I.
Classification of Signals
9 hrs.
Continuous time signals (CT signals) and Discrete time signals (DT signals) - Basic operations
on signals elementary signals- Step, Ramp, Pulse, Impulse, Exponential - Classification of CT
and DT signals - Periodic, aperiodic signals-Deterministic and Random signals-even and odd
signals - Real and Complex signals - Energy and power signals.
Signal: Signals are represented mathematically as functions of one or more independent
variables. It mainly focuses attention on signals involving a single independent variable. For
convenience, this will generally refer to the independent variable as time. It is defined as
physical quantities that carry information and changes with respect to time.
Ex: voice, television picture, telegraph.
Continuous Time signal – If the signal is defined over continuous-time, then the signal is a
continuous- time signal.
Ex: Sinusoidal signal, Voice signal, Rectangular pulse function
Discrete Time signal – If the time t can only take discrete values, such as t=kTs is called
Discrete Time signal
Fig.1.1 Discrete Time Signal
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Unit Step Signal:
The Unit Step Signal u(t) is defined as
Graphically it is given by
Fig.1.2 Unit Step Signal
Ramp Signal:
Graphically it is given by
Fig.1.3 Ramp Signal
Pulse Signal:
A signal is having constant amplitude over a particular interval and for the remaining
interval the amplitude is zero.
Impulse Signal:
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Impulse Signal DT representation
Fig.1.4 Impulse Signal DT Signal
Impulse Signal CT representation
Fig.1.5 Impulse Signal CT Signal
Exponential Signal:
Exponential signal is of two types. These two type of signals are real exponential signal
and complex exponential signal which are given below.
Real Exponential Signal: A real exponential signal is defined as x(t)=Ae σt
Complex exponential Signal: The complex exponential signal is given by x(t)=Ae st where
s=σ+jω
Basic Operations on signals:
Several basic operations by which new signals are formed from given signals are familiar
from the algebra and calculus of functions.
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1. Amplitude Scaling :y(t)= a x(t), where a is a real (or possibly complex) constant. C x(t)
is a amplitude scaled version of x(t) whose amplitude is scaled by a factor C.
2. Amplitude Shift: y(t)= x(t)+ b, where b is a real (or possibly complex) constant
3. Signal Addition: y(t)= x1(t) + x2(t)
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As seen from the diagram above,
-10 < t < -3 amplitude of z(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) = 0 + 2 = 2
-3 < t < 3 amplitude of z(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) = 1 + 2 = 3
3 < t < 10 amplitude of z(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) = 0 + 2 = 2
4. Signal Multiplication: y(t)= x1(t). x2(t)
As seen from the diagram above,
-10 < t < -3 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) ×x2(t) = 0 ×2 = 0
-3 < t < 3 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) ×x2(t) = 1 ×2 = 2 3
< t < 10 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) × x2(t) = 0 × 2 = 0
5. Time Shift:
If x(t) is a continuous function, the time-shifted signal is defined as
y(t) x(t t0 ) .
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If t0 > 0, the signal is shifted to the right, and if t 0< 0, the signal is shifted to the left.
x(t ± t0) is time shifted version of the signal x(t).
x (t + t0) →→ negative shift and x (t - t0) →→ positive shift
6. Time Reversal: If x(t) is a continuous function, the time-reversed signal is defined as
y(t) = x(-t). x(-t) is the time reversal of the signal x(t).
7. Time Scaling: If x(t) is a continuous function, a time-scale version of this signal is
defined as y(t)= x(at). If a>1, the signal y(t) is a compressed version of x(t), i.e., the
time interval is compressed to 1/a.
If 0<a< 1, the signal y(t) is a stretched version of x(t), i.e., the time interval is stretched
by 1/a.
. When operating on signals, the time-shifting operation must be performed first, and then
the time-scaling operation is performed. x(At) is time scaled version of the signal x(t).
where, A is always positive.
|A| > 1 →→ Compression of the signal
|A| < 1 →→ Expansion of the signal
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1. A triangular pulse signal x(t) is depicted below.
Sketch each of the following signals:
(a) x(3t)
(b) x(3t 2)
(c) x(2t 1)
(d) x(0.5t 1)
2. Draw the waveform x(-t) and x(2-t) of the signal x(t) = t 0≤t≤3
0 t>3
X(t)
X(-t)
0 1 2 3 t
-3 -2 -1 0 t
X(2-t)
-1 0 1 2 t
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Classification of DT and CT Signals:
1. Even and Odd signal
2. Deterministic and Random Signal
3. Periodic and Aperiodic signal
4. Energy and Power signal
Even and Odd Signal:
An even signal is any signal 'x' such that x(t) = x(-t). Odd signal is a signal 'x' for
which x(t) = -x(-t).
The even and odd parts of a signal are given by
Here Xe(t) denotes the even part of signal X(t) and Xo(t) denotes the odd part of signal X(t).
Deterministic Signal:
Deterministic signals are those signals whose values are completely specified for any
given time. Thus, a deterministic signals can be modeled exactly by a mathematical formula
are known as deterministic signals.
Random (or) Nondeterministic Signals:
Non deterministic signals and events are either random or irregular. Random signals are
also called non deterministic signals are those signals that take random values at any given
time and must be characterized statistically. Random signals, on the other hand, cannot be
described by a mathematical equation they are modeled in probabilistic terms.
Periodic signal:
A CT signal x(t) is said to be periodic if it satisfies the following property: x(t)=x(t+T)
at all time t, where T=Fundamental Time Interval (T=2π/ω)
Ex:
1. x(t)=sin(4πt). It is periodic with period of 1/2
2. x(t)=cos(3πt). It is periodic with period of 2/3
