IOT BASED SMART GRID MONITORING SYSTEM

USING ESP8266 WEB SERVER

 ABSTRACT

In recent years, the demand for electricity has peaked due to increase in
number of electrical devices, gadgets and industrial appliances. This sudden
change in load causes Load shedding problems due to un-predictability and lack of
real time monitoring which may be resolved on this day using IOT. The main
theme of the IoT, or Internet of Things, is a perception in which the Internet is used
around the globe, incorporating everyday phenomena. In this project, IoT is
incorporated for monitoring parameters in electrical grid. The distribution load
parameters can be monitored through the IoT using current and voltage sensors.
Smart grid is one of the features of smart city model in which energy consumption
monitoring and management of grid is done. So to measure electrical grid
parameters like voltage, current and power values sensors are deployed and
measured data will be connected to IOT based web-server and updated in real-time
through a mobile app or webpage. Smart grids also will provide a vital
communication between the provider and consumer.
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

Energy generation companies provide electricity to all households via

intermediate controlled power transmission hubs known as the Electricity Grid.
Sometimes difficulties arise due to a failure of the electricity grid, resulting in the
blackout of an entire area supplied by that grid The project aims to solve this
problem by utilizing IOT as a means of communication, as well as addressing a
variety of other issues that a smart system can address in order to avoid
unnecessary losses in energy procedures. IOT smart energy grid is based on AT
mega family controller which manages the system's various activities .The Wi-Fi
technology is used to communicate with the system over the internet.

Smart power monitoring system is a technology, which leverage the connectivity

that the IOT brings to measure, track, optimise and control energy consumption
through any offices or buildings. This technology is cost saving, helps in reduction
of carbon emissions, beneficial in asset maintenance, energy saving and beneficial
in instant changes and continuous monitoring.

On the other hand, by using this model any consumer or organization can monitor
their smart energy system, which enhances their energy consumption system.
Apart from this, by applying the principles of this implementation model it
becomes easy to utilize smart power monitoring systems in an efficient way.The
intelligent energy monitoring and protection system has been regarded as a single
of the greatest innovative technologies that assists in utilizing the links provided by
the Internet of Things and provides smart home the ability to tracking and
management of energy consumption and protection of grid against electrical faults.
The WiFi module integrated with arduino microcontroller that aids in data
transmission can be communicated through IOT which presents a sophisticated
power-monitoring device.

SMART GRID TECHNOLOGY

The Smart grid is a technology that makes electric grid control, automate and
manage the growing demands and needs of electricity, allowing two-way
communication between the utility and the customers. Smart grid improves power
quality, provides efficient transmission, quicker rerouting when equipment fails or
when outages occur and reduces peak demand. An essential feature of a smart grid
is to improve the efficiency, economics, and sustainability of the generation,
transmission, and distribution of electricity by the use of information and
communications technology. The smart grid, being a vast system, utilizes various
communications and networking technologies with its applications, which include
both wired and wireless communications. “Web of Things” refers to the general
idea of things, especially everyday objects, which are readable, recognizable,
locatable, addressable, and/or controllable via the Internet, irrespective of the
communication means (whether via RFID, wireless LAN, wide- area networks, or
other means).

A vast majority of household appliances consume a large amount of power and

energy. Consumers mostly tend to leave their lights, fans, freezer, air conditioner,
and other appliances turned on when they are not in use, resulting in energy
wastage, a tendency of human behavior. This negligence concerning the
consumers’ behavior can lead to excessive power consumption and wastage of the
electrical energy needed, and it can shorten the life span of household appliances
such as hair dryer, dry iron, induction and rice cooker, water heater, microwave
oven, air conditioner, and television. It has been identified that old appliances
contribute to higher energy consumption than newer ones.
 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY

One year after the previous edition of the Cluster book (2012), it is clear that the
Internet of Things (IOT) has reached many different players and gained additional
recognition. Smart Cities (and regions), Smart Car and Mobility, Smart Home and
Assisted Living, Smart Industries, Public safety, Energy environmental protection,
Agriculture, and Tourism have received a lot of attention as potential Internet of
Things application areas. In line with this trend, the majority of governments in
Europe, Asia, and the Americas now see the Internet of Things as a source of
innovation and growth. Although larger players in some application areas have yet
to recognise the potential, many of them are paying close attention or even
hastening the pace by coining new terms for the IoT and adding new components
to it.Furthermore, end users in the private and business sectors have developed
significant competence in dealing with smart devices and networked applications.
As the Internet of Things evolves, its potential is increased by combining it with
related technology approaches and concepts such as cloud computing, the Future
Internet, Big Data, robotics, and Semantic technologies. The concept is not new in
and of itself, but it has only recently become apparent as related concepts have
begun to reveal synergies by combining them. However, the Internet of Things is
still maturing, in particular due to a number of factors, which limit the full
exploitation of the IOT. Among those factors the following appear to be most
relevant

1) Madhuri G.Hiremath, Veeresh Pujari, Dr. BaswarajGadgay. “IOT Based

Energy Monitoring & Control Devices”, describes the development of an energy
metre based on non-invasive current sensing. Noninvasive current sensing has the
advantage of being able to be installed at any point where power is to be measured.
In this case, the energy consumption details are displayed on a smartphone. To
send data over the internet, an ENC28J60 Ethernet module was used.

2) Rajiv .K. Bhatia and Varsha Bodade,"Smart Grid Securityand Privacy:

Challenges, Literature Survey and Issues", developed a power line
communication-based automatic metre reading device (AMR) (PLCC). Data is
sent over electrical wiring cables in PLCC. This possibility necessitates appropriate
changes to the house's domestic wiring. Furthermore, it employs an invasive
technique to detect mains current.The disadvantage of this type of system is that it
does not allow the user to measure the power consumed by an individual device.

3) Mitali Mahadev Raut, 2Ruchira Rajesh Sable, 3ShrutikaRajendra

Toraskar. “Internet of Things(IOT) Based Smart Grid”, describes the
development of a wireless automatic metre reading system (WAMRS) that uses the
widely used GSM/GPRS network. The system includes a microcontroller that
sends power consumption values calculated from sensed voltage and current values
to a master station on a regular basis over an existing GSM/GPRS network. The
main disadvantage of this technology is the factor of distance. Long-distance
GPRS or GSM network coverage may be unavailable, while speed of operation
may be another disadvantage.
 CHAPTER-3

PROPOSED SYSTEM

PROPOSED SYSTEM

In the proposed system, power management can be done automatically in grid side
by knowing energy usage time to time. This proposed system utilizes an Arduino
microcontroller and sensors. The measured electrical parameters can be displayed
on the webpage or mobile device through the Wi-Fi module. The proposed system
design eliminates the involvement of human in electricity maintenance. The user
can monitor energy consumption in watts from a webpage by providing a channel
id for the load. The Webpage utilizes the WiFi IOT monitoring app or webpage
analytics to analyze the energy usage to give more detailed description and
visualization of the energy usage statistics. Wi-Fi unit performs IOT operation by
sending energy data of the load to the webpage which can be accessed through the
channel id of any android mobile device.

ADVANTAGES

 The significance of smart IOT monitoring is that it creates an opportunity for

power grid operation to control their power consumption practices and help
them manage their power and energy usage.
 It also creates an opportunity for the consumers to practice energy saving
and to keep track of their electrical appliance’s performances and current
behavior to prevent over current and power demands.
 Utility operations and management costs are reduced, resulting in lower
power costs for consumers.
 CHAPTER-4
BLOCK DIAGRAM & CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

BLOCK DIAGRAM
BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

This system presents an integration of both hardware and software. The software is
used to monitor power usage and the consumption of household appliances and
control systems through current and voltage sensors and notification of any
mismatches in parameters. The system consists of Arduino UNO, a WiFi module
(ESP8266), ZMPT101B voltage sensor and ACS712-20 current sensor modules.
Arduino UNO is a microcontroller used to program customized coding for
executing output at any instant time. It is also a very capable microcontroller that
receives and sends information over the Internet with various modules and shield
platforms. However, in this case, the ESP8266 WiFi module is used as the
platform. The ESP8266 WiFi module is famous for its IoT applications. The
outputs are shown in a IoT implementation based on the webserver or mobile
application (APPS). Android based IOT monitoring is used to display the voltage,
current, and power consumption where the web or mobile application is used to
visualize the data and trigger alarm, when necessary. In the web and mobile
application systems, the energy usage statistics of power consumption parameters
are determined. It displays the detailed monitoring of electrical quantities such as
voltage, current, power, and energy.

Sensors can be embedded in electrical loads and can also be connected to home-
related gadgets. The overcurrent or circuit overloading can be detected earlier
based on advanced IoT applications where consumers’ alarm triggers. Relay
module is used to protect against faults by automatically disconnecting the loads
from fault conditions.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

The novel wireless AC power monitoring module consists of both ZMPT101B

voltage sensor and ACS712-20 current sensor; a analog-todigital (ADC) interface
with Arduino Uno. NodeMCU ESP8266 Wi-Fi module were integrated for
Monitoring.

First, both analog readings of V/I sensors for AC appliances are converted into
data streams in compliance with internet protocol, and are forwarded to a IP
address by the Arduino serial communication.

ESP8266 Wi-Fi module transmits corresponding values of instantaneous electric

power and energy, well programmed in the built-in memory of Arduino board into
the ATMega328 microcontroller unit.

All of the important AC power parameters are sent to the IoT platform through Wi-
Fi network. The values of voltage, current, electric power are displayed in the IOT
monitoring in mobile app.

AC power monitoring module consisting of a ZMPT101B voltage sensor, a

ACS712-20A current sensor, and Arduio UNO is developed as shown in circuit
diagram. The ZMPT101B voltage sensor is a current-type voltage transformer for
AC voltage reading with high galvanic isolation and sufficient accuracy. A current-
limited resistor and a sampling resistor are designed to keep the input and output
current rated ratio of 2:2 mA which the input current was set up by the limiting
resistor R1 in series and the sampling resistor of 100 W in parallel to acquire the
output voltage. The analog output voltage is then converted by a two-stage
inverting OP amplifier at the voltage rating of 0–5 V. The corresponding circuit
schematic of voltage sensor module is drawn in Figure 3b. A commercially
available ACS712 current sensor is an AC/DC current sensor which consists of a
linear Hall sensor circuit with a copper conduction path to generate a magnetic
field and the built-in Hall IC converted into a proportional voltage

Therefore, the acquired readings of instantaneous voltage and current are sent to
the Wi-Fi module through serial data communication. When fault condition is
detected arduino sends signal to the relay module and the load gets disconnected
from the grid automatically. And the buzzer produces alarm during the fault
conditions thus producing alerts.

Arduino is programmable under the open-source Arduino Integrated Development

Environment (IDE) which supports the languages C and C++ with specified rules
of code structure. First, the readings of both ZMPT101B voltage sensor and
ACS712 current sensor module are developed under Arduino IDE environment.
Based on the above derivation of AC power fundamentals, the corresponding RMS
values of voltage and current, instantaneous and average power consumption of
electric loads are then calculated based on the voltage and current readings.

The Signal Condition gives reading each time the arduino LED flashes and
the microcontroller takes this reading and sends it to the cloud using ESP 8266.
ESP 8266 is a Wi-Fi module, which provides internet facility for the
microcontroller. ESP 8266 transmits the data serially to the web page or IOT WiFi
android app for a display that can be viewed from anywhere in the world. The ESP
8266 can be provided with a 5V supply through a ESP8266 TTL Adaptor and
Arduino Uno board is powered by a 12V adapter. Arduino is programmed using
Arduino IDE and the Wi-Fi module is programmed using AT commands in the
same Arduino IDE.
 CHAPTER-5
HARDWARE DETAILS

ARDUINO UNO

Fig: Arduino Uno Board

Overview
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet).
It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6
analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an
ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with
an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-
serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-
serial converter.
"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino
1.0. The Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino, moving
forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference
model for the Arduino platform; for a comparison with previous versions, see the
index of Arduino boards.

Open-Source Hardware
The Arduino platform is itself pretty useful for microcontroller projects, but that
alone is not enough to propel the popularity and widespread adoption of the
platform. Instead of closing the design of the interface board and development
environment, the entire Arduino project is deeply entrenched in the emerging
practice of open-source hardware. Unlike open-source software, of which Linux is
usually the often-cited example, open-source hardware seeks collaboration where
physical objects are the outcome. It engages a distributed model of hardware
development with contributors generally residing in different parts of the world.
Rather than closed systems, open source projects allow an individual freedom to
access the source files of a design, make improvements, and redistribute these
improvements to a larger community.

The Arduino ecosystem fundamentally embodies this aspiration for openness in

design, architecture, collaboration, and philosophy. We can see it for yourself as all
of the design files, schematics, and software are freely available to download, use,
modify, remake, and even resell. What started as a seemingly serendipitous
decision to open the Arduino design and software to the greater community,
spurred by the closing of the design school where the Arduino team was first
formed, has lead to an entirely new movement in design. The practice of
contributors having the liberty to use these designs freely (free as in speech) and
with no obligation to buy anything (free as in beer) helps make the Arduino as
endearing as a collection of silicon and copper can be.

Arduino Uno Schematic

Fig: Arduino Uno Schematic

Technical Specifications:

Table: Arduino Uno Specifications

ARDUINO – BOARD DESCRIPTION

Power
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external
power supply. The power source is selected automatically.

External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart)
or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm centre-positive plug
into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and
Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.

The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less
than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be
unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage
the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
 Fig: Arduino Uno Pin Details

The power pins are as follows:

 VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external
power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other
regulated power source). We can supply voltage through this pin, or, if
supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
 5V: The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other
components on the board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board
regulator, or be supplied by USB or another regulated 5V supply.
  3V3: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum
current draw is 50 mA.
 GND: Ground pins.

Memory
The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2
KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the
EEPROM library).

Crystal Oscillator
The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing with time issues. Arduino calculate
time by using the crystal oscillator. The number printed on top of the Arduino
crystal is 16.000H9H. It tells us that the frequency is 16,000,000 Hertz or 16 MHz.

Input and Output

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using
pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts.
Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up
resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have
specialized functions:

Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial
data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-
to-TTL Serial chip.
External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt
on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the
attachInterrupt() function for details.

PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite()
function.

SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI

communication using the SPI library.

LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is
HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10
bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground
to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the
AREF pin and the analogReference() function. Additionally, some pins have
specialized functionality:
 I2C: 4 (SDA) and 5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communication using the
Wire library.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:
 AREF: Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with
analogReference().
 Reset: Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to
add a reset button to shields which block the one on the board.
Arduino Reset

We can reset our Arduino board, i.e., start our program from the beginning. We
can reset the UNO board in two ways. First, by using the reset button (17) on the
board. Second, you can connect an external reset button to the Arduino pin labelled
RESET (5).

Main microcontroller
Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller (11). You can assume it as the
brain of your board. The main IC (integrated circuit) on the Arduino is slightly
different from board to board. The microcontrollers are usually of the ATMEL
Company. You must know what IC your board has before loading up a new
program from the Arduino IDE. This information is available on the top of the IC.
For more details about the IC construction and functions, you can refer to the data
sheet.

Analog pins
The Arduino UNO board has five analog input pins A0 through A5. These pins can
read the signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or temperature
sensor and convert it into a digital value that can be read by the microprocessor.

ICSP pin
Mostly, ICSP (12) is an AVR, a tiny programming header for the Arduino
consisting of MOSI, MISO, SCK, RESET, VCC, and GND. It is often referred to
as an SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), which could be considered as an
"expansion" of the output. Actually, we are slaving the output device to the master
of the SPI bus.
Power LED indicator
This LED should light up when you plug our Arduino into a power source to
indicate that our board is powered up correctly. If this light does not turn on, then
there is something wrong with the connection.

AREF

AREF stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes, used to set an external

reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input
pins.

Digital I / O

The Arduino UNO board has 14 digital I/O pins (15) (of which 6 provide PWM
(Pulse Width Modulation) output. These pins can be configured to work as input
digital pins to read logic

TX and RX LEDs
On our board, we will find two labels: TX (transmit) and RX (receive). They
appear in two places on the Arduino UNO board. First, at the digital pins 0 and 1,
to indicate the pins responsible for serial communication. Second, the TX and RX
led (13). The TX led flashes with different speed while sending the serial data. The
speed of flashing depends on the baud rate used by the board. RX flashes during
the receiving process.

Communication
The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer,
another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL
(5V) serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX).
An ATmega8U2 on the board channels this serial communication over USB and
appears as a virtual com port to software on the computer. The '8U2 firmware uses
the standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However, on
Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor
which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX
and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-
to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial
communication on pins 0 and 1).

A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's

digital pins.

The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino
software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the
documentation for details. For SPI communication, use the SPI library.
Programming
The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software (download).
Select "Arduino Uno from the Tools > Board menu (according to the
microcontroller on Wer board). For details, see the reference and tutorials.
The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with a bootloader that
allows us to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware
programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C
header files).

We can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the
ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header; see these instructions for details.
The ATmega8U2 firmware source code is available. The ATmega8U2 is loaded
with a DFU bootloader, which can be activated by connecting the solder jumper on
the back of the board (near the map of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2. We can
then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X
and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or we can use the ISP header with an external
programmer (overwriting the DFU bootloader).

Automatic (Software) Reset

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the
Arduino Uno is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on
a connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the
ATmega8U2 is connected to the reset line of the ATmega328 via a 100 nanofarad
capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long enough
to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to allow you to upload
code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment. This means
that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be well-
coordinated with the start of the upload.

This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a computer
running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from
software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, the bootloader is running
on the Uno. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything
besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to
the board after a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board receives
one-time configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure that the
software with which it communicates waits a second after opening the connection
and before sending this data.
The Uno contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on
either side of the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled
"RESET-EN". You may also be able to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110
ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line; see this forum thread for details.

USB Overcurrent Protection

The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB
ports from shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own
internal protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500
mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse will automatically break the connection
until the short or overload is removed.

Physical Characteristics
The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches
respectively, with the USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former
dimension. Four screw holes allow the board to be attached to a surface or case.
Note that the distance between digital pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even
multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the other pins.

ACS712 CURRENT SENSOR

For measuring current in a circuit, a sensor is required. ACS712 Current
Sensor is the sensor that can be used to measure and calculate the amount of
current applied to the conductor without affecting the performance of the system.
 Fig: ACS712 Sensor Pin Diagram
ACS712 Current Sensor is a fully integrated, Hall-effect based linear sensor
IC. This IC has 2.1kV RMS voltage isolation along with a low resistance current
conductor.
Table: Terminal List Table

Number Name Description

1 and 2 IP+ Terminals for current being sensed; fused internally
3 and 4 IP– Terminals for current being sensed; fused internally
5 GND Signal ground terminal
6 FILTER Terminal for external capacitor that sets bandwidth
7 VIOUT Analog output signal
8 VCC Device power supply terminal

Working Principle
Current Sensor detects the current in a wire or conductor and generates a
signal proportional to the detected current either in the form of analog voltage or
digital output.
Current Sensing is done in two ways i.e., direct sensing and Indirect
Sensing. In Direct sensing to detect current Ohm’s law is used to measure the
voltage drop occurred in a wire when current flows through it. A current-carrying
conductor also gives rise to a magnetic field in its surrounding. In Indirect Sensing,
the current is measured by calculating this magnetic field by applying either
Faraday’s law or Ampere law. Here either a Transformer or Hall Effect sensor or
fiber optic current sensor are used to sense the magnetic field.
 Fig: Functional Block Diagram
ACS712 Current Sensor uses Indirect Sensing method to calculate the
current. To sense current a liner, low-offset Hall sensor circuit is used in this IC.
This sensor is located at the surface of the IC on a copper conduction path. When
current flows through this copper conduction path it generates a magnetic field
which is sensed by the Hall Effect sensor. A voltage proportional to the sensed
magnetic field is generated by the Hall sensor, which is used to measure current.
The proximity of the magnetic signal to the Hall sensor decides the accuracy
of the device. Nearer the magnetic signal higher the accuracy. ACS712 Current
Sensor is available as a small, surface mount SOIC8 package. In this IC current
flows from Pin-1 and Pin-2 to Pin-3 and Pin-4. This forms the conduction path
where the current is sensed. Implementation of this IC is very easy.
 Fig: Current Measured On the Sensing Terminals

ACS712 can be used in applications requiring electrical isolation as the

terminals of the conduction path are electrically isolated from the IC leads. Thus,
this IC doesn’t require any other isolation techniques. This IC requires a supply
voltage of 5V. Its output voltage is proportional to AC or DC current. ACS712 has
a nearly zero magnetic hysteresis. Where Pin-1 to Pin-4 forms the conduction path,
Pin-5 is the signal ground pin. Pin-6 is the FILTER pin that is used by an external
capacitor to set the bandwidth. Pin-7 is the analog output pin. Pin-8 is the power
supply pin.
ACS712 current sensor operates from 5V and outputs analog voltage
proportional to current measured on the sensing terminals. Sensing terminal can
even measure current for loads operating at high voltages like 230V AC mains
while output sensed voltage is isolated from measuring part, and provides up to
3000 VRMS galvanic isolation. The low-profile, small form factor packages are
ideal for reducing PCB area over sense resistor op-amp or bulky current
transformer configurations. The low resistance internal conductor allows for
sensing up to 20 A continuous current, providing typical output error of 1%.
ACS712 CURRENT SENSOR MODULE - 20A

Fig: ACS712 Current Sensor Module - 20A

The 20A Range Current Sensor Module ACS712 consists of a precise, low-
offset, linear Hall circuit with a copper conduction path located near the surface of
the die. Applied current flowing through this copper conduction path generates a
magnetic field in which the Hall IC converts into a proportional voltage.

This ACS721 current module is based on the ACS712 sensor, which can
accurately detect AC or DC current. The maximum AC or DC that can be detected
can reach 20A, and the present current signal can be read via analog I / O port of
Arduino.

Figure: Connection Diagram for ACS712 Sensor

Features
 The low-noise analog signal path
 Device bandwidth is set via the new FILTER pin
 5 µs output rise time in response to step input current
 Small footprint, low-profile SOIC8 package
 2.1 kV RMS minimum isolation voltage from pins 1-4 to pins 5-8
 5.0 V, single-supply operation
 66 to 185 mV/A output sensitivity
 Output voltage proportional to AC or DC currents
 Factory-trimmed for accuracy
 Extremely stable output offset voltage
 Nearly zero magnetic hysteresis
 The ratiometric output from the supply voltage.

ACS712 Current Sensor Module - 20A Specification

 Supply Voltage: 4.5V ~ 5.5V DC
 Measure Current Range: -20A ~ 20A
 Sensitivity: 100mV/A
ZMPT101B AC VOLTAGE SENSOR

Figure ZMPT101B AC Voltage Sensor

ZMPT101B AC Voltage Sensor is the best for the purpose, where we need to
measure the accurate AC voltage with a voltage transformer. This is an ideal
choice to measure the AC voltage using Arduino/ESP8266/Raspberry Pi like an
opensource platform. In many electrical projects, engineer directly deals with
measurements with few basic requirements like High galvanic isolation, Wide
Range, High accuracy, Good Consistency.

Onboard precision miniature voltage transformer, the active phase AC output

voltage transformer module. It has onboard precision op-amp circuit, the signal
sampling and appropriate compensation for precise functions. Modules can be
measured within 250V AC voltage; the corresponding analog output can be
adjusted. It is brand new, good quality high performance.
The ZMPT101B module is a compact single-phase AC voltage sensor module
based on the minuscule 2mA/2mA precision voltage transformer ZMPT101B
made by Qingxian Zeming Langxi Electronic

Figure ZMPT101B Pin Description

The primary and secondary coils of this transformer have a DC resistance close
to 110Ω at 20°C. Coming back to the ZMPT101B module, it can handle AC
voltages up to 250V (50Hz/60Hz). Its secondary circuitry, centered on the
LM358 dual op-amp chip, also allows tweaking the isolated analog output via
an onboard multiturn trimpot. The recommended operating voltage of the
module is 5VDC.

MICRO VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER ZMPT101B

ZMPT101B is a high-precision voltage Transformer. This module makes it easy

to monitor AC mains voltage up to 1000 volts. ZMPT101B is a Single Phase
Voltage Transformer Module which allows you to directly measure 0-250V AC
sine wave using Arduino. Single-phase AC active output voltage mutual
inductance module equipped with ZMPT101B series of a high-precision voltage
transformer and high-precision op-amp current, easy to 250v within the AC
power signal acquisition.

Holds up to 4kV per breakdown voltage, the ratio of turns is 1: 1, but this is a
current transformer of 2mA: 2mA.

Figure Micro Voltage Transformer ZMPT101B

Figure ZMPT101B Voltage Transformer Schematic

 We feed it a current and remove the current. The input current is simply set by
the resistor in series R1, and we use a sampling resistor R2 in parallel to get the
output voltage.

ESP8266 NODEMCU DEVELOPMENT BOARD

The ESP8266 is a Wi-Fi System on a Chip (SoC) produced by Espressif Systems.

NodeMCU is an open-source firmware, hardware, and software development
environment projectdeveloped initially for the Node MCU ESP8266 Wi-fi SoC
chip based on LUA.

ESP8266 NodeMCU Development Board

NodeMCU, a development board, utilizes the ESP8266 chip as its core but offers
more bells and whistleslike built-in Wi-Fi and a USB-to-serial converter. Though
not precisely identical, NodeMCU is constructed around ESP8266.

The NodeMCU ESP8266 is an extensively employed development board in IoT

applications, providing aversatile and cost-effective approach to connect devices to
the internet. It features Wi-Fi and programming capabilities, facilitating speedy
prototyping and deployment of IoT solutions. The board's adaptability with the
Arduino IDE and a broad spectrum of libraries eases programming. With small
dimensions and minimal power usage, it is optimal for a plethora of applications
ranging from home automation to industrial control systems.

The phrase "NodeMCU" combines the words "node" and "MCU" (microcontroller
unit). The ESP8266microprocessor powers the NodeMCU development board,
however the term "NodeMCU" refers to thefirmware that runs on it.

The ESP8266 microcontroller can work in both analog and digital modes. While
the majority of its pins aredigital, it does include one analog input, the ADC0 pin
(sometimes designated A0).

The ESP8266 is a wireless module that has Wi-Fi functionality. It enables devices
to connect and be managed via the Internet, making it a practical and cost-effective
solution for a wide range of wireless applications and projects, including the
Internet of Things (IoT).

The most spectacular features are:

 It is a low-cost, small, and powerful board. It is specifically designed for IoT
applications.
 It is compatible with Arduino IDE and python making prototyping a lot
faster.
Because of all these features, Node MCU ESP8266 is the most popular and
trending board in the electronics market.
 ESP8266-12E Wi-Fi chip

NodeMCU is a microcontroller development board that includes Wi-Fi

functionality. It's based on theESP8266 or ESP32 microcontroller, which allows it
to perform more than just connect to WiFi networks.NodeMCU is the preferred
platform for wireless projects, home automation, and Internet of Things (IoT)
applications.

ESP8266 NODEMCU WIFI DEVELOPMENT BOARD FEATURES

 It is based on ESP8266, integates GPIO, PWM, IIC, 1-Wire and ADC all in
one board.
 Power your developement in the fastest way combinating with NodeMCU
Firmware!
 USB-TTL included, plug&play
 10 GPIO, every GPIO can be PWM, I2C, 1-wire
 Open source IoT Platform
 Easily Programmable
 Low cost & Simple to Implement
 WI-FI enabled
ESP8266 TECHNICAL DATA

 Processor: L106 32-bit RISC microprocessor core based on the Tensilica

Diamond Standard 106Micro running at 80 or 160 MHz
 Memory:
 32 KiB instruction RAM
 32 KiB instruction cache RAM
 80 KiB user-data RAM
 16 KiB ETS system-data RAM
 External QSPI flash: up to 16 MiB is supported (512 KiB to 4 MiB typically
included)
 IEEE 802.11 b/g/n Wi-Fi
 Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier, and matching network
 WEP or WPA/WPA2 authentication, or open networks
 17 GPIO pins
 Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI)
 I²C (software implementation)
 I²S interfaces with DMA (sharing pins with GPIO)
 UART on dedicated pins, plus a transmit-only UART can be enabled on
GPIO2
 10-bit ADC (successive approximation ADC)
SPECIFICATIONS & CONSTRUCTION

Node MCU ESP8266 Parts

Let’s look at the Node MCU ESP8266 specifications and construction of this
module which makes itsuperior to its counterparts.
 The onboard ESP8266 chip manufactured by Espressif Systems has an
ESP8266EX core Wi-Fi SoCand a Tensilica L106 32-bit processor in the
same chip.
 Node MCU ESP8266 has 2.4GHz 802.11b/g/n Wi-fi with on-board antenna
which supportsWPA/WPA2.
 It has 17 GPIO, 11 are usable( 6 are used for communication with the
onboard flash memory chip)and some of them support PWM. This GPIO
can be used to interface ESP8266 NodeMCU with theexternal environment
through sensors and actuators.
 It also has UART, SDIO, SPI, I2C, I2S, and IR remote control peripheral
interface.
 It operates on 2.5-3.6V and average 80mA current with temperatures
ranging from -40 to 125 C.
  It comes in a QFN 32-pin ( 5mm * 5mm) package.
 It supports firmware upgrades via UART download/ OTA (via network).
 It also has SDK for customized development/cloud server development.

NODE MCU ESP8266 PIN DIAGRAM

Node MCU ESP8266 pin diagram

Pins from D0-D8 can be used as GPIO pins.

Let's discuss these ESP8266 NodeMCU pin configuration in detail;
UART pins:
GPIO1 and GPIO3 are tx and rx pins respectively used for UART communication.
I2C pins:
D1 and D2 can be used SCL and SDA for I2C communication.
Note that NodeMCU doesnt has hardware I2C pins. We can implement I2C in
software on any GPIO pins.
SPI pins:
D5-D8 ( SCLK,MISO,MOSI,AND CS ) can be used for SPI communication.
You can see that in the above pinout diagram we have not labelled pins from
GPIO6 to GPIO11. Thereason they are not shown is they cannot be used for
interfacing because they are connected ot the flashchip.
Analog Pin:
The pin marked as A0 on the silkscreen layer of PCB is the only pin which can
analog read.
ESP8266 On-board LED:
On-board LED is connected to GPIO2.
Reset pin:
You can reset the ESP8266 NodeMCU board in 2 ways one is by pressing the reset
button and other is bypulling the reset pin LOW

Block diagram of ESP8266EX

The block diagram of ESP8266EX is shown in figure which explains the
architecture of the chip.

Power Pins
Usually, all boards come with power pins: 3V3, GND, and VIN. You can use these
pins to power the board (if you’re not providing power through the USB port), or
to get power for other peripherals (if you’re powering the board using the USB
port).

General Purpose Input Output Pins (GPIOs)

One important thing to notice about the ESP8266 is that the GPIO number doesn’t
match the label on the board silkscreen. For example, D0 corresponds to GPIO16
and D1 corresponds to GPIO5. When programming your boards using Arduino
IDE, you must use the GPIO number and not the number on the silkscreen. This
applies to most ESP8266 boards.
The ESP8266 peripherals include:
 17 GPIOs (usually not all GPIOs are accessible on the ESP8266
development boards)
 SPI
 I2C (implemented on software)
 I2S interfaces with DMA
 UART
 10-bit ADC
SWITCH MODE POWERSUPPLY

A switched-mode power supply, sometimes known as a switch-mode power supply

or 'SMPS', is an electronic power supply that integrates a switching regulator for
efficient electrical power conversion. Like other supplies, an SMPS transfers
power from a DC or AC source to DC loads while converting voltage and current

A switched-mode power supply (switching-mode power supply, switch-mode

power supply, switched power supply, SMPS, or switcher) is an electronic power
supply that incorporates a switching regulator to convert electrical power
efficiently

12V 2A SMPS

This industry power module SMPS converts AC power to 12V 5A DC. It has built-
in over-voltage, over-current, and short circuit protection. Perfectly designed and
well constructed,small and compact Size with an indicator. This is the switched-
mode power supply (SMPS)which converts 100 - 264V AC to 12V DC. It can
provide up to 5A maximum current. All typesof protections such as over-voltage
protection, over-current protection, short circuit protection,and surge-protected
output are provided in the supply.
 SMPS Connector Pin Details

These SMPS are achieved high efficiency and robust to use; By using these latest
SMPS,you can reduce your electricity bill. This SMPS will provide you with a
constant output of 12V5A means we can drive applications that have a maximum
current rating up to 5A. It includes any type of motor with different RPM,
thermoelectric Peltier, etc. It has passed the CE &RoHS certification. This power
supply is built with high-quality and high-performance materials. This SMPS
power supply has a led power supply with a metal body for hidden installation for
led lighting.

SPECIFICATIONS

Output:

 DC Voltage: 12V
 Rated Current: 2A
  Current Range: 0-5A
 Rated Power: 60W
 Ripple & Noise (maximum): 150mV
 Voltage Adjustable Range: 10-13.2V
 Voltage Tolerance: ±2.0%
 Line Regulation: ±0.5%
 Load Regulation: ±0.5%
 Setup, Rise, Hold Up Time: 200ms, 50ms, 20ms at full load

Input:

 Voltage Range: Rated +/- 15%

 Frequency Range: 47-63Hz
 Efficiency: 74%
 AC Current: 6.5A/115V 4A/230V
 Inrush Current: 25A/115V 50A/230V
 Leakage Current: <3.5mA/240VAC
 CHAPTER-6
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO IDE

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) - contains a text editor

for writing code, a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common
functions and a series of menus. It connects to the Arduino and Genuino hardware
to upload programs and communicate with them.

IDE stands for “Integrated Development Environment” :it is an official software

introduced by Arduino.cc, that is mainly used for editing, compiling and uploading
the code in the Arduino Device. Almost all Arduino modules are compatible with
this software that is an open source and is readily available to install and start
compiling the code on the go.

ARDUINO IDE DEFINITION

1. Arduino IDE is an open source software that is mainly used for writing and
compiling the code into the Arduino Module.

2. It is an official Arduino software, making code compilation too easy that even a
common person with no prior technical knowledge can get their feet wet with the
learning process.

3. It is easily available for operating systems like MAC, Windows, Linux and runs
on the Java Platform that comes with inbuilt functions and commands that play a
vital role for debugging, editing and compiling the code in the environment.

4. A range of Arduino modules available including Arduino Uno, Arduino Mega,

Arduino Leonardo, Arduino Micro and many more.
5. Each of them contains a microcontroller on the board that is actually
programmed and accepts the information in the form of code.

6. The main code, also known as a sketch, created on the IDE platform will
ultimately generate a Hex File which is then transferred and uploaded in the
controller on the board.

7. The IDE environment mainly contains two basic parts: Editor and Compiler
where former is used for writing the required code and later is used for compiling
and uploading the code into the given Arduino Module.

8. This environment supports both C and C++ languages.

How to get Arduino IDE

we can download the Software from Arduino main website. As I said earlier, the
software is available for common operating systems like Linux, Windows, and
MACos,we select to download the correct software version that is easily
compatible with our operating system.

Details on IDE: The IDE environment is mainly distributed into three sections
1. Menu Bar

2. Text Editor

3. Output Pane

As we download and open the IDE software, it will appear like an image below.
 Arduino IDE Main Window

The bar appearing on the top is called Menu Bar that comes with five different
options as follow

File – You can open a new window for writing the code or open an existing one.
Following table shows the number of further subdivisions the file option is
categorized into.
And at the end of compilation, it will show you the hex file it has generated for the
recent sketch that will send to the Arduino Board for the specific task you aim to
achieve.

Arduino IDE Code Window

 Arduino IDE Compliation Output

Edit – Used for copying and pasting the code with further modification for font

Sketch – For compiling and programming

Tools – Mainly used for testing projects. The Programmer section in this panel is
used for burning a bootloader to the new microcontroller.

Help – In case you are feeling skeptical about software, complete help is available
from getting started to troubleshooting.
The Six Buttons appearing under the Menu tab are connected with the running
program as follow.

Menu Buttons
  The check mark appearing in the circular button is used to verify the code.
Click this once you have writtenyour code.
 The arrow key will upload and transfer the required code to the Arduino
board.
 The dotted paper is used for creating a new file.

The upward arrow is reserved for opening an existing Arduino project.

 The downward arrow is used to save the current running code.

 The button appearing on the top right corner is a Serial Monitor – A
separate pop-up window that acts as an independent terminal and plays a
vital role for sending and receiving the Serial Data. You can also go to the
Tools panel and select Serial Monitor pressing Ctrl+Shift+M all at once will
open the Serial Monitor. The Serial Monitor will actually help to debug the
written Sketches where you can get a hold of how your program is
operating. Your Arduino Module should be connected to your computer by
USB cable in order to activate the Serial Monitor.
 You need to select the baud rate of the Arduino Board you are using right
now. For my Arduino Uno Baud Rate is 9600, as you right the following
code and click the Serial Monitor, the output will show as the image below.
The main screen below show how to select a program from examples ie: Bink.cc

Menu Exmples
 Output Pane

The bottom of the main screen is described as an Output Pane that mainly
highlights the compilation status of the running code: the memory used by the
code, and errors occurred in the program. You need to fix those errors before you
intend to upload the hex file into your Arduino Module.

More or less, Arduino C language works similar to the regular C language used for
any embedded system microcontroller, however, there are some dedicated libraries
used for calling and executing specific functions on the board.

Making Pins As Input or Output

 The digitalRead and digitalWrite commands are used for addressing and
making the Arduino pins as an input and output respectively.
 These commands are text sensitive i.e. you need to write them down the
exact way they are given like digitalWrite starting with small “d” and write
with capital “W”. Writing it down with Digitalwrite or digitalwritewon’t be
calling or addressing any function.
 Example : if we want to use Pin D13 as output , the code will be;
pinMode(13, OUTPUT); followed by digitalWrite(13,HIGH);
 If we want to use Pin D13 as input, the code will be : pinMode(13,
INPUT);followed by x=digitalRead(13);
Selecting Board of Arduino
In order to upload the sketch, we need to select the relevant board we are using and
the ports for that operating system. As we click the Tools on the Menu, it will open
like the figure below.

Just we go to the “Board” section and select the board wewould like to work on.
Similarly, COM1, COM2, COM4, COM5, COM7 or higher are reserved for the
serial and USB board. we can look for the USB serial device in the ports section of
the Windows Device Manager.
Folloinwg figure shows the COM4 that wehave used for my project, indicating the
Arduino Uno with COM4 port at the right bottom corner of the screen.

After correct selection of both Board and Serial Port, click the verify and then
upload button appearing in the upper left corner of the six button section or you
can go to the Sketch section and press verify/compile and then upload.
 The sketch is written in the text editor and is then saved with the file
extension .ino.
 It is important to note that the recent Arduino Modules will reset
automatically as you compile and press the upload button the IDE software,
however, older version may require the physical reset on the board.
 As we upload the code, TX and RX LEDs will blink on the board, indicating
the desired program is running successfully.
 CHAPTER-7
SOFTWARE PROGRAM

ARDUINO CODING
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
SoftwareSerial mySerial(2, 3); //RX, TX
#define Buzzer 12

double sensorValue1 = 0;
int crosscount = 0;
int climb_flag = 0;
int val[100];
int max_v = 0;
double VmaxD = 0;
double VeffD = 0;
double Veff = 0;
double Watts = 0;

int sensitivity = 185; // use 185 for 5A Module

float adcvalue= 0;
int offsetvoltage = 2570;
double Voltage = 0;
double Current = 0;

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
delay(10);
pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);
pinMode(Buzzer,OUTPUT);
mySerial.begin(9600);
delay(3000);
mySerial.print("ATE0\r\n");
delay(500);
mySerial.print("AT+CIPMUX=1\r\n");
delay(500);
 mySerial.print("AT+CIPSERVER=1,80\r\n");

for(int i = 0; i <=25; i++ )

{
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH);
delay(400);
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW);
delay(100);
}}

void loop() {
for ( int i = 0; i < 100; i++ )
{
sensorValue1 = analogRead(A0);
if (analogRead(A0) > 511)
{
val[i] = sensorValue1; }
else {
val[i] = 0; }
delay(1); }

max_v = 0;
for ( int i = 0; i < 100; i++ ) {
if ( val[i] > max_v ) {
max_v = val[i];
}
val[i] = 0; }

if (max_v != 0) {
VmaxD = max_v;
VeffD = VmaxD / sqrt(2);
Veff = (((VeffD - 420.76) / -90.24) * -210.2) + 210.2;
}
else {
Veff = 0;
}
Serial.print("Voltage: ");
Serial.println(Veff);
VmaxD = 0;
unsigned int temp=0;
float maxpoint = 0;
int i=0;
for(i=0;i<500;i++) {
if(temp = analogRead(A1),temp>maxpoint) {
maxpoint = temp; } }
adcvalue = maxpoint;
Voltage = (adcvalue / 1024.0) * 5000;
Current = ((Voltage - offsetvoltage) / sensitivity);
Current = ( Current ) / ( sqrt(2) );
Serial.print("Current: ");
Serial.println(Current,2);

Watts = Veff * Current;

Serial.print("Power: ");
Serial.println(Watts,2);
Serial.print("\n");
mySerial.print("AT+CIPSENDEX=0,100\r\n");
delay(100);
mySerial.print("Voltage: ");
mySerial.print(Veff);
mySerial.print("V");

if(Veff > 230) {

mySerial.print(" -> WARNING: OverVoltage");
digitalWrite(Buzzer,HIGH);
delay(1000); }

if(Veff < 200) {

mySerial.print(" -> WARNING: UnderVoltage");
digitalWrite(Buzzer,HIGH);
delay(1000);
}

mySerial.print("\r\n");
mySerial.print("Current: ");
mySerial.print(Current);
mySerial.println("A");
mySerial.print("Power: ");
mySerial.print(Watts);
mySerial.print("W");

if(Watts >= 100)

{
mySerial.print(" -> WARNING: OverLoad");
digitalWrite(Buzzer,HIGH);
delay(1000);
}
mySerial.print("\r\n");
mySerial.print("\r\n");
mySerial.print("\\0");

digitalWrite(Buzzer,LOW);
delay(1000);
}
PROTOTYPE OF HARDWARE

Picture of hardware here

Prototype of Hardware
 CHAPTER-8
CONCLUSION

Energy Monitoring using IOT provides a innovative application of internet of

things for monitoring and protection of the smart grid. In the proposed hardware
the real-time data of the grid parameters such as voltage, current, power can be
monitored in real-time through the web application using IOT local server. In the
present system, energy load consumption is accessed using Wi-Fi and it will help
consumers to avoid unwanted use of electricity. Therefore this is an efficient
technique that can monitor power consumption in distribution side. Thus this
system will be one of the most promising and prominent internet of things
applications in the smart grid.
REFERENCES

[1] Madhuri G.Hiremath1, Veeresh Pujari2, Dr. BaswarajGadgay. “IOT Based

Energy Monitoring & Control Devices”,International Journal for Research in
Applied Science &Engineering Technology (IJRASET), Volume 5 Issue VI,
June2017.
[2] Rajiv .K. Bhatia and Varsha Bodade,"Smart Grid Securityand Privacy:
Challenges, Literature Survey and Issues",International Journal of Advanced
Research in ComputerScience and Software Engineering, Volume 4, Issue
1,January 2014.
[3] Mitali Mahadev Raut, 2Ruchira Rajesh Sable, 3ShrutikaRajendra Toraskar.
“Internet of Things(IOT) Based SmartGrid”, International Journal of Engineering
Trends andTechnology (IJETT) , Volume 34 Number 1- April 2016.
[4] Stamatis Karnouskos,"The cooperative Internet of Things enabled Smart Grid",
SAP Research,Vincenz-Priessnitz Strasse 1, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany,2013.
[5] Mr. Adinath S. Satpute , Prof. /Dr. G. U Kharat (2020) “ Smart Grid System to
Monitor & Control Renewable Energy Source based on WoT ’’ IJERT Vol. 9 Issue
06, June-2020.
[6] Vijayapriya P , 2Sreedip Ghosh , 3Kowsalya M ( 2018) “ Internet of Things
(IOT) Application for Smart Grid ’’. IJPAM volume 118 No. 18.
[7] Sarvesh Avere1 , Pranit Vichare2 , Pavan Machhi3 , Prof. Anojkumar Yadav4
(2021) “ IOT Based Power Grid Monitoring & Control System ’’. VIVA – Tech
IJRI Volume 1, issue 4.
[8] Priyanka Bhausaheb Deshmukh, Prof V.M.Joshi (2017) “ IOT based Smart
Grid to Remotely Monitor and Control Renewable Energy Sources using VLSI ’’.
IJIRSET Volume 6, issue 11.
[9] Yong Ding, Christian Decker, Member, IEEE, Iana Vassileva, Fredrik Wallin,
Member, IEEE, and Michael Beigl, Member,” A Smart Energy System:
Distributed Resource Management, Control and Optimization” Vol.12, No.2,
February 2014, pp. 940 ~ 946.
[10] Jayavardhana Gubbi, Rajkumar Buyya, Slaven Marusic, Marimuthu
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Future Directions” Journal of Computer and Communications, 2015, 3, 164-173.