouch)”, he thought and “must lose some weight”. 11. I now
regretted not (go) with her, but it was too late to run after her. 12. She tried (knit),
but her fingers were numb. 13. We clearly remember (take) to the picture gallery,
when we were still schoolchildren. 14. I need (make) a quick phone call, I’ll be
back in a second. 15. I dread (think) of what will happen next. 16. He used (think)
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that becoming a father wouldn’t change him. 17. My living room needs (vacuum).
I think I haven’t vacuumed it more than a month. 18. I suppose I am afraid (look)
foolish if she refuses my proposal. 19. My secretary has got used (find) me hard at
work by the time she gets in. 20. I meant (say) “three”, but I actually said “four”.
21. Did you remember (unplug) the iron before we left the house. 22. Mr.
McDougall regreted (fire) Denise, so he called her up and asked her to come back
to the company. 23. Sally meant (talk) to you yesterday but she didn’t have time.

Ex. 2. Open the brackets using either the Gerund or the Infinitive.
Yuri was in his first year at university, studying History. He was rather a lazy
student, and he tended to avoid (work) whenever he could. In the middle of the
semester, his history professor gave out an assignment, due in two weeks. Yuri
intended (do) the assignment, but he postponed (to write) it for a week. The
following week he forgot (do) it. The night the assignment was due, he suddenly
remembered it, and rushed to the library. He tried (read) as much as possible on the
topic,, but there wasn’t enough time. Yuri considered (ask) for more time to do his
paper, but the History professor was known to be very tough on students, so finally
he decided (cheat) and copy his paper from somewhere else. He found an old
article on the same topic and quickly typed it out. The next day he submitted the
paper. The following week, he was alarmed (see) the professor approaching him,
looking angry. “Is this your own work, or did you copy it?” asked the professor.
Yuri denied (copy) the paper.
“If you expect me (believe) that, you must think I am very stupid” said the
professor. “Every word is taken from an article I wrote myself 5 years ago. Did
you really think I would forget (write) it?”

Ex.3. Match the beginning (1-9) of each sentence with the most appropriate
ending to form a sentence.
1. My four-year old son can’t bear a. doing this.

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2. I only have to mention b. swimming and playing around the
water.

3. The problem is he dreads c. washing it and he goes and hides.

4. Oddly enough, he absolutely adores d. to think what happens to my

friends’ children.

5. Some friends advised me e. dropping him on his head in the

bath.

6. Somehow I didn’t fancy f. to hold him upside down while

washing the shampoo off.

7. Strange as it may seem, I didn’t g. having a bruise on his head instead

want to risk of water in his eyes.

8. I didn’t think he would appreciate h. the water getting into his eyes.

9. I dread i. having his hair washed.

Ex. 4. Match the begining of each sentence with the most appropriate ending.
1. The old lady begged me a) to find an alternative to all those snacks.
2. I’ll never forget b) for using the hotel pool.
3. I can’t believe they charged me c) learning that I had the winning ticket.
4. We really can’t afford d) loosing a bit of weight.
5. Father is considering e) buying a new car
6. It is really worth f) to have health problems later.
7. I’m getting really tired of g) telling my dad to give up smoking.
8. People who eat poorly are likely h) to buy a new fridge now.
9. Why don’t you try i) to give her some money.
10. You should try j) going to the gym more often.

Ex. 5. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word in parenthesis.
1. I’m sorry but you have not been appointed to the post. (regret)
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I…………………………. you have not been appointed to the post.
2. John said that he would pay for the dinner. (offer)
John ………………………… for the dinner.
3. I think Derek has forgotten the meeting. (appears)
Derek……………………………. the meeting.
4. I needed a drink of water and so I stopped running. (have)
I stopped running…………………. water.
5. My neighbour said he would call the police! (threaten)
My neighbour………………………. the police.
6. Luckily Peter didn’t pay a fine. (avoid)
Luckily Peter……………………. a fine.
7. It was difficult for me not to laugh at Wendy’s letter. (help)
I………………………………………. at Wendy’s letter.
8. Jack said that he hadn’t cheated in the exam. (deny)
Jack…………………………………….. in the exam.
9. I think it would be a good idea to take the train. (suggest)
I…………………………………………. the train.
10. Don’t forget the lights when you leave. (turn off)
Remember ………………………when you leave.

Ex. 6. Translate the following sentences using either the Infinitive or the
Gerund.
1. Դու հիշում ե՞ս, ինչպես մենք ժամանակին զբոսնում էինք այս
պուրակում երեկոները: 2. Այս բնակարանը վերանորոգման
կարիք ունի, այնպես՞ չէ: 3. Չմոռանաս զգուշացնել նրան, որ
հանդիպման օրը և ժամը մնացել են անփոփոխ: 4. Նկատելով
նամակը սեղանի վրա, Աննան դադարեց խոսելը և արագ
վերցնելով այն սկսեց բարձրաձայն կարդալ: 5. Երբ տղան
տեսավ տարեց կնոջը ծանր բեռը ձեռքին, նա կանգ առավ, որ
օգնի նրան տուն հասցնել իրերը: 6. Նա որևէ ցանկություն չուներ
զրուցելու այդ թեմայի շուրջ և խուսափում էր մեզ հանդիպելուց,
ուստի մենք չպնդեցինք, որ նա միանա մեզ: 7. Ափսոսանքով
հայտնում եմ, որ ձեզ չեն ընտրել այդ աշխատանքի համար
երկրորդ օտար լեզվին չտիրապետելու պատճառով: 8.

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Տուրիստական գործակալությունը մեզ առաջարկեց անց
կացնել ևս մեկ շաբաթ ծովի ափին, քանի որ ունեինք այդ
հնարավորությունը: 9. Ցավում եմ, որ վիրավորեցի քեզ: Գիտեմ,
որ ես սխալ էի: Այդ իսկ պատճառով հայցում եմ քո
ներողամտությունը: 10. Այս մեքենան հին է և անընդհատ
շարքից դուրս է գալիս: Չ՞ես մտածում նորը գնելու մասին: 11.Ես
փորձեցի հանգստացնել նրան, բայց նա շարունակում էր լաց
լինել, ինձ վրա ուշադրություն չդարձնելով: 12. Ես սովոր չեմ նման
անհարգալից վերաբերմունքի: Դուք պետք է ներողություն
խնդրեք, որ վիրավորել եք ինձ: 13. Ես դեմ եմ, որ այդ հարցերը
քննարկվեն առանց լուրջ ուսումնասիրության: 14. Նրան այդքան
էլ դուր չէր գալիս, երբ իրեն Դեն էին անվանում Դենիէլի
փոխարեն: 15. Ծնողներս նախընտրում են ձուկ ուտելը միս
ուտելուց: 16. Մենք կնախընտրեինք զբաղվել սպորտով քան
նվագել որևէ երաժշտական գործիք:

The Use of the Gerund and the Infinitive

Ex. 7. Put the verb into the correct form: ing or infinitive.

1. I can’t bear … at fixed hours (work). 2. As we don’t agree about politics we

generally avoid … the subject (discuss). 3. We had arranged … in my office so that
he could check the documents he needed (meet). 4. “Why will your children insist
on … parties”, said Mrs. Sheridan (give). 5. “No, he wouldn’t write that, although
it was well worth … (write)”. 6. I’ve apologized to her but she still refused …to
me (speak). 7. The boss objected to my … in his chair (sit). 8. I simply can’t afford
… (help) you any longer – you’ll just have to find a job. 9. You’d better go and see
the boss and say what you have done. If you put off … it to her, she’ll only be
more annoyed (explain). 10. I must say, I don’t really fancy … my whole holiday
with your cousins (spend). 11. I’ve enjoyed … you (meet). I hope … you again
soon (see). 12. Why do you keep … (ask) me questions? Can’t you leave me

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alone? 13. The boy’s father promised … for the window to be repaired (pay). 14. I
don’t mind … late at all, if it will help (work). 15. We had hoped … (finish) the
project by the end of the month but we keep … changes in the plans (make). 16.
He admits … the house but he says he didn’t take anything (enter). 17. Andrew
Spicer, the local cycling star, has decided … his second attempt (abandon). 18. He
denies … interest in the project (lose). 19. Can’t you remind me … some coffee
when we go out (buy). 20. It was a lovely day, so I suggest … to the park (go).

Ex. 8. Put the verb in the right form: ing or infinitive. Add prepositions where
necessary.

1. I wouldn’t recommend … in that restaurant. The food is awful (eat). 2. I think

your record player wants … (repair). 3. I am in a difficult position. What do you
advise me … (do). 4. Where would you recommend me … on holidays (go). 5. He
continued … about his holidays (talk). 6. John is interested … foreign languages
(learn). 7. But after a while I began … less selfish (feel). 8. I don’t intend … to this
rubbish any longer (listen). 9. She likes … and believes that the right words and
deeds make a difference (be clear). 10. This plant needs … twice a week (water).
11. All cars require … regularly (service). 12. My lawyer advised … nothing to the
police (tell). 13. She doesn’t allow … in the house (smoke). 14. Mary never wears
a hat. She doesn’t like … hats (wear). 15. I don’t like that house. I would hate …
there (live). 16. When I have to catch a plane, I am always worried about (miss) it.
17. I prefer … people to … letters (phone, write). 18. He can’t bear … (laugh at).
19. I prefer … rather than … by train (drive, travel). 20. I’d rather not … to a
restaurant tonight (go). 21. Would you prefer … a taxi (get).

Ex. 9. Put the verb in the right form: ing or infinitive. Insert prepositions
where necessary.
1. If you want to pass the exam it will mean … hard (study). 2. Billy got up and
tried … it between his hands (clap). 3. We regret … that we are unable to help you
(say). 4. I must remember … Mr. Hart from the airport tomorrow (fetch). 5. I’ll
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never forget … the queen (meet). 6. I don’t think she means … married for the
moment (get). 7. Wherever I stopped … and … there Luigi appeared with his little
tray (look, buy). 8. I taught myself … (type). 9. She goes to evening courses twice
a week to learn … (type). 10. Call Train regretted … for the large number of fans
who wanted to take the tram (not plan). 11. Years afterwards he used … that part
of the story (tell). 12. He stopped … to her after that terrible quarrel (talk).
13. I remember … the book but not … it (borrow, return). 14. I regret … school at
fourteen, which was a great mistake (leave). 15. Although she asked him to stop he
went on … his pen on the table (tap). 16. I tried … some aspirin, but the pain
didn’t go away (take). 17. I am not afraid … her the truth (tell). 18. We rushed to
the station because we were afraid … our train (miss). 19. On her way to the shop
she stopped … with a neighbour (talk). 20. After a few introductory remarks the
lecturer went … on his main points (speak). 21. I am not used … in London
(drive). 22. He proposed … to the theatre that night but Elisa said she was tired
(go). 23. I remember …to hear endless incidents from my mother’s childhood
(have). 24. Can I give you a lift? – No, thanks. I’d prefer … (walk). 25. I propose
… a boat with the money (buy). 26. I don’t like to drive fast, because I am afraid
… (crash).

Participle I

Ex. 1. Use the appropriate form of Participle I and state its form.
1. (To inform) of their arrival the day before, he was better prepared to meet them
than anyone of us. 2. Sir Henry paused and then said, (to glance) down at his
watch: “Edward is arriving by the next train”. 3. The carriage was almost full, and
(to put) his bag up in the rack, he took his bag up in the rack, and took his seat. 4.
(To return) home in the afternoon, she became conscious of her mistake. 5. (To
look) out of the window, she saw there was a man (to work) in the garden. 6. He
left the room again (to close) the door behind him with a bang. 7. (To do) all that
was required, he was the last to leave the office. 8. He couldn’t join his friends (to
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be) still busy in the laboratory. 9. (To return) from the expedition he wrote a book
about Central Africa. 10. (To turn) to the main street, he ran into Donald and Mary
(to return) from school. 11. I had spent about 10 minutes (to turn) over the sixteen
pages of “The Times” before I found the chief news and articles. 12. (To descend)
to the hall, he came on Mr. Blacksmith (to cross) to his study, with a handful of
official-looking papers. 13. That night, (to go) up his room Shelton thought of his
unpleasant duty. 14. (To finish) his work, he seemed more pleased than usual. 15.
(To step) inside, he found himself in what had once been a sort of office. 16. The
letter contained very little matter, (to write) in haste, but the meaning was clear
enough.

Ex. 2. Replace the Infinitive in brackets by the appropriate Participles.

1. Dixon (to irritate) by this question said nothing. 2. The circumstances (to
surround) this story are not ordinary. 3. In this valley (to surround) by hills the
climate is mild. 4. Iron goods (to produce) in Birmingham are of fine quality. 5.
You should avoid topics (to irritate) the sick man. 6. A quarter of the sugar (to use)
in England comes from sugar-beet (to grow) there. 7. It was a brick house (to front)
by a small garden. 8. We all admired the monuments (to front) the entrance of the
exhibition. 9. His eyes travelled round (to search) everything in the room with a
quick (to train) glance. 10. The coach (to train) this team was an outstanding
sportsman in his younger days. 11. What is “steppe”? –It is a treeless plain (to
cover) with grass. 12. The people (to inhabit) this port are mostly sailors and
fishermen. 13. She would say sharp and (to wound) words to him. 14. It is the main
centre of the industries (to produce) clothing, food and drink. 15. With wavy hair
(to frame) her face she looked like a fairy. 16. (to frame) in the window of the
railway-carriage was the face of our friend.

Ex. 3. Define the functions of Participle I.

1. While eating and drinking they talked loudly in order that all present might hear
what they said. 2. I received from her another letter saying that she was passing
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through Paris and would like to have a chat with me. 3. I sat on the doorstep
holding my little sister in my arms, thinking over my caches of escaping from
home. 4. She was always to him a laughing girl with dancing eyes full of eager
expectation. 5. When driving in London itself she had as immediate knowledge of
its streets as any taxi driver. 6. I sat quite silent, watching his face, a strong and
noble face. 7. He raised his eyes, looked at her as though peering over the top of
spectacles. 8. Cecilia had heard very little, being absorbed in her own reflections.
9. Having shaken hands with them, he brought his own hands together with a sharp
slap. 10. Judging him by his figure and his movements, he was still young. 11.
Being very tired after his work, he soon fell asleep and forgot his troubles. 12.
There was sunlight coming in through the shutters. 13. She recrossed her legs
comfortable, as though preparing for a long session on the sofa. 14. The gypsy
smiled, showing his teeth. 15. Having finished the dinner, Soames lighted the
second of his two daily cigars, and took up the earpieces of the wireless. 16. So
Susan, the new protective gentleness of her son was sweet and also very
frightening. 17. He had a beautiful old house in Queen Anne street, and being a
man of taste he had finished it admirably. 18. Speaking honestly, he is not a man to
deal with.

Ex. 4. Define the functions of Participle II.

1. Presently I grew tired and went to bed. 2. His name was well known among the
younger writers of France. 3. Stirred by the beauty of the twilight, he strolled away
from the hotel. 4. All the country near him was broken and wooded. 5. He bowed
low when presented to Dinny. 6. He looked at her for a moment as though amazed
at her friendliness. 7. The door opened. A little frightened girl stood in the light
that fell from the passage. 8. Displeased and uncertain, Brande gazed from his son
to the Spanish gardener. 9. Finch looked suddenly detached, lost in his own
thoughts. 10. With an effort I took up the diary again and turned the closely written
pages. 11. If done prematurely, your move might provoke opposition. 12. Animals
have often been noticed killed in the streets. 13. She sat down on the fallen tree to
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do the Times crossword puzzle. 14. I was greatly annoyed with Monica for
interfering. 15. It was clear to him that she would go back on the whole thing if
given half a chance. 16. Though greatly surprised to see him there, she didn’t show
even the least of her feelings. 17. As I was busy finishing the article, I got the new
fellow sent instead of me. 18. When challenged, he denied it. 19. On arriving at the
hotel he found the parcel delivered. 20. The dog was found tied to a tree. 21. But
what if he had his money stolen? 22. Wounded in the leg, he limped a little.

Ex. 5. Use Participle II instead of Participle I where possible

1. Being badly wounded he recovered slowly. 2. The boy was wearing a cap
similar to those being worn by other jockeys at the stables. 3. The importance of
the experiment being made is that it may lead to a discovery of great consequence.
4. Having arrived in a big sea port, I started to look for a job. 5. By this time,
having acclimated himself to the atmosphere of the new place, he no longer felt a
stranger. 6. Having slept two hours, I felt refreshed and rested. 7. Having been
once found on the beach, the stone served now as a paperweight and was one of
the table’s decorations. 8. Being sung by the voice of this unseen girl, the strain
brought back to me long forgotten memories. 9. Having completed all our
preparations, we hired a cab and hurried off. 10. Being completed, the parts were
transported to the assembly shop. 11. When the young people, having returned
from their day’s outing, came into the dining-room, they found dinner ready and
served. 12. Not having been approved of by an overwhelming majority of the
members of the committee, the proposal was turned down. 13. Never having
experienced such difficulties, he was at a loss. 14. Rain is very rare in our parts,
but having once begun, it won’t stop for days on end.

Ex. 6. Paraphrase the sentences so as to use Participle I or Participle II

phrases where possible and define the functions.
1. The path which was leading through the coppice soon got lost in the high grass.
2. We were tired and thirsty, for we had been on the road since eight o’clock in the
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morning and it was a hot day. 3. One morning, as Johnny was looking out of the
window, he saw in his neighbor’s orchard a great number of fine red apples which
had fallen from the trees. 4. As he didn’t know the way to the station very well he
often stopped to ask people who were passing by. 5. She returned presently and
brought a tray with a jug of milk. 6. One day towards evening, when both the old
people were sitting in front of their cottage, they caught sight of a young girl with a
bundle in her hand. 7. The people who were waiting for you have just gone. 8.
“Villain”, - cried he as he ran down to him. 9. He looked like an African savage
who was being shown a simple conjuring trick. 10. The ship, which had arrived at
the dock that afternoon, had taken fourteen days to cross the Atlantic. 11. “May I
come in?” she said as she pushed the door a little wider open. 12. “I’m late”, she
remarked, as she sat down and drew off her gloves. 13. The lady was waiting for
her sister, who was arriving by the 7:30 train. 14. “Oh, sir”, said the poor boy, who
was trembling with fear, “It’s not my fault”. 15. In the garden I saw the professor
who I had met some time before. 16. The sun, that rose some time ago, is making
us feel happy and bright. 17. I have a letter for you, which was received two days
ago. 18. His words, which he uttered in an undertone, reached my ears. 19. The
storm that caused a lot of harm to the crops abated late at night. 20. Everybody felt
that in the farewell dinner there was sadness, which was mingled with festivity. 21.
The teacher told us that the centre of the cotton industry is Manchester, which is
connected with Liverpool by a canal. 22. In the South of England one can find
fertile valleys, which are divided by numerous hedges. 23. The boy who had
broken the window-pane ran away and did not appear till the evening. 24. There
was another pause, which was broken by a fit of laughing of one of the old man
sitting in the first row. 25. The English people love their green hedges, which are
covered with leaf and flower in summer, and a blaze of gold and red in autumn. 26.
From his report we learn about various goods, which are produced in Birmingham
and the adjoining manufacturing towns. 27. Tennis is one of the most popular
games in England, which is played all the year round. 28. They lay a loaf of brown
bread, which was divided … 29. By a residential college we mean a college with a
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hostel, which is usually situated on the same grounds as the principal building. 30.
The child that was left alone in the large room began to scream. 31. They were all
pleased with the results, which were achieved by the end of the month.

Ex. 7. Translate sentences using Participle I and Participle II where possible.

1. Հեռագիրը ստանալուց հետո, քույրս անհապաղ մեկնեց
Ռուսաստան: 2. Տարիներ շարունակ ապրելով Անգլիայում, նա
վարժ տիրապետում էր անգլերենին և խոսում էր այդ լեզվով
կարծես լեզվակիր լիներ:3.Զգուշացրեք երեխաներին, որ
ուշադիր լինեն փողոցը անցնելիս, քանի որ երթևեկությունը
այստեղ շատ ծանրաբեռնված է: 4. Տեսնելով մարդկանց, որոնք
եկել էին իրեն դիմավորելու, տղան մի փոքր շփոթվեց, բայց քիչ
անց կարողացավ արտահայտել իր ուրախությունը: 5. Այս գիրքը
կարդալիս, ես հանդիպել եմ մի շարք դարձվածքների, որոնք
արժե սովորել: 6. Նրա հետ խոսելիս ես զգացի, որ նա մի փոքր
նյարդայնացած է և շփոթված: 7. Հայրիկը ձեռքով արեց կարծես
թե փորձում էր ցույց տալ իր անհամաձայնությունը: 8. Մենք
նստած զրուցում էինք մեր ապագա պլանների մասին, երբ
անսպասելի լսվեց հարևան սենյակից եկող մի ուժեղ աղմուկ: 9.
Շարադրությունը գրելուց հետո, ուսանողները հանձնեցին այն
դասախոսին, ակնկալելով ստանալ արդյունքները
հնարավորինս շուտ: 10. Երիտասարդը, որը կանգնած էր
պատուհանի մոտ, կարծես խորհում էր ինչ-որ բանի մասին: 11.
Նրանք, ովքեր երբեք չեն այցելել Անգլիա, չեն կարող լիովին
պատկերացնել այդ երկրի գեղեցկությունը: 12. Տեսնելով, որ ես
մոտենում եմ, նրանք դադարեցին խոսելը և նայեցին ինձ,
կարծես ինչ-որ բան էին փորձում թաքցնել ինձանից: 13. Նա
հեշտությամբ էր կատարում իրեն հանձնարարված ցանկացած
առաջադրանք: 14. Նախորոք տեղյակ լինելով վերջնաժամկետի

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մասին, Մեգին պատրաստեց բոլոր անհրաժեշտ
փաստաթղթերը: 15. Դուք եր՞բևէ լսել էք ինչպես է երգում
սոխակը: 16. Լինելով ապատեղեկացված, ոստիկանությունը
դժվարանում էր գտնել մեղավորներին: 17. Որտե՞ղից է ինձ
հասցեագրված նամակը: 18. Ես պետք է մազերս նոր ոճով
հարդարել տամ: 19. Ես կարդացել եմ ցուցակում նշված բոլոր
գրքերը: 20. Նա պառկած էր բազմոցին՝ հոգնած և
հիասթափված: 21. Նա այնպես նայեց ինձ, կարծես զարմացած
էր ինձ տեսնելով: 22. Հրամանը տրվելուն պես զինվորներն
անցան գրոհի: 23. Նկարիչը ապրում էր ծաղիկներով
շրջապատված մի հոյակապ տանը:

Ex. 8. Translate into Armenian

1. He felt better having found that telephone number. I am sure. 2. Being a calm
and quiet young lady, she didn’t say anything. 3. Under the kitchen window his
shamed, downcast eyes fell upon a curiously shaped stone. 4. A man dressed in
black dismounted from the seat and walked to the horse’s head. 5. Embarrassed,
she nodded, and realizing what had happened, he smiled at her. 6. It hurts to
breathe when you get a rib broken. 7. Left alone, Ginnie looked round without
getting up for a good place to throw out the sandwich. 8. Everyone listened in
silence, broken by murmures of “Yes, yes” or “How true”. 9. Sadie had her hand
clapped to her cheek as though she had toothache. 10. The house was alive with
soft, quick steps and running voices. 11. He could see the flash of the town’s
windows under the lowering sun. 12. Billy shook hands solemnly grinning under
his straw mustache. 13. No one living now was worthy to do the things that had
been done. 14. He thought of grandfather on a huge white horse, bumping his
elbow against the floor. 15. The dogs moved sniffing along the edge of the bush.
16. It was a whole bunch of people made into one big crawling beast. 17. On one
side of the cloth sat a lady in a white dress smoking a cigarette. 18. Brother Paul
went on, paying little attention to the lesson. 19. Together they stood looking
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quietly at the lightening cast.20. The stupid words went sliding around class all
morning. 21. He sat one seat ahead of Joan and annoyed her all he could, in spite
of a feeling that, both, being disliked, they had something to share. 22. She sat
drinking her coffee in a green turban. 23. In 10 minutes she was at the dock
carrying a bundle of clothing.

Predicative Constructions with Participle I, II

Ex.1. Point out the Objective Predicative constructions in the following
sentences and translate them into Armenian.
1. He felt his irritation mounting. 2. As I was looking this over I heard the doors,
which led on the main corridor being opened. 3. The moon came fully through a
cloud, and he was startled as he suddenly saw her face looking at him. 4. Soames
raised his hand to his forehead, where suddenly he saw moisture shining. 5.
Through the chink in the shutters she watched Emma picking cherries in the
orchard. 6. I saw him unfolding the telegram slowly and hesitatingly as though he
expected it to contain some bad news. 7. He heard the young people singing and
shouting from the opposite bank. 8. For the first time she found herself wondering
about him. 9. I find myself recalling it again and again and each time remembering
what brings the curious warm pleasure. 10. He saw Billy working in the last of the
haystack. 11. Halfway up the hill Jody could see his black dog digging in a squirrel
hole. 12. They saw Jody’s mother standing on the porch waving her apron in
welcome. 13. He watched a spider crawling up the wall. 14. Other teachers were
happy to tell him how the kids made a game getting him talking. 15. Back at the
house he could see Grandfather sitting on the porch, looking small and thin. 16.
She watched with satisfaction the interest rising in Edith’s face. 17. Edith had seen
them walking in the procession, Susy helping to carry the pail. 18. The man with
long hair will give us a nickel for berries, and you can see the lady smoking. 19. I
looked up for a moment and saw the image of the mountain and the light coming
over it reflected in the older man’s eyes. 20. “Shut the door, Root… No, leave it
open. Then we can hear them coming better”. 21. He saw a cart slowly pulled by a
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horse. 22. Suppose you lost the boat and got yourself killed. 23. They said, “Go
back along twenty miles, find a vet, have Charley vaccinated, and then return”. 24.
She is going to have the ring reset. 25. Miss Richards brought the diamond ring up
to the town to have it fixed. 26. Being a far-sighted young lady she had the ring
copied. 27. “Where do you want the tent put, Mother?” 28. She may be at the
hairdresser’s having her hair dyed. 29. “Oh, I am not going to be such a fool as to
pay anything for having it brought out.”

Ex. 2. Paraphrase the following sentences using the Objective with the
Participle Constructions.
1. When I opened my eyes I saw the others were dozing so I sneaked out. 2. I could
see that Dave was still standing in the door-way. 3. I could feel that the room was
rocking under my feet. 4. At the corner of the street I now saw that a small crowd
was collecting, attracted by the fire. 5. I felt I was getting hot under the collar, and
all my romantic humour was gone 6. In a minute or two I noticed that her eyes
were stealthily peeping at me over the top of the book. 7. Then Frank’s eyes lit up,
he saw that Martha was cutting a cake, cutting an enormous wedge of plum cake.
8. When he got on the sand he saw that Arthur was looking at the boat. 9. When he
opened the window he heard how the birds were singing in the garden. 10. I heard
that his name had been mentioned several times during the conversation.
11. I tried the handle, and found that the door was un locked. 12. When we
came up to the village we found that it had been burnt to the ground. 13.
Silas chose the law, because he felt that he was morally adapted for it. 14.
He could see that a man was standing on the pavement, facing the swing doors. 15.
I noticed that Constance was sitting close against Freddy’s chair, and that he broke
across what he was saying. 16. They considered that the plan had been lost.
17. I noticed that now his eyes were resting on me with a faint smile of
amusement. 18. When I entered the room I found that she had been already
dressed for the party. 19. His thoughts wandered and he found that his mind
was filled with memories of the past. 20. So as I strode now along Bake street I
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felt that I was doing something useful.

Ex. 3. Translate the following sentences into English using Objective with
Participle Constructions.
1. Մանուկ ժամանակ ես հաճախ եմ լսել, թե ինչպես էր մայրս
երգում այդ քնքուշ երգը: 2. Մեղմ ամառային երեկո էր և մենք
նստած հետևում էին, թե ինչպես էր լուսինը դանդաղ
բարձրանում ծառերի հետևից: 3. Նա այնքան մտազբաղ էր, որ
չլսեց մեքենայի մոտենալը: 4. Երբ Ջոնը իջավ աստիճաններից
նա նկատեց Քեյթին լաց լինելիս: 5. Թատրոն մտնելիս նա լսեց թե
ինչպես են նվագախմբի երաժիշտները լարում իրենց
գործիքները: 6. Մենք զգացինք թե ինչպես գետինը ցնցվեց և
հասկացանք, որ դա երկրաշաժ էր: 7. Ես հետևում էի Մերիին
նամակը գրելիս և զգացի, որ նա չափազանց հուզված էր: 8. Նա
հանկարծ նկատեց Ռիչարդին չհրկիզվող պահարանին
մոտենալիս: 9. Մթության մեջ նա լսեց աղջկա խորը և անդադար
հեկեկոցը: 10. Տախտակամածին կանգնած՝ զբոսաշրջիկները
դիտում էին դելֆինների խաղը փոթորկոտ ծովում: 11. Ես տեսա,
թե ինչպես դաշնամուրը տեղափոխեցին դեպի պահարանը: 12.
Ես նախընտրում եմ, որ միսը չափազանց շատ եփված չլինի: 13.
Նրանք հայտնեցին իրենց զեկուցման մեջ, որ քաղաքը
ավերակների մեջ է: 14. Ես տանել չեմ կարողանում, որ
կողմնակի մարդիկ քննարկում են իմ անձնական խնդիրները: 15.
Նա ցանկանում էր, որ իր երեխաները համապատասխան ձևով
հագնված լինեն այդ հանդիսության համար:
16. Աշխատասենյակ մտնելուն պես, նա հայտարարեց, որ
կարևոր փաստաթղթերը գողացել են: 17. Նրանք վերանորոգելու
կտան իրենց բնակարանը՝ գնված վերջերս: 18. Արդյո՞ք մեր

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լրացուցիչ հարցերը չեն զայրացնի նրան:

Subjective Participial Construction

Ex. 1. Point out the Subjective Participial Constructions. Translate the
sentences into Armenian.
1. Leila appeared calmed and delighted. 2. The plan was considered lost and
forgotten. 3. The front door of the house was found unlocked. 4. When I saw
the old man he seemed greatly confused. 5. The taxi could be seen waiting
outside. 6. Somewhere a long way off a telephone bell rang and a voice could
be heard speaking. 7. The two men were heard descending. 8.The din in the
entrance hall continued, and more vehicles could be heard arriving at the door.
9. They were heard talking together. 10. The horse was seen descending the hill.
11. The boots of Albert could be heard racing upstairs. 12. You’re found
hanging around the grounds of a big house after dark. 13. In a few moments
during the launching of the boats, Danvers was seen speaking to a young
American girl. 14. Jennie was seen wearing the gold watch. 15. He could often
be seen walking with his eyes fixed anxiously on little Pablins Dartie’s sailing
boat. 16. Here the nurse’s voice was heard calling from the top landing. 17.
Many students with blood streaming down their faces were seen running down
the side streets to avoid arrest. 20. It could be considered that she was cured.

Ex. 2. Paraphrase the following sentences using Subjective Participial

Constructions.
1. They considered that the plan had been lost. 2. It was believed that the lock was
strengthened with special bars. 3. Somebody saw that Jack was sneaking out of the
monastery. 4. When we came up to the village we found that it had been burnt to
the ground. 5. One could hear that his name had been mentioned several times
during the conversation. 6. Somebody heard that Jane was feeding the horse. 7. It
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was reported that the commander was wounded. 8. They reported that the average
temperature was slowly rising. 9. They heard the actor reciting the poem. 10.
Nobody ever heard the baby crying. 11. It could be considered that she was cured.
12. Somebody saw that he was robbed and beaten by some burglars. 13. It was
found that the little boy was flushed and excited. 14. It is said that the patient was
taken care of. 15. One could feel that the ship was shaking. 16. People saw that the
river was flooding the city. 17. It seemed that she was greatly worried. 18. It
appeared that Leila was calmed and delighted. 19. It turned out that the
letter had been signed and ready to be posted. 20. It could be considered
that she was cured.

Ex. 3. Translate the following sentences into English using the Subjective
Participial Constructions.
1. Լսվում էր, թե ինչպես էին նրանք վիճում կողքի սենյակում: 2.
Այդ երիտասարդ գիտնականին հաճախ կարելի էր տեսնել
փորձեր կատարելիս գիտահետազոտական կենտրոնում: 3.
Նրան մշտապես կարելի էր գտնել քաղաքի տարբեր
սրճարաններում սուրճ խմելիս: 4. Մետաղադրամների
հազվագյուտ հավաքածուն համարվում էր կորած, սակայն
պարզվեց, որ այն թաքցված էր մոտակա տան ձեղնահարկում: 5.
Թվում էր, որ քննարկվող հարցերը նրանց բոլորովին չէին
հետաքրքրում: 6. Պայմանագիրը հայտարարվեց կնքված և
վավերացված:
7. Տեսան, թե ինչպես էին բրիտանական նավերը ուղևորվում
դեպի նավահանգիստ: 8. Շենքը համարվում է վերանորոգված և
պատրաստ շահագործման: 9. Այդ հայտնի երգահանին տեսան
հյուրանոցից դուրս գալիս: 10. Կարելի էր նկատել, թե ինչպես էր
նա վախից դողում:

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Ex. 4. State whether the ing-form is a participle, gerund or a verbal noun.
1. I want you to give my hair a good brushing. 2. The boys couldn’t leave without
asking permission. 3. Having finished the work, he seemed more pleased with
himself than usual. 4. Most Englishmen are not overfond of soup, remarking that it
fills them without leaving sufficient room for the more important meat course. 5.
Colleges give specialized training. 6. I am much pleased with my surroundings. 7.
As to his stooping, it was natural when dancing with a small person like myself, so
much shorter than him. 8. To my mind, the setting of the scene was beautiful. 9. I
admired the grounds and trees surrounding the houses. 10. I saw there wooden
cabins with beds, electric light and running water. 11. The evening meal goes
under various names: tea, “high tea”, dinner or supper depending upon its size and
also social standing of those eating it. 12. If possible, give up smoking, at least for
a time. 13. I found him in exactly the position I had left him, staring still at the foot
of the bed. 14. There you can see the Fire of London with the flames coming out of
the windows of the houses.

Absolute Constructions with Participle

Ex. 1. Point out the Absolute Participial Constructions and translate them
into Armenian.
1. Visitors said that Bird’s Nest was more like a school than an orphanage, the
children taking lesson and the girls learning to produce exquisite needlework. 2.
Ten minutes later I saw them in the water, Ailie swimming away, and Schoen
wallowing riotously around her. 3. He wouldn’t have bothered, to play chess with
them, if they hadn’t lived right in the neighborhood, they being not bright for their
age. 4. There was Katy lying in the straw with her eyes shut and her pink nose
wrinkled. 5. She was out in the deserted hall, with her eyes fixed on the jewel
watch. 6. That done and the plan of substitution arranged, the young lady took the
ring to the jeweler. 7. Behind Tom toiled five dogs, their shoulders jammed tight
into their collars. 8. Joan came into the school, with her show off clothes and her
hair left hanging down the back of her sweater instead of being cut. 9. “Kindly tell
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the class the meaning of these words, Peter. With your book shut”. 10. It was just a
simple scene in the city park, with the trees still leafless against the sky, children
playing, and old Negro woman sitting on a bench, with her head turned. 11. And
with that Mr. Butt went bursting forth into the rain, his face shining with goodwill
under the street lamps. 12. He returned painfully to life, his head aching. 13.
Ginnie, her face burning, paid the fare. 14. “I like Papa’s book better”, the child
answered and we all laughed, Mr. Clinton leading the chorus with almost
exaggerated heartiness. 15. At four o’clock the team stopped, the leader swaying in
his tracks. 16. The dogs lay flat on the snow, their heads between their paws.

Ex. 2. Paraphrase the following sentences using the Absolute Participial

Constructions.
1. “Villiain” – cried he, and his voice trembled. 2. As she was thirsty they decided
to call on at one of the nearest bars. 3. When the lunch was over, Jacob invited his
guests to have something to drink. 4. As there was nothing else to say she left the
room. 5. After that question had been settled, the members of the committee went
outside. 6. As the letter appeared to interest her greatly, she took it quickly and
began to read it. 7. As it was time for the visitors to come, Julia put on her dress
and went downstairs. 8. The old man walked in the garden, and his dog was
following him. 9. As the door was open, everybody could see what was going on.
10. As there were no bridges along the roads, the traffic in the city was very heavy.
11. When the tests were written, the teacher asked the students to hand them in. 12.
As there was no possibility to see the minister, the staff decided to write to him.
13. After the project had been installed, the scientists got the prizes. 14. The man
came into the room and his face was shining with joy. 15. A man dressed in black
dismounted from the seat, and his friend walked to the horse’s head.

Ex. 3. Define the functions of the Absolute Participial Constructions.

1. This done, Margot travelled back to fetch the boy. 2. The two guards listened,
their faces turned to the rifle-slit. 3. The door of the opposite parlor being then
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opened, I heard some voices. 4. No one having as yet expressed any such opinion,
this was the more readily assented to. 5. Sir Henry was deep in his papers, his long,
white, unringed hands moving nervously in rhythm with his thoughts. 6.
Circumstances failing, they will turn down the proposal of their partners. 7. His
tale told, he put his head back and laughed. 8. The next morning, it being fine
weather, we all went for a walk. 9. For the moment the shop was empty, the
mechanic having disappeared into a room at the back. 10. She paused, her head
dropping upon her breast. 11. Dinner finished, Carrie went into the bathroom
where they could not disturb her, and wrote a little note. 12. Together they ran
back down the road, Mell still gripping her arm in a tight grip. 13. The voices had
receded, and James was left alone, his ears standing up like a hare’s, and fear
creeping about his inwards. 14. Time permitting, we’ll have completed the task
before the kick off annual meeting.

Ex. 4. Translate the following sentences into English using the Absolute
Participial Constructions.
1. Քանի որ եղանակը անբարենպաստ էր, թռիչքը հետաձգվեց: 2.
Քանի որ այլընտրանք չկար, մենք հետևեցինք Թոմի խորհրդին
և մնացինք գիշերելու հյուրանոցում: 3. Երբ աշխատանքը
ավարտված էր, մի խումբ ինժեներներ փաստաթղթերը տարան
նախարարություն հաստատելու:
4. «Ես ոչինչ չեմ գողացել», - ասաց տղան՝ դեմքի
արտահայտությունը չփոխելով: 5. Եթե դրամական միջոցներս
ներեն անպայման կգնեմ այդ բնակարանը: 6. Տղան թողեց իր
սիրած մարզաձևը, քանի որ ոտքի լուրջ վնասվածք էր ստացել:
7.Երբ հարսանիքի օրը որոշվեց, հյուրերը ստացան
հրավիրատոմսերը: 8. Լիլին տեսավ եղբորը օդանավից իջնելիս,
և նրա աչքերը ուրախությունից փայլեցին: 9. Քանի որ երեխայի
ատամը հեռացրել էին, նա ուժեղ ցավ էր զգում ողջ երեկոյի
ընթացքում: 10. Երբ բանակցությունները ավարտվեցին երկու
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նախագահները պատասխանեցին լրագրողների հարցերին: 11.
Եղանակի վատթարացման պատճառով մենք որոշեցինք մեր
այցը դեպի Սևանա լիճ հետաձգել: 12. Տարեց կինը պատմում էր
իր կյանքի մասին՝ աչքերը արցունքներով լի: 13. Եթե
հանգամանքները ներեն, մենք կհանդիպենք նորից և միասին
մի գեղեցիկ երեկո կանցկացնենք: 14. Քանի որ արդեն
բավականին ուշ էր, մենք որոշեցինք տաքսի պատվիրել: 15.
Տղան ստիպված եղավ մնալ տանը և խնամել մորը, քանի որ
մայրը իրեն անառողջ էր զգում: 16. Քանի որ սենյակում շատ
տոթ էր, Անին որոշեց միացնել օդորակիչը: 17. Երբ բոլոր լույսերը
մարեցին, ներկայացումը սկսվեց: 18. Ճաշից հետո բոլորը
գնացին պարտեզ, իսկ երեխաները խաղում էին շան հետ: 19.
Երբ զանգը հնչեց, դասախոսը հանձնարարություն տվեց
ուսանողների և դուրս եկավ լսարանից:
20. Քանի որ հիվանդին հաջող վիրահատություն էին կատարել,
կասկած չկար, որ նա շուտով կապաքինվի: 21. Կարենը պառկած
էր՝ աչքերը հառած առաստաղին:

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