Assignments in Mathematics Class IX (Term I)

5. Introduction to Euclid’s Geometry

Important Terms, Definitions and Results

l In geometry, we take a point, a line and a plane l Euclid’s five postulates are :
as undefined terms. (i) A straight line may be drawn from any point
l An axiom or a postulate is a mathematical statement to any other point.
which is assumed to be true without proof. (ii) A terminated line can be produced indefinitely.
These assumptions are actually obvious universal
truths. (iii) A circle can be drawn with any centre and any
radius.
l We use the term postulate for the assumptions that
(iv) All right angles are equal to one another.
were specific to geometry. Axioms, on the other

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hand are assumptions used throughout mathematics (v) If a straight line falling on two straight lines
and not specifically linked to geometry. makes the interior angles on the same side of it

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taken together less than two right angles, then
Theorems are statements which are proved, using

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the two straight line, if produced indefinitely,
definitions, axioms, previously proved statements meet on that side on which the sum of angles
and deductive reasoning. is less than two right angles.

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l Some of the Euclid’s axioms are : l A system of axioms is called consistent, if it is

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(i) Things which are equal to same thing are equal impossible to deduce from these axioms a statement

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to one another. that contradicts any axioms or previously proved
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(ii) If equals are added to equals, the wholes are
equal. l Euclid’s first postulate can also be stated as
below :
(iii) If equals are subtracted from equals, the
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remainders are equals. Given two distinct points, there is a unique line
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that passes through them.

(iv) Things which coincide with one another are
l Two distinct lines cannot have more than one point
equal to one another.
in common.
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(v) The whole is greater than the part.

l Playfair’s Axiom : For every line l and for every
(vi) Things which are double of the same thing are point P not lying on l, there exists a unique line
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equal to one another. m, passing through P and parallel to l.

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(vii) Things which are halves of the same thing are l Two distinct intersecting lines cannot be parallel
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equal to one another. to the same line.

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Summative Assessment
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Multiple Choice Questions [1 Mark]

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A. Important Questions
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1. A point has ................... dimension(s). (c) smaller (d) none of these

(a) no (b) 1 4. A surface has ............ dimension(s).
(c) 2 (d) 3 (a) no (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
2. A breadthless length is called : 5. In the given figure, if AB = PQ and PQ = XY
(a) point (b) line then :
(c) surface (d) none of these (a) AB > XY
3. Things which are equal to the same thing are (b) AB = XY
............. to one another. (c) AB < XY
(a) equal (b) unequal (d) none of these

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 6. The edges of a surface are : 18. How many lines can pass through two distinct
(a) points (b) lines points ?
(c) either (a) or (b) (d) none of these (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) infinite
7. A line segment has : 19. Which one of the following statements is true ?
(a) one mid-point (b) two mid-points (a) A surface has length only.
(c) no mid-point (b) Solid is an undefined term.
(d) infinite number of mid points (c) A line segments can be extended indefinitely
in one direction.
8. Number of points contained in a line is :
(d) All right angles are equal to one another.
(a) one (b) two
20. Two distinct lines ................ have more than one
(c) three (d) infinitely many point in common.
9. The whole is .............. the part. (a) can (b) cannot
(a) equal to (b) smaller than (c) can or cannot (d) none of these

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(c) greater than (d) none of these 21. According to Euclid’s axioms, things which

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10. How many lines can pass through a single are double of the same thing are .............. one

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point ? another.
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) infinite (d) 0 (a) smaller than (b) equal to

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11. Two lines are intersecting, if they : (c) greater than (d) none of these

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(a) are parallel to each other 22. The Euclid’s postulate which led to the discovery

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(b) are perpendicular to each other of several other geometries called non-Euclidean
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(c) have a common point
(a) 3rd postulate (b) 4th postulate
(d) none of these
(c) 5th postulate (d) 6th postulate
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12. Two distinct intersecting lines cannot be ..................
to the same line. 23. According to Euclid 'that which has no part' is :
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(a) equal (b) parallel (a) a line (b) surface

(c) concurrent (d) none of these (c) a point (d) none of these
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13. A statement which we assume to be true is : 24. According to Euclid 'the ends of a line' are :
(a) elements (b) points
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(a) a rule (b) a theorem

(c) an assumption (d) a corollary (c) segments (d) none of these
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14. Two points in a plane are always : 25. Two distinct intersecting lines cannot be parallel
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to the same line. This statement is equivalent to

(a) concurrent (b) collinear Euclid’s :
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(c) intersecting (d) none of these (a) 5th postulate (b) 3rd postulate
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15. A line has ............. dimension(s) . (c) 4th postulate (d) 2nd postulate
(a) no (b) 1 26. If A, B and C are three points on a line and B
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(c) 2 (d) 3 lies between A and C, then :

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16. Which of the following geometric terms is (a) AB + BC = AC (b) AB + AC = BC

undefined ? (c) AC + BC = AB (d) none of these
(a) point (b) line 27. A solid has ............. dimension(s).
(c) plane (d) all the above (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) no
17. If two lines do not intersect each other, then 28. The three steps from solids to points are :
they :
(a) Solids - surfaces - lines - points
(a) are perpendicular to each other
(b) Solids - lines - surfaces - points
(b) lie on the same plane
(c) Lines - points - surfaces - solids
(c) form an angle
(d) Lines - surfaces - points - solids
(d) are parallel to each other

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29. The number of dimensions, a solid has : 42. Euclid’s fifth postulate is :
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0 (a) The whole is greater than the part
30. The number of dimensions, a surface has : (b) A circle may be described with any centre and
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0 any radius.
31. Euclid divided his famous treatise 'The Elements' (c) All right angles are equal to one another.
into : (d) If a straight line falling on two straight lines
(a) 13 chapters (b) 12 chapters makes the interior angles on the same side of it
taken together less than two right angles, then
(c) 11 chapters (d) 9 chapters the two straight lines if produced indefinitely,
32. The total number of propositions in the Elements meet on that side on which the sum of angles
are : is less than two right angles.
(a) 465 (b) 460 (c) 13 (d) 55 43. Axioms are assumed :
33. Boundaries of solids are : (a) universal truths in all branches of mathematics

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(a) surfaces (b) curves (b) universal truths specific to geometry

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(c) lines (d) points (c) theorems
34. Boundaries of surfaces are :

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(d) definitions
(a) surfaces (b) curves 44. It is known that if x + y = 10, then x + y + z =
10 + z. The Euclid’s axiom that illustrates this

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(c) lines (d) points
statement is :
35. In Indus Valley Civilisation (about 300 B.C.), the

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bricks used for construction work were having (a) First Axiom (b) Second Axiom

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dimensions in the ratio : (c) Third Axiom (d) Fourth Axiom
(a) 1 : 3 : 4 (b) 4 : 2 : 1 PR
45. In ancient India, the shapes of altars used for house
(c) 4 : 4 : 1 (d) 4 : 3 : 2 hold rituals were :
36. A pyramid is a solid figure, the base of which is (a) Squares and circles
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(a) only a triangle (b) only a square (b) Triangles and rectangles
(c) only a rectangle (d) any polygon (c) Trapeziums and pyramids
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37. The side faces of a pyramid are : (d) Rectangles and squares
(a) triangles (b) squares 46. The number of interwoven isosceles triangles in
Sriyantra (in the Atharvaveda) is :
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(c) polygons (d) trapeziums

(a) Seven (b) Eight
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38. Euclid belongs to the country :

(a) Babylonia (b) Egypt (c) Nine (d) Eleven
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(c) Greece (d) India 47. Greek’s emphasised on :

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39. Thales belongs to the country : (a) Inductive reasoning (b) Deductive reasoning
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(a) Babylonia (b) Egypt (c) Both (a) and (b)

(c) Greece (d) Rome (d) Practical use of geometry
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40. Pythagoras was a student of : 48. In Ancient India, Altars with combination of shapes
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like rectangles, triangles and trapeziums were used

(a) Thales (b) Euclid
for :
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Archimedes
(a) Public worship (b) Household rituals
41. Euclid’s second axiom is :
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of (a), (b), (c)
(a) The things which are equal to the same thing
are equal to one another. 49. If lines AB, AC, AD and AE are parallel to a line
l, then :
(b) If equals be added to equals, the wholes are
equal. (a) A, B, C are collinear
(c) If equals be subtracted from equals, the (b) B, C, D, E are collinear
remainders are equal. (c) A, B, C, D, E are collinear
(d) Things which coincide with one another are (d) all are correct
equal to one another.
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 50. For every line l and for every point P not lying 53. John is of the same age as Mohan. Ram is also
on l, there exists a unique line m passing through of the same age as Mohan. State the Euclid’s
P and parallel to l. This statement is equivalent axiom that illustrates the relative ages of John and
version of Euclid’s : Ram.
(a) 4th postulate (b) 5th postulate (a) First Axiom (b) Second Axiom
(c) 3rd postulate (d) 2nd postulate (c) Third Axiom (d) Fourth Axiom
51. The line PQ falls on lines AB and CD, such that 54. If a straight line falling on two straight lines
the sum of the interior angles 1 and 2 is less than makes the interior angles on the same side of it,
180° on the left side of PQ. Therefore, the lines whose sum is 120°, then the two straight lines, if
AB and CD will eventually intersect on the : produced indefinitely, meet on the side on which
(a) right side of PQ (b) left side of PQ the sum of angles is :
(c) either side of PQ (d) none of these (a) less than 120° (b) greater than 120°
(c) is equal to 120° (d) greater than 180°
55. In the given figure, if AC = BD, then AB = ?

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(a) BC (b) CD

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(c) BD (d) none of these

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52. Let’s take AB, a line segment. Draw two arcs from 56. If l is a line and P is a point not lying on line l,

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A and B respectively taking radius equal to AB. then how many lines are there which pass through
The two arcs intersect each other at C. Now join P and are parallel to l ?
AC and BC to form a ∆ABC. ∆ABC is a/an :
PR (a) one (b) two
(a) isosceles triangle (b) scalene triangle (c) none (d) infinite
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(c) equilateral triangle (d) none of these
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B. Questions From CBSE Examination Papers

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1. The number of line segments determined by three (a) an axiom (b) a postulate
collinear points is : [T-I (2010)] (c) a definition (d) a proof
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(a) two (b) three 7. 'Lines are parallel if they do not intersect' is stated
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(c) only one (d) four in the form of : [T-I (2010)]

(a) an axiom (b) a definition
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2. Number of dimension(s) a surface has: [T-I (2010)]

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 (c) a postulate (d) a proof
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8. Which of the following is an example of a

3. Two planes intersect each other to form a :
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geometrical line? [T-I (2010)]

[T-I (2010)]
(a) Blackboard (b) Sheet of paper
(a) plane (b) point
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(c) Meeting place of two walls

(c) straight line (d) angle (d) Tip of the sharp pencil
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4. If the point P lies in between M and N and C is 9. Which of the following needs a proof ?
midpoint of MP then: [T-I (2010)] [T-I (2010)]
(a) MC + PN = MN (b) MP + CP = MN (a) Axiom (b) Theorem
(c) MC + CN = MN (d) CP + CN = MN (c) Postulate (d) Definition
5. Euclid stated that all right angles are equal to each 10. A surface is that which has : [T-I (2010)]
other in the form of : [T-I (2010)] (a) length and breadth (b) length only
(a) an axiom (b) a definition (c) breadth only (d) length and height
(c) a postulate (d) a proof 11. 'Two intersecting lines cannot be parallel to the
same line' is stated in the form of : [T-I (2010)]
6. Euclid stated that if equals are subtracted from
(a) an axiom (b) a definition
equals, the remainders are equals in the form
of : [T-I (2010)] (c) a postulate (d) a proof

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Short Answer Type Questions [2 Marks]

A. Important Questions

Write whether the following statements (1-8) 6. Two distinct intersecting lines cannot be parallel
are true or false. In each case justify your to the same line.
answer. 7. If the area of a triangle equals the area of a rectangle
and the area of the rectangle equals that of a square,
1. The Euclidean geometry is used only for figures then the area of the triangle also equals the area
in the plane. of the square.
2. The boundaries of the solids are curves. 8. Of two quantities of the same kind, the first is
3. The edges of a surface are curves. greater than, equal to or less than the second.
4. In geometry, we take a point, a line and a plane 9. State the Playfair's axioms using the Euclid’s fifth
as undefined terms. postulate.

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5. Euclid’s fourth axiom says that everything equals 10. What assumption would you require to conclude

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itself. that a line is parallel to itself ?

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B. Questions From CBSE Examination Papers

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1. In the figure, AE = DF, E is the mid point of AB

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and F is the mid point of DC. Using an Euclid's
axiom, show that AB = DC : [T-I (2010)]

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4. In the figure, it is given that 1 = 4 and 3

= 2. By which Euclid's axiom, it can be shown
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that if 2 = 4, then 1 = 3? [T-I (2010)]

2. In the figure, if PS = RQ, then prove that PR =
SQ. [T-I (2010)]
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1 1
3. In the figure, if QX =XY, PX = XZ and QX
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2 2
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= PX, show that XY = XZ. [T-I (2010)]

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

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A. Important Questions

1. A and B have the same weight. If they each gain

weight by 2 kg, how will their new weights be
compared ?
2. It is given that a + b = 10 and a = c. Show that
c + b = 10.
3. Solve the equation x – 8 = 16 and state which
axiom do you use here.
4. In the figure, if ∠1 = ∠2 and ∠2 = ∠3, then show
5. In the given figure, X and Y are mid-points of AB
that ∠1 = ∠3, using an Euclid’s axiom.
and BC respectively. If AX = CY, then show that
AB = BC.
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 10. State Euclid’s first
four postulates
with supporting
diagrams.
11. In the figure, ∠ABC
= ∠ACB, ∠3 = ∠4.
Show that ∠1 =
∠2.
8. Why Euclidean geometry is not applicable to a 12. In the figure, show
triangle drawn on a sphere ? that length AH >
9. Can you draw a line parallel to a given line through sum of lengths of AB + BC + CD.
a point not on the line using the Euclid’s fifth
postulate. Explain.

Long Answer Type Questions [4 Marks]

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A. Important Questions

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1. A square is a polygon made up of four line segments, (ii) If a ray stands on a line, then the sum of two
out of which length of three line segments are equal adjacent angles so formed is equal to 180°.

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to the length of fourth one and all its angles are 4. State the axiom used in each of the following :

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right angles.

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For the given figure :
Define the terms used in this definition which you
PR(i) AD + DB = AB
feel necessary. Are there any undefined terms?
(ii) AD < AB
2. Check whether the following system of axioms is
consistent or inconsistent. (iii) ∠ADC + ∠BDC = ∠ADB
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(i) Things which are equal to the same thing are (iv) ∠ACB > ∠DCB
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equal to one another.

(ii) If equals are added to equals, the wholes are
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equal.
(iii) Things which are double of the same thing are
equal to one another.
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3. Check whether the following system of axioms is

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consistent or inconsistent.
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(i) If two lines intersect each other, then the

vertically opposite angles are not equal.
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Formative Assessment
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Crossword Puzzle
Objective : To solve a crossword puzzle with mathematical terms.
Clues Down :
1. A symbol which takes on various numerical values
2. The y-coordinate of a point.

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 3. Unit of weight.
4. The unit in which volume is measured.
5. Figures having same shape and size.
Clues Across :
6. A quadrilateral whose all the four vertices lie on a circle.
7. Parallelogram whose diagonals bisect each other at right
angles.
8. An algebraic equation which is true for all values of
variables.
9. The line segment which joins two points on a circle.
10. Height of a triangle.
11. The middle score of a data.
12. An integer but without any sign.

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Square Puzzle

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Draw the five shapes shown below on a graph paper. Cut them out and then rearrange these pieces to form a

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square.

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Tangram Puzzle
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This is an old Chinese puzzle, called a ‘tangram’. Draw a square of side 8 cm

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and divide it into seven parts as shown in the figure.

Mark the regions 1 to 7 as shown.
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1. Arrange the two larger triangles to form a square.

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2. Arrange the remaining five pieces to form an identical square to the square
you arranged in part 1.
3. Arrange all seven pieces to form a rectangle.
4. Remove one piece from the rectangle formed in part 3 and place it in a
new position so that the resulting shape is a parallelogram.
5. Change the position of one piece so as to form a trapezium.
6. Using all seven pieces, can you arrange them to form
(a) a regular hexagon? (b) a hexagon that is not regular?
If yes, show with a sketch how this can be done.

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 Pentomino Puzzle

A pentomino is a set of five squares joined along their sides.

Some of the pentominoes are shown below :

1. On a squared paper draw as many different pentominoes as you can.

2. 5 pentominoes are given below :

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Fit these pentominoes together to form a square.

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Circle Puzzle

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1. T
 ake two points on the circumference of a circle and join
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them. Using a pair of scissors cut along the line. We get
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2 pieces.
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2. N
 ow take three points on the circumference and join all
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the points by straight lines. Cut along the lines to get 4

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pieces.
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3. S
 imilarly, take four points and repeat above steps. You will
get 8 pieces.
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4. N
 ext take five points and repeat the above steps. You will
get 16 pieces.

5. H
 ow many pieces will the circle end up as if you do the same with six points on the circumference?
First guess and then actually do it. See whether your guessing was correct.
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