reader = csv.

DictReader(file)
for row in reader:
amount = float(row['Amount'])
total_expenses += amount
category = row['Category']
if category in expense_categories:
expense_categories[category] += amount
else:
expense_categories[category] = amount
print("Expense Analysis:")
print(f"Total Expenses: “,${total_exp})

DATA STRUCTURE – STACK

Data Structure: A data structure is a group of data which can be processed as a single unit. This group of
data may be of similar or dissimilar data types. Data Structures are very useful while programming because
they allow processing of the entire group of data as a single Unit.
Types of data structures:
Linear data structures: The elements are stored in a sequential order.
Example: Array, Stack, Queue.
Non-Linear data structures: The elements are not stored in sequential order.
Example: Graph, Tree, linked lists.
Stack: It is a data structure that allows adding and removing elements in a particular order. Every time an
element is added, it goes on the top of the stack; the only element that can be removed is the element that
was at the top of the stack.
Two Characteristics of Stacks: It is a LIFO (Last-In First-Out) data structure, The insertion and deletion
happens at one end i.e. from the top of the stack.
Operations possible in the data structure: Major operations are Traversal, Insertion, Deletion and
Searching.
Major operations on Stack:

1. PUSH: The addition of elements is known as PUSH operation. It is done using the TOP position.
2. POP: Removal of elements is known as POP operation. Removal of object is always done from TOP
position.
3. PEEK: To show/ display the element placed at TOP position in the stack. Few applications of stack:
1. Expression evaluation
2. Backtracking (game playing, finding paths, exhaustive searching).
3. Memory management, run-time environment for nested language features.Stack implementation using
List:
1. PUSH: The addition of elements is known as PUSH operation. It is done on the TOP position.
S= [ ‘element1’, ‘element2’, ‘element3’, ‘element4’]
S.append(‘newElement’) # pushing element in stack at the TOP
S= [ ‘element1’, ‘element2’, ‘element3’, ‘element4’, ‘newElement’] #List after insertion
2. POP: Removal of elements is known as POP operation. It is also done using the TOP position.
S= [ ‘element1’, ‘element2’, ‘element3’, ‘element4’, ‘newElement’]
S.pop() # removes element at top
S= [ ‘element1’, ‘element2’, ‘element3’, ‘element4’] #List after deletion
3. PEEK: To show/ display the element placed at TOP position in the stack.
return S[-1] # shows element at top but do not remove it from the stack.

Questions
1. Consider a list named Nums which contains random integers.

Write the following user defined functions in Python and perform the specified
operations on a stack named BigNums.
(i) PushBig(): It checks every number from the list Nums and pushes all
such numbers which have 5 or more digits into the stack, BigNums.
(ii) PopBig(): It pops the numbers from the stack, BigNums and displays
them. The function should also display “Stack Empty” when there are
no more numbers left in the stack.
For example: If the list Nums contains the following data:
Nums=[213, 10025, 167, 254923, 14, 1297653, 31498, 386, 92765]
Then on execution of PushBig(),the stack BigNums should store:
[10025, 254923, 1297653, 31498, 92765]
And on execution of PopBig(), the following output should be displayed:
92765
31498
1297653
254923
10025
Stack Empty
def PushBig(Nums,BigNums):
ANS for N in Nums:
if len(str(N))>=5:
BigNums.append(N)
def PopBig(BigNums):
while BigNums:
print(BigNums.pop())
else:
print(“Stack Empty”)
2. A list, NList contains following record as list elements:
[City, Country, distance from Delhi]
Each of these records are nested together to form a nested list. Write the
following user defined functions in Python to perform the
specified operations on the stack named travel.
(i) Push_element(NList): It takes the nested list as an
argument and pushes a list object containing name of the city and
country, which are not in India and distance is less than 3500 km
from Delhi.
(ii) Pop_element(): It pops the objects from the stack and displays
them. Also, the function should display “Stack Empty” when there
are no elements in the stack.
For example: If the nested list contains the following data:
NList=[["New York", "U.S.A.", 11734],
["Naypyidaw", "Myanmar", 3219],
["Dubai", "UAE", 2194],
["London", "England", 6693],
 ["Gangtok", "India", 1580],
["Columbo", "Sri Lanka", 3405]]
The stack should contain:
['Naypyidaw', 'Myanmar'],
['Dubai', 'UAE'],
['Columbo', 'Sri Lanka']
The output should be:
['Columbo', 'Sri Lanka']
['Dubai', 'UAE']
['Naypyidaw', 'Myanmar']
Stack Empty

ANS

3. (a) A list contains the following record of customer:

[Customer_name, Room Type]
Write the following user-defined functions to perform given operations on the stack
named ' Hotel':
i) Push_Cust () - To Push customers names of those customers who are staying in
Delux' Room Type.
ii) Pop_Cust ()- To Pop the names of customers from the stack and display them.
Also, display "Underflow" when there are no customers in the stack.
For example: If the lists with customer details are as follows:
["siddarth", "Delux"] ["Rahul", "Standard"] ["Jerry", "Delux"]
The stack should contain
Jerry
Siddharth
The output should be:
Jerry
Siddharth
Underflow

b) Write a function in Python, Push (Vehicle) where, Vehicle is a dictionary

containing details of vehicles - {Car_Name: Maker}.
The function should push the name of car manufactured by "TATA' (including all
the possible cases like Tata, TaTa, etc.) to the stack.
For example:
If the dictionary contains the following data:
Vehicle={"Santro" : "Hyundai", "Nexon": "TATA", "Safari" : "Tata"}
The stack should contain
Safari
Nexon
 a) customer=[["Siddarth", "Delux"], ["Rahul", "Standard"], ["Jerry", "Delux"]]
ANS hotel=[]
def push_cust():
for i in customer:
if i[1]=='Delux':
hotel.append(i[0])
return hotel

def pop_cust():
if hotel==[]:
return "Underflow"
else:
return hotel.pop()

push_cust()
while True:
if hotel==[]:
print(pop_cust())
break
else:
print(pop_cust())

b) Vehicle={"Santro" : "Hyundai", "Nexon": "TATA", "Safari" : "Tata"}

stk=[]
def push(vehicle):
for i in vehicle:
if vehicle[i].lower()=='tata':
stk.append(i)
return stk

push(Vehicle)
for i in range(-1,-len(stk)-1,-1):
print(stk[i])

4. A list contains following record of a customer:

[Customer_name, Phone_number, City]

Write the following user defined functions to perform given operations

on the stack named ‘status’:
(i) Push_element() - To Push an object containing name and
Phone number of customers who live in Goa to the stack
(ii) Pop_element() - To Pop the objects from the stack and
display them. Also, display “Stack Empty” when there are no
elements in the stack.

For example:
If the lists of customer details are:

[“Gurdas”, “99999999999”,”Goa”]
[“Julee”, “8888888888”,”Mumbai”]
[“Murugan”,”77777777777”,”Cochin”]
[“Ashmit”, “1010101010”,”Goa”]
 The stack should contain
[“Ashmit”,”1010101010”]
[“Gurdas”,”9999999999”]

The output should be:

[“Ashmit”,”1010101010”]
[“Gurdas”,”9999999999”]
Stack Empty
ANS status=[]
def Push_element(cust):
if cust[2]=="Goa":
L1=[cust[0],cust[1]]
status.append(L1)

def Pop_element ():

num=len(status)
while len(status)!=0:
dele=status.pop()
print(dele)
num=num-1
else:
print("Stack Empty")
5. Write a function in Python, Push(SItem) where , SItem is a dictionary
containing the details of stationary items– {Sname:price}.
The function should push the names of those items in the stack who
have price greater than 75. Also display the count of elements pushed
into the stack.
For example:
If the dictionary contains the following data:
Ditem={"Pen":106,"Pencil":59,"Notebook":80,"Eraser":25}

The stack should contain

Notebook
Pen

The output should be:

The count of elements in the stack is 2
ANS stackItem=[]
def Push(SItem):
count=0
for k in SItem:
if (SItem[k]>=75):
stackItem.append(k)
count=count+1
print("The count of elements in the stack is : ", count)
6. Julie has created a dictionary containing names and marks as key
value pairs of 6 students. Write a program, with separate user
defined functions to perform the following operations:

● Push the keys (name of the student) of the dictionary into a

stack, where the corresponding value (marks) is greater than
75.
 ● Pop and display the content of the stack.
For example:
If the sample content of the dictionary is as follows:
R={"OM":76, "JAI":45, "BOB":89, "ALI":65, "ANU":90, "TOM":82}

The output from the program should be:

TOM ANU BOB OM
ANS R={"OM":76, "JAI":45, "BOB":89, "ALI":65, "ANU":90, "TOM":82}
def PUSH(S,N):
S.append(N)
def POP(S):
if S!=[]:
return S.pop()
else:
return None
ST=[]
for k in R:
if R[k]>=75:
PUSH(ST,k)
while True:
if ST!=[]:
print(POP(ST),end=" ")
else:
break
7. Alam has a list containing 10 integers. You need to help him create a
program with separate user defined functions to perform the following
operations based on this list.
● Traverse the content of the list and push the even numbers into a stack. ●
Pop and display the content of the stack.

For Example:
If the sample Content of the list is as follows:
N=[12, 13, 34, 56, 21, 79, 98, 22, 35, 38]

Sample Output of the code should be:

38 22 98 56 34 12
ANS N=[12, 13, 34, 56, 21, 79, 98, 22, 35, 38]
def PUSH(S,N):
S.append(N)
def POP(S):
if S!=[]:
return S.pop()
else:
return None
ST=[]
for k in N:
if k%2==0:
PUSH(ST,k)
while True:
if ST!=[]:
print(POP(ST),end=" ")
else:
break