📘 Class 10 Social Science – Pre-Midterm Notes
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🔹 History
1. The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
✍️ Core Concepts
French Revolution (1789) → inspired nationalism across Europe.
Napoleon → spread reforms & codified laws.
Congress of Vienna (1815) → restored monarchies.
1830s–1848 → rise of revolutions.
Unification of Italy (Cavour, Garibaldi, 1871) & Germany (Bismarck, 1871).
Balkan nationalism → cause of World War I.
📖 Examples
Italy unified under Victor Emmanuel II.
Germany unified under Kaiser William I.
❓ Likely MCQs
Who led German unification? → (a) Bismarck ✅ (b) Cavour (c) Garibaldi (d) Napoleon
Assertion: “Balkan region was a source of tension.”
Reason: “It was controlled by Ottoman empire & full of ethnic groups.”
✔ Both A & R true, R is correct explanation.
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2. Nationalism in India
✍️ Core Concepts
WWI → economic hardship, rise of nationalist feelings.
Gandhi’s movements: Champaran (1917), Kheda (1917), Ahmedabad (1918).
Non-Cooperation (1920) → boycott foreign goods.
Civil Disobedience (1930) → Salt March.
Sense of collective belonging: songs, folklore, Bharat Mata image.
📖 Examples
Jallianwala Bagh massacre (1919).
Dandi March (1930).
❓ Likely MCQs
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre year → 1919 ✅
Assertion: “Non-Cooperation was withdrawn.”
Reason: “Because of Chauri Chaura incident (1922).”
✔ Both true, R correct explanation.
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3. The Age of Industrialisation (only for periodic/midterm assessment)
✍️ Core Concepts
Proto-industrialisation before factories.
Early factories: cotton & iron.
Britain → railways, coal, steam engines.
Colonial impact → Indian handloom industry declined.
📖 Example
British textiles replaced Indian handlooms.
Jamsetji Tata started steel industry.
❓ Likely MCQs
Who invented the steam engine? → James Watt ✅
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🔹 Political Science
1. Power Sharing
✍️ Core Concepts
Essential for democracy.
Horizontal: Legislature, Executive, Judiciary.
Vertical: Union–State division.
Case studies: Belgium (accommodation), Sri Lanka (majoritarianism).
📖 Examples
Belgium → Dutch, French, German speakers.
Sri Lanka → Sinhala vs Tamils conflict.
❓ Likely MCQs
Assertion: “Power sharing reduces conflicts.”
Reason: “Because all groups get representation.”
✔ Both true, R correct explanation.
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2. Federalism
✍️ Core Concepts
Federalism = division of power between Union & States.
Dual objectives: unity + diversity.
India: Union, State + Panchayati Raj.
3 Lists: Union, State, Concurrent.
📖 Examples
Union List → Defence.
State List → Police.
Concurrent List → Education.
❓ Likely MCQs
Education belongs to which list? → Concurrent ✅
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3. Gender, Religion & Caste
✍️ Core Concepts
Gender: Women under-represented → 33% reservation in Panchayats.
Religion: Communalism is harmful for democracy.
Caste: Declining, but still affects politics.
📖 Examples
1/3rd seats for women in Panchayats.
Caste still shapes voting in villages.
❓ Likely MCQs
Assertion: “Women have low representation in politics.”
Reason: “Because 1/3rd seats in Lok Sabha are reserved for women.”
✔ A true, R false.
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🔹 Geography
1. Resources & Development
✍️ Core Concepts
Resource types: natural, human-made, renewable, non-renewable.
Resource planning & sustainable use.
Land use pattern.
Soil types: alluvial, black, red, laterite, arid, forest.
📖 Examples
Black soil → cotton (Deccan).
Alluvial soil → Indo-Gangetic plain.
❓ Likely MCQs
Which soil is called Regur soil? → Black ✅
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2. Forest & Wildlife Resources
✍️ Core Concepts
India’s rich biodiversity.
Causes of deforestation: grazing, mining, development.
Conservation: Project Tiger, Chipko movement.
📖 Examples
Chipko movement (1970s, Uttarakhand).
Jim Corbett Tiger Reserve.
❓ Likely MCQs
Which movement protected trees? → Chipko ✅
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3. Water Resources
✍️ Core Concepts
Importance of water conservation.
Multipurpose river valley projects.
Rainwater harvesting.
📖 Examples
Bhakra Nangal Dam → Satluj.
Sardar Sarovar Dam → Narmada.
❓ Likely MCQs
On which river is Sardar Sarovar Dam? → Narmada ✅
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🔹 Economics
1. Development
✍️ Core Concepts
Different people, different development goals.
Indicators: Per capita income, HDI (literacy, life expectancy, income).
Sustainable development.
📖 Examples
Kerala → high literacy.
Punjab → high per capita income.
❓ Likely MCQs
Which is not an HDI indicator? → GDP of a state ✅
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2. Sectors of the Indian Economy
✍️ Core Concepts
Primary (agriculture), Secondary (manufacturing), Tertiary (services).
Contribution to GDP.
Organised vs Unorganised sector.
Public vs Private sector.
📖 Examples
IT sector → tertiary.
Farming → primary.
❓ Likely MCQs
Assertion: “Tertiary sector share in GDP is rising.”
Reason: “Due to IT, banking, transport.”
✔ Both true, R correct explanation.
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✅ Revision Priority Order
1. Nationalism in India
2. Rise of Nationalism in
3. Development
4. Sectors of Indian Economy
5. Power Sharing and federalism
6. Resources and water
7. Age of Industrialisation
8. Gender religion and caste
9. Forest and wildlife
