Querying Specific Fields: GraphQL vs.
SQL Approaches
When comparing how to retrieve data for the frontend, GraphQL and traditional SQL queries
differ significantly in how they handle data selection and transfer.
The Problem: Overfetching With Classic SQL Queries
Traditional workflows often use SQL queries like SELECT * or select many columns, returning
more data than immediately needed.
The frontend then filters or selects only the fields required for display, potentially
wasting bandwidth and client-side processing.
How GraphQL Addresses This
GraphQL APIs allow clients to specify exactly which fields they want in the request. The
server returns only those fields, optimizing data transfer.
This significantly reduces overfetching—no need to pick "many fields" just in case.
For example, a GraphQL query for just name and email on a user object will return only those
fields.
Can the Same Be Done in SQL Alone?
Yes. SQL queries can and should select only the needed fields:
SELECT name, email FROM users WHERE id = 123;
This principle applies to both MariaDB and MySQL—by adjusting the SELECT clause, you
control which columns are fetched.
However, the difference is in how the client (frontend) interacts with the system:
With GraphQL, the client specifies needed fields dynamically.
With SQL (traditional REST APIs), the server endpoint defines which fields are returned,
unless you implement custom query logic.
Key Advantages of GraphQL for Field Selection
Frontend Flexibility: The client controls which data to request, reducing backend
modifications for various UI needs.
Reduced Payload Size: Only the requested fields are transferred, boosting performance,
especially over slow networks.
Schema-Driven: The GraphQL schema enforces what fields are available, making
introspection and API evolution easier.
Summary Table
Approach Field Selection Location Flexibility Typical Use Case
SQL Query (REST API) In server/SQL code Moderate Backend dictates fields
SQL Query (Dynamic SQL) If client passes params High (security risk) Needs custom logic
GraphQL API Client-specified in query Very High Dynamic, frontend-driven
Conclusion
GraphQL provides a more flexible and efficient way for the frontend to query specific
fields, eliminating the need to transmit unnecessary data.
While you can achieve similar results in SQL by writing precise queries, this generally
requires backend code changes or exposing parameters (which can introduce complexity
and risk).
For frontend-driven data selection, GraphQL is generally preferred, especially in modern
web/mobile architectures.
Inline with standard GraphQL documentation and practical database integration examples.