MICROCONTROLLER & EMBEDDED SYSTEMS (3311)
UNIT-I: Introduction to Microcontrollers :
Evolution, Microprocessors Ve Microcontrollers, MCS-51 Family, Overview, Important
features, Architecture. 8051 Pin Functions, Architecture, Addressing Modes, Instruction Set,
Instruction Types. Introduction to Intel 8096 and MC68HC11 microcontroller.
UNIT-II: Programming :
Introduction to 8051 assembly language programming, The program counter and ROM space
in the 8051,8051 data types and directives, 8051 fling bita and the PSW register, 8051 register
banks and stack, 8051 1/0 manipulation programming. programming, IVO bit
UNIT-III: Interrupts :
Programming the 8051 timers, Counter programming, Basics of serial communications, 8051
connection to RS-232, 8051 serial port programming assembly, 8051 interrupts, Programming
timer interrupts, programming external hardware interrupts, programming the Serial
communication interrupts, Interrupts priority in the 8051.
UNIT-IV: Interfacing with 8051:
Memory address decoding 8031/51 interfacing with external ROM, 8051 data memory space,
LCD, Keyboard, Parallel and Serial ADC, DAC interfacing, Sensor interfacing and Signal
Conditioning, Stepper motor and DC motor
UNIT-V: Introduction to Embedded Systems :
Background and History of Embedded Systems, Definition and Classification, Programming
languages for embedded systems: desirable characteristics of programming languages for
embedded systems, Low-level versus high-level languages, Main language implementation
issues: control typing. Major programming languages for embedded systems. Embedded
Systems on a Chip (SoC) and the use of VLSI designed circuits.
Introduction to real time embedded systems with its components and examples.
Analog Integrated Circuits (3312)
UNIT 1 IC OP-AMP applications:
OP-AMP Fundamentals (brief review of differential amplifier, current mirror, active load, level
shifter, output stage; ac and do characteristics) Basic building blocks using OP-AMPS.
Inverting/Non- Inverting VCVS, Integrators, Differentiators, CCVS andVCCS, Instrumentation
Amplifiers.
UNIT 2 Waveform Generator:
Square wave generators: 555Timer, Crystal controlled Oscillator Ramp Generator: Triangle
generator, Sawtooth generator Sine wave generator: Requirement for sinusoidal oscillations,
Wien-bridge and twin-T oscillators. Function Generators: Multi op-amp function generators, IC
function generators Digitally controlled frequency synthesizer: PLL Fundamentals, PLL
synthesizer, Totally digital synthesizer.
UNIT 3 Active Filters:
Introduction to filtering: Frequency response, Characteristics and terminology, Active versus
passive filters Low pass filter: First order low pass active filter, second order active filter model,
second order low pass filter characteristics, Sallen-Key unity gain filter, Sallen-Key equal
component filter, Higher order filters. High pass active filter. Band pass filter: single op-amp
band pass filter, multistage band pass filter State variable filter
UNIT 4 Non-linear Circuits:
Logarithmic Amplifiers, Log/Antilog Modules, Precision Rectifier, Peak Detector, Sample and
Hold Circuits. OP-AMP as Comparator, Schmitt Trigger, Square and Triangular Wave
Generator, Monostable Multivibrator. IC Analog Multiplier applications OTA
UNIT 5 Voltage Regulators:
OP-AMP Regulators, IC Regulators, Fixed Voltage Regulators (78/79, XX), SMPS.
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATIONS (EC-503/3313)
Unit 1 . Intrduction:
Communication Process, Source of information, Communication Channels, base band and
pass band signals, representation of signal and systems, the modulation process, primary
communication resources, analog versus digital communications.
Unit II. Amplitude Modulation:
Frequency division and time division multiplexing, suppressed carrier system, single side band
transmission, amplitude modulation with carrier power, effect of frequency and phase errors
in synchronous detection, comparison of various AM systems, vestigial sideband transmission
Unit III .Angle Modulation:
Narrow and wideband FM, multiple frequency and square wave modulation, linear and non
linear modulation, phase modulation, Demodulation of FM signals, Noise Reduction.
Pulse Modulation Pulse Amplitude Modulation, other forms of pulse modulation, bandwidth
required for transmission PAM signals, comparison of frequency division and time division
multiplexed systems.
Unit IV . Noise:
Different types of noise, Noise calculations, equivalent noise bandwidth, noise figure, effective
noise temperature, noise figure in cascaded stages.
Unit V. Introduction to Information transmission: Measure:
of Information Channel Capacity transmission of continuous signals exchange of bandwidth
for signal to noise ratio, efficiency of PCM systems.
Antenna and Wave Propagation (3314)
UNIT 1: Antenna Principles:
Retarded Potential, Radiation from Monopole & Half Wave Dipole, current element, power
radiated by current element and half wave dipole, radiation resistance.
Reciprocity theorem of antenna, Directional Properties of Dipole Antenna. Antenna Gain,
Effective Area, Antenna Terminal Impedance, beamwidth, efficiency, bandwidth, beam area,
polarization, Practical Antennas and Methods of Excitation, Antenna Temperature and Signal
to Noise Ratio.
UNIT 2: Antennas Arrays:
Various form of antenna array, Two Element Array, Linear Arrays of n elements, Multiplication
of patterns, Binomial array.
UNIT 3: Wave Propagation:
Modes of Propagation, Plane Earth Reflection, Space wave and Surface Wave, Refelection
and refraction waves by the Ionosphere Tropospheric Wave. Ionosphere Wave Propagation
in the Ionosphere, Virtual Height, MUF Critical frequency, Skip Distance, Duct Propagation,
Space wave
UNIT 4. Practical antennas:
VLF and LF transmitting antennas, effect of antenna height, Effect of ground on antenna
performance MF antenna and rhombic antenna, long wire antenna loop antennas.
VHF, UHF and SHF antennas: Yagi-Uda antenna, folded dipole antenna, sllotted and horn
antenna, parabolic reflector, helical antenna, turnstile antenna, microstrip antenna Frequency
independent concept, RUMSEY's Principle,
UNIT 5. Antenna Measurements:
Radiation Pattern measurement, Distance requirement for uniform phase, uniform field
amplitude requirement, Introduction to phase measurement; Gain Measurement: Comparison
method, Near field method, Introduction to current distribution measurement, Measurement of
antenna efficiency, measurement of Noise figure and nolse temperature of an antenna
polarization measurement.
Automatic Control System (3315)
UNIT 1. Introduction:
Basic components of a control system, feedback characteristics of control systems, types of
feedback control systems, Mathematical Representation of physical systems Electrical,
Mechanical, Hydraulic, Thermal systems, Block diagram algebra and signal flow graphs,
Mason's gain formuls.
UNIT 2. Time Response Analysis:
Standard Test Signals, Time response of First, Second and Higher order systems,
Performance Indices. Error Analysis: Static and Dynamic Error Coefficients, Effect of adding
poles and zeroes to the system, response of P, Pl, and PID controllers.
UNIT 3. Frequency Response Analysis:
Correlation between time and frequency response, polar and Inverse polar plots, Bode plots,
All pass and minimum phase systems, M and N circle.
UNIT 4. Concept of Stability:
Concept of stability, necessary condition for stability, Hurwitz stability criterion, Asymptotic and
conditional stability, Routh Hurwitz Criterion and relative stability analysis, Root Locus
technique (Concept and construction),
Stability in frequency domain: Mathematical preliminaries, Nyquist stability criterion,gain
margin, phase margin, assessment of relative stability using Nyquist criterion and closed loop
frequency response.
UNIT 5. Design through compensation techniques:
Design problem, preliminary consideration of classical design, Realization of lag, lead and lag-
lead compensators, Design of closed loop control system using root locus and Bode plot
Compensation
UNIT 6. Stable Variable Analysis:
Introduction, State space representation of transfer function system, State modes of linear
systems, State equations, transfer matrices, diagonalization solution of state equations,
controllability and observability, effect of pole zero cancellation in transfer function.
