Industrial Revolution (1750–1900) – Detailed Class Notes
1. Introduction
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Definition:
- The Industrial Revolution was a period of major industrialization and innovation
that transformed economies from agrarian to industrial.
Historical Significance:
- Marked a turning point in history with profound effects on society, economy, and
politics.
- Originated in Britain and spread globally, influencing modern industrial
practices.
2. Causes of the Industrial Revolution
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Agricultural Revolution:
- Improved farming techniques (e.g., crop rotation, selective breeding).
- Increased food production led to population growth and labor surplus.
Population Growth:
- Higher birth rates and lower mortality rates.
- Created a large workforce and increased demand for goods.
Capital:
- Availability of investment capital from wealthy individuals and colonial profits.
- Funded factories, machinery, and infrastructure.
Natural Resources:
- Abundant coal and iron ore in Britain.
- Provided essential raw materials for industry.
Political Stability:
- Stable government and legal system encouraged entrepreneurship.
- Protection of property rights and patents.
3. Key Inventions & Innovations
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Textile Machinery:
- Spinning Jenny, Water Frame, Power Loom – revolutionized cloth production.
Steam Power:
- James Watt’s steam engine – powered machines, trains, and ships.
Iron & Steel:
- Bessemer process – mass production of steel.
- Enabled construction of railways, bridges, and buildings.
Transportation:
- Railroads – faster movement of goods and people.
- Steamships – expanded global trade.
4. Social Changes
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Urbanization:
- Migration from rural areas to cities.
- Rapid growth of industrial towns.
New Social Classes:
- Emergence of industrial bourgeoisie and working class.
- Shift in social dynamics and class tensions.
Working Conditions:
- Long hours, low wages, unsafe environments.
- Child labor and lack of labor rights.
Labor Movements:
- Formation of trade unions.
- Campaigns for better wages, hours, and conditions.
5. Economic Impact
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Mass Production:
- Standardized goods produced at scale.
- Lower costs and increased availability.
Global Trade:
- Expansion of markets and colonial exploitation.
- Integration of global economies.
Capitalism:
- Rise of capitalist economy and industrial entrepreneurs.
- Shift from feudalism to market-driven production.
6. Political & Global Effects
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Spread of Industrialization:
- Europe, North America, and later Asia adopted industrial methods.
- Global competition and technological diffusion.
Imperialism:
- Industrial powers sought raw materials and markets.
- Led to colonization and exploitation.
Reform Laws:
- Factory Acts regulated child labor and working hours.
- Public health and education reforms.
7. Timeline Table
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Year | Event | Significance
--------|---------------------------------------|-----------------------------
1764 | Spinning Jenny invented | Boosted textile production
1775 | Watt’s steam engine improved | Powered industrial machinery
1789 | First factory system in Britain | Centralized production
1807 | First commercial steamboat | Revolutionized transport
1830 | Liverpool-Manchester railway opens | First inter-city rail line
1856 | Bessemer process developed | Mass steel production
1870s | Industrialization spreads to Germany | Global expansion
1900 | Widespread urbanization and industry | Modern industrial society
8. Conclusion
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Legacy:
- The Industrial Revolution laid the foundation for the modern industrial economy.
- It transformed societies, introduced technological innovation, and reshaped
global relations.
- Its influence persists in today’s manufacturing, urban life, and economic
systems.
