Science - Grade 9

Quarter 1 – Module 1: Electronics Circuits

First Edition, 2024

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any
work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government
agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such
work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition
the payment of royalty.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education-Region 10

Regional Director:
Schools Division Superintendent:

Development Team of the Module

Writer: SheenaRhea A. Atay

Editors: Name (Do not bold the text)
Reviewers: Name (Do not bold the text)
Illustrator: Name (Do not bold the text)
Layout Artist: Name (Do not bold the text)
Management Team: Dr. Arturo B. Bayocot, CESO III
Mala Epra B. Magnaong
Marie Emerald A. Cabigas
Nick Pañares
Name of the CID Chief
Name of EPS-LRMDS in the Division
Name of the SSP Focal Person

Printed in the Philippines by the Department of Education-Region X

Division of _____________________________________________
Office Address: _________________________________________
Telephone No./Telefax: ___________________________________
Email Address: __________________________________________
 9
Creative Technology
Quarter 1 - Module 1:
Electronics Circuits
 Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to Creative Technology for Grade 9 self-learning module of Quarter 1-

Module 1, Lesson 2 on Basic Electronics. This self-learning module includes learning
activities that have been meticulously designed to teach you the different kinds of
electronic circuit and how does it work.

As a facilitator, you are expected to inform the learners on how to make use of the
module effectively and efficiently. You will also monitor the learners progress constantly
and assist them in order to do the learning task in the module. All photos and diagram
here is photograph by the writer and from https://www.education.gov.pg/sites/FODE-
VET/FODE/.

For the Learner:

Welcome to Creative Technology for Grade 9 self-learning module of Quarter 1-

Module 1, Lesson 2 on Basic Electronics. This self-learning module is made up of several
components that will assist you in unlocking the lesson that has been specifically
designed for you. A pre-test starts off the module. This will tell you what you already
know about the lesson, and a post-test will be provided at the end of the module. This
will give you an idea on what you learned in the module. We have provided the answer
key, but we trust that you will use it honestly.

Remember that what we learned at the end of the lesson is far more important than any
numerical score.

To get the most of this module, here are some reminders for you:

1. Use the module with care.

2. Put all of your notes in your notebook.

3. Take your time in reading each of the lessons.

4. Make a list of points that needs further clarification with your teacher.

5. Perform all the learning activities and answer the exercises honestly.

6. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the module.

7. Have fun while learning with this self-learning module.

Thank you!
In this module, you are guided with a set of learning icons that makes it easier for you to
follow and understand these scientific attitudes.

What I Need to This will give you an idea of the skills or

Know competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as
a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener,
an activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have This includes questions or blank

Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
process what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
Additional In this portion, another activity will be
Activities given to you to enrich your knowledge or
skill of the lesson learned. This also tends
retention of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

Lesson
Electronics Circuits
2 This
self-
 learning module is specifically designed for you. This will help you familiarize the
different electronics circuit and how does it work.

After going through with this module, you will be able to:
 enumerate the different kinds of circuit;
 differentiate the different kinds of electronic circuit;
 describe the operation of each kind of circuit.

What’s In

During your previous academic year, you have learned about the basic multimedia
and programming as applied to robotics. In creative technology 9, you will learn about
the basic electronics which will be applied to robotics also. In order for you to
conceptualized how basic electronics knowledge can be use in the field of robotics, let us
learn the kinds of electronic circuits and how does it work.
Thus, in this lesson, you will enumerate, differentiate, and describe the kinds of
electronic circuits.

Circuit Symbols
Circuit symbols are used in circuit diagrams which show how a circuit is connected
together electrically. They are used when designing and testing circuits, and for
understanding how they work. The diagram below shows the standard circuit symbols
you need to know.

Circuit Symbols
Component Symbol Function of Component
To pass current easily from one part
Wire of a circuit to another

It supplies electrical energy. A

Battery battery is more than one cell.
This symbol is used in circuit diagrams
where wires cross to show that they
Wires joined
are connected (joined).
In complex circuit diagrams it is often
necessary to draw wires crossing even
Wires not joined
though they are not connected.
It supplies electrical energy. Single
cells are often wrongly called a
Cell battery, but strictly a battery is two or
more cells joined together.

DC supply It supplies electrical energy.

AC supply It supplies electrical energy.

A transducer which converts electrical

 energy to light. This symbol is used for
Lamp
a lamp providing illumination, for
(lighting)
example a car headlamp or torch bulb.
A transducer which converts electrical
energy to light. This symbol is used for
a lamp which is an indicator, for
Lamp (indicator)
example a warning light on a car
dashboard.
A transducer which converts
Heater
electrical energy to heat.

A transducer which converts electrical

Motor energy to kinetic energy (motion).

A transducer which converts electrical

Bell energy to sound.

A transducer which converts electrical

Buzzer energy to sound.

A push switch allows current to flow

Push Switch only when the button is pressed. This
(push-to- make) is the switch used to operate a
doorbell.
SPST = Single Pole, Single Throw. An
On-Off Switch on-off switch allows current to flow
(SPST) only when it is in the closed (on)
position.
A resistor restricts the flow of current,
for example to limit the current
passing through an LED. A resistor is
used with a capacitor in a timing
Resistor
circuit.
A capacitor stores electric charge. A
capacitor is used with a resistor in a
timing circuit. It can also be used a s a
f i l t e r , t o b l o c k D C signals but
Capacitor
pass AC signals.
A transducer which converts sound to
Microphone
electrical energy

A transducer which converts

Earphone electrical energy to sound.

An amplifier circuit with one input.

Amplifier
Really it is a block diagram symbol
(general
because it represents a circuit rather
symbol)
than just one component.

A transducer which converts electrical

Loudspeaker
energy to sound

A voltmeter is used to measure

voltage. The p r o p e r n a m e f o r
Voltmeter v o l t a g e i s 'potential difference',
 but most people prefer to say
voltage.

An ammeter is used to measure

Ammeter current.
A galvanometer is a very sensitive
meter which is used to measure tiny
Galvanometer
currents, usually 1mA or less.
An ohmmeter is used to measure
resistance. Most multimeter's have an
Ohmmeter
ohmmeter setting.
A coil of wire which creates a magnetic
field when current passes through it. It
may have an iron core inside the coil. It
Inductor (Coil, can be used as a transducer converting
Solenoid) electrical energy t o m e c h a n i c a l
e n e r g y b y pulling on something.
Two coils of wire linked by an iron core.
Transformers are used to step up
(increase) and step down (decrease)
AC voltages. Energy is transferred
between the coils by the magnetic field
Transformer
in the core. There is no electrical
connection between the coils.
A safety device which will 'blow'
(melt) if the current flowing through it
Fuse
exceeds a specified value.
A device which is designed to receive
or transmit radio signals. It is also
Aerial (Antenna)
known as an antenna.
A connection to earth. For many
electronic circuits this is the 0V (zero
volts) of the power supply, but for
mains electricity and some radio
Earth (Ground)
circuits it really means the earth. It is
also known as ground.
All electrical circuits have a cell or battery which provides electric current. If the
circuit is complete, the current will flow from one end of the cell or battery through any
wires, devices or components which make up the circuit and then back again to the
other end of the cell or battery.
Drawing Circuits

To represent a circuit using symbols all you have to do is this:

 Firstly, draw your cell or battery.
 Work your way round from one end of the cell or battery to the other end,
drawing the symbols for all wires, devices and components as you go along.
You must remember that wires are always drawn as straight lines.

Both of the circuits shown here are examples of series circuits as everything is
connected together in one loop.

Cell
 Figure 3
Source:https://www.education.gov.pg/sites/FODE-VET/FODE/

In this circuit there is an open switch. The circuit has a break in it and no
current flows. The bulb is 'off'.

Battery of two cells

Closed switch
Bulb Bulb

Figure 4
Source:https://www.education.gov.pg/sites/FODE-VET/FODE/

In this circuit there is a closed switch. The circuit has no break in it and
current flows. The bulbs are 'on'.

Series Circuits
A series circuit is a circuit where there is only one path from the source through all
of the loads (light bulbs) and back to the source. This means that all of the current in the
circuit must flow through all of the loads (Figure 5).

Figure 5
Source:https://www.education.gov.pg/sites/FODE-VET/FODE/

One example of a series circuit is a string of old Christmas lights. There is only one
path for the current to flow. Opening or breaking a series circuit such as this at any point
in its path causes the entire circuit to "open" or stop operating. That is because the basic
requirement for the circuit to operate a continuous, closed loop path is no longer met.

This is the main disadvantage of a series circuit. If any one of the light bulbs or
loads burns out or is removed, the entire circuit stops operating. Many of today's circuits
are actually a combination of elements in series and parallel to minimize the
inconvenience of a pure series circuit. Let us take a closer look at how a series circuit
operates and the way resistance affects the current flow.
 Consider a simple series circuit consisting of a 120-volt outlet as the source, a
switch, and a 60-watt light bulb. When the switch is open, the light cannot operate since
the circuit is not complete. There is no closed- loop path for the current to flow through
the circuit. When the switch is closed, the light bulb operates since the current flows
through the circuit. The bulb glows at its full brightness since it receives its full 120 volts
and has the design current flow (Figure 5).

Figure 6
Source:https://www.education.gov.pg/sites/FODE-VET/FODE/

If two light bulbs are connected to the circuit in series, the resistance of the circuit
doubles (Figure 7).

Figure 7
Source:https://www.education.gov.pg/sites/FODE-VET/FODE/

The current flow is now half of what it was when only one lamp was in the circuit
as before. The voltage across each lamp is now 60 volts due to the reduced current flow.
Each bulb is operating at only one-half its intended voltage, which will reduce its
brightness. Since each bulb is the same size, they each see equal voltage drop.

If we add a third 60-watt bulb to the circuit, then each bulb will receive a third of
the total circuit voltage, or 40 volts (Figure 4). Each bulb will produce even less light
than before because we continue to add more resistance to the circuit each time, we
add a bulb.

Figure 8
Source:https://www.education.gov.pg/sites/FODE-VET/FODE/

To further demonstrate how changing resistance in series affects current flow

and voltage across each bulb, let us replace the third bulb with a 10-watt bulb (Figure 9).
What will happen?

Figure 9
Source:https://www.education.gov.pg/sites/FODE-VET/FODE/

The 10-watt bulb will glow brightly but the other two will barely produce light. The 10-
watt bulb has such a large resistance compared to the other two 60-watt bulbs that the
10-watt bulb gets the highest percentage of the voltage. The position of the bulbs in the
circuit does not matter. It is the resistances that determine how much voltage each of
the bulbs will ultimately receive. In this arrangement, the 10-watt bulb receives 110
volts, and each of the 60-watt bulbs is receiving 5 volts. The 5 volts received by the 60-
watt bulbs makes them barely glow, while the 110 volts received by the 10-watt bulb
makes it glow at close to, but not all of, its full, intended brightness.

Why bulbs in series circuits are dimmer?

The bulbs are dim for two reasons:
1. The current going through them is smaller because two bulbs in series
have a higher resistance than a single bulb.

2. Each charge only gives up some of its energy in each bulb that is the
voltage across each bulb is smaller.

If the bulbs are the same then each charge will give up half its energy. Remember
there is no 'first' bulb. The charges are already there and they flow everywhere at the
same time. The current is the same all the way round a series circuit. Imagine putting
brakes all the way round a bicycle wheel. You would not say that any of the brakes was
first.

Brightness depends on power. Power depends on both voltage and current. With two
bulbs in series you half the voltage and roughly half the current so the power dissipated
in each bulb, and hence the brightness, is roughly a quarter what it would be if the bulb
was connected alone.

How do the charges 'know' to keep some energy for the second bulb?
The key is that the current must be the same everywhere in the circuit. You do
not know what that current will actually be unless you calculate it but you do know that
it cannot be different in each bulb.

For the current to be the same, then you need a big voltage across a big
resistance and a small voltage across a small resistance. These two voltages must add
up to the battery voltage.

When you connect the circuit, the electrons take a few millionths of a second to
settle down into a stable current. During this tiny fraction of a second, the current may
be different in different parts of the circuit.

High resistance bulbs are brighter in series circuits

If two bulbs in series are not identical then one bulb will be brighter than the
other. Brightness depends on both current and voltage.
Remember the current through both must be the same because the current is the
same everywhere in a series circuit. This means the voltage across the bulbs must be
different for their brightness ‘s to be different.

The brightest bulb will have the biggest voltage across it. If a bulb needs a big
voltage for a given current then it must have a high resistance. So, in series circuits high
resistance bulbs are brighter because they have a bigger voltage across them.

In parallel circuits low resistance bulbs are brighter because they have a bigger
current through them for the same voltage.

The more bulbs that are added, the less bright they shine. It is possible to add so
many bulbs that they do not light up at all. This is due to the resistance in each bulb. If
any of the bulbs fail, current cannot flow through the circuit and the other components
will not work.

Measuring Electric Current

The electric current that flows through a complete series circuit can be
measured using an ammeter. Electric current is measured in amps, (A). In the simplest
series circuit, that is, one cell and one bulb, the current flowing can be measured by
connecting an ammeter into the circuit as shown in the diagram below.

Figure 10
Source:https://www.education.gov.pg/sites/FODE-VET/FODE/

You will notice that both ammeter readings are the same which shows that:
1. It does not matter where you position the ammeter in a series circuit.
2. Electric current does not get 'used up' by the bulb; it simply flows around
the circuit.

Factors Affecting the Size of the Current

The amount of electric current that flows depends on:

1. The number of components (examples bulbs) in the circuit

If we increase the number of bulbs in the

circuit, the current reading decreases. All
components have resistance which means
they resist the flow of electric current. Two
bulbs together provide a greater resistance
than one bulb resulting in a smaller current
flow.

Figure 11
Source:https://www.education.gov.pg/sites/FODE-VET/FODE/
2. The type of components (examples Bulbs) in the circuit

A different bulb may have a different

resistance. This bulb has a smaller
resistance resulting in a larger current
flow.

Figure 12
Source:https://www.education.gov.pg/sites/FODE-VET/FODE/

3. The number of cells in the circuit

The voltage is the driving force which

pushes current around the circuit. A
battery of two cells provides a greater
voltage which results in a larger current
flow and a greater transfer of electrical
energy from the battery to the bulb.

Figure 13
Source:https://www.education.gov.pg/sites/FODE-VET/FODE/
Remember:

Current in a Series Circuit

The current in a series circuit is the same everywhere.

Figure 14
Source:https://www.education.gov.pg/sites/FODE-VET/FODE/

Series Circuit

An ammeter placed anywhere in a series circuit always gives the same reading.
In the circuit above,

A1 = A2 = A3 = A4

If an identical cell (battery) is placed in series with the original cell, the
current doubles because the total voltage of the circuit doubles. However,
two cells together provide electricity for only the same
amount of time as one cell before they both run out.

Voltage in a Series Circuit.

1. The voltage for each
component depends on its resistance.
To calculate the voltages, we need to know the total
resistance of the circuit, and the current flowing
through it.

2. The voltage across all of the components

adds up to the supply voltage from the cell or
battery. In energy terms, the work done by the cell
on each coulomb of charge equals the work done on
the components of the circuit.
V sup = V1+ V2+ V3

The supply voltage is divided (shared) between the components. If there is a

change in the resistance of one component then the voltage
across all of the components will change. If more cells or
batteries are connected together in series the total voltage
is the sum of the individual voltages for each cell.

Figure 14 & 15
Source:https://www.education.gov.pg/sites/FODE-VET/FODE/
Resistance in a Series Circuit.
You can calculate the total resistance of a series circuit by adding up the
resistance of each component.
R total = R1 + R2 + R3

In the given circuit,

R total = 2 + 3 + 4

= 9 Ohms

Parallel Circuits

A parallel circuit is a circuit in which there are at least two independent paths in
the circuit to get back to the source. In a parallel circuit, the current will flow
through closed paths and not through open paths. Consider a simple circuit with
an outlet, a switch and a 60-watt light bulb (Figure 16). If the switch is closed,
the light operates.

Figure 16
Source:https://www.education.gov.pg/sites/FODE-VET/FODE/

When a second 60-watt bulb is added to the circuit in parallel with the first bulb
(Figure 17), it is connected so that there is a path to flow through to the first bulb
or a path to flow through to the second bulb. Note that both bulbs glow at their
intended brightness, since they each receive the full circuit voltage of 120 volts.
Every load connected in a separate path receives the full circuit voltage.
 Figure 17
Source:https://www.education.gov.pg/sites/FODE-VET/FODE/

If a third 60-watt bulb is added to the circuit (Figure 3), it also glows at its
intended brightness since it also receives its full 120 volts from the source.

Figure 18
Source:https://www.education.gov.pg/sites/FODE-VET/FODE/

One special concern in parallel circuits is that the amperage from the source
increases each time another load is added to the circuit in parallel. Therefore, it
is very easy to keep adding loads or plugging them in parallel and thereby
overloading a circuit by requiring more current to flow than the circuit can safely
handle.

In a parallel circuit every component is connected separately in its own loop

going from one end of the cell or battery to the other end. The simplest parallel
circuit is one cell and two bulbs.
 The branches Bulb A has its own loop
join up here

Bulb B has its own loop

Figure 19
Source:https://www.education.gov.pg/sites/FODE-VET/FODE/

An obvious advantage of parallel circuits is that the burnout or removal of one

bulb does not affect the other bulbs They continue to operate because there is
still a separate, independent closed path from the source to each of the other
loads.

That is why parallel circuits are used for wiring lighting and receptacle outlets. If
one light on a parallel circuit burns out, the other lights wired in parallel stay on.

Measuring electric current in a parallel circuit

If we now include ammeters in the circuit above, and make sure that both bulbs
are identical.

Figure 20
Source:https://www.education.gov.pg/sites/FODE-VET/FODE/

You will notice that:

The total current in the two branches (0.2A and 0.2A) is equal to the current in
the main circuit (0.4A). Try to think of this as water flowing through a main pipe
which divides into two pipes. The amount of water flowing in the main pipe is the
same as the total in the two pipes added together.

Since the bulbs are identical, the same current passes through each one and
each bulb has the same brightness.

Comparing series and parallel circuits

Series Circuits Parallel Circuits

House lights are connected in parallel.
Christmas tree lights are often
Individual bulbs in separate branches
connected in series. All the bulbs will
can be switched 'on' or 'off'
be on if the circuit is complete.
regardless of the other bulbs.

If the circuit is incomplete because a

If one bulb fails, is removed, or
bulb has failed or has been removed
switched off the other bulbs still
then all the bulbs will be off.
work.

Remember:

1. Parallel circuits have two advantages when compared with series circuits.
 The first advantage of a parallel circuit is that a failure of one component
does not lead to the failure of the other components. This is because a parallel
circuit consists of more than one loop and has to fail in more than one place
before the other components fail.
 The second advantage of parallel circuits is that more components
may be added in parallel without the need for more voltage.
2. If the circuit does not have branches, then it is a series circuit.
3. If the circuit have branches, then it is a parallel circuit.
Energy Consumption in Parallel Circuits

The more components connected in parallel, the more energy is used. For
example, if each of the circuits used the same type of cell and same type of
lamp.
..the circuit below would light one …the circuit below would light two
lamp for 12 hours lamps for 6 hours

…the circuit below would light three1

lamps for 4 hours

Figure 21-23
Source:https://www.education.gov.pg/sites/FODE-VET/FODE/

Let us look at the diagram below.

 Figure 21-23
Source:https://www.education.gov.pg/sites/FODE-VET/FODE/

Keep them bright

These two lamps are connected in parallel with each other. When the switch is
closed, they both light up with normal brightness (the same as a single lamp
connected to the cell on its own). Each lamp feels the full push of the battery.

What is the cost?

You may think that we are getting something for nothing - an extra light on full
brightness. However, there is a cost: the battery will run down in half the time.
This is because it has to supply twice the current that it did before.

What happens to the current?

When we connect one lamp to the battery it takes a current of 0.4 amps from
the battery. When we connect the second lamp in parallel, it comes on with the
same brightness. So, it is also taking a current of 0.4 amps.

But now, what is the current from the battery? At points X and Y, the current
adds up. So, the current being taken from the battery is 0.8 amps i.e., twice as
much as it was before. You can see that the two currents flow parallel to one
another.