CROP PROTECTION

ENTOMOLOGY

Division of Entomology
Department of Crop Protection
College of Agriculture
University of Southern Mindanao
Lecture

Attendance 10%
Assignment and Quizzes 25%
Long/1 hour exam/Final Exam 40%
Recitation/Oral Exam 25%

Laboratory

Attendance 10%
Exercises 25%
Examinations 25%
Insect Collection 40%
What is Entomology?
⦿ Entomology is a branch of zoology
which deals with the study of insects
and other related arthropods.

⦿ Arthropods: inlcudes
⦿ Crustaceans:Crabs, Shrimps
⦿ Arachnids: Spiders, ticks and mites
⦿ Entognathous Hexapods
⦿ Insects: beetles, dragonfly
Other arthropods includes millipede
(Diplopoda) and centipede (Chilopoda)
Arthropods
Are spiders insects?
NO!
• Class Arachnida Not Insecta
• 2 body segments -
cephalothorax and abdomen
• 4 pairs of legs
• Includes mites and ticks
• No wings
CEPHALOTHORAX
ADBDOME
N
Facts:
Insects are the most
numerous animals on earth.
Not all insects are pest -
(only < 3%).
Not all pests are insects.
Taxonomic Hierarchy of Classification
Kingdom – Animalia
Phylum – Arthropoda (insects, spider)
Class – Insecta or Hexapoda
Order – Coleoptera (beetles)
Family – Curculionidae
Genus – Cosmopolites
Species – C. sordidus

What is an INSECT ?
Typical characteristics of insects :
•three body regions
•three pair of legs
•one pair of antennae
•May have 1 or 2 pairs of wings
or none.
FYI: Insects are the only invertebrates that fly.
Why insects are the most
successful animal?
⦿ Hard, impervious body cover or
exoskeleton
⦿ Ability to fly
⦿ Size
⦿ High reproductive potential
⦿ Varied stages of development and habitat
⦿ Highly varied habits and behavior
⦿ Protective retreats-burrows, bags and
nests
Why insects are the most
successful animal?
⦿ Adaptability
a. Defense mechanism-intimidating
warning coloration, release of poison
and body shapes.
b. Protective coloration- blending with the
background host, becoming motionless
c. Protective mimicry-mimic distasteful
organisms.
“SPOT THE INSECT
CHALLENGE”
LEAF-MIMIC
GRASSHOPPER
Benefits of insects to man
⦿ Predator
⦿ Parasitoids
⦿ Parasites
⦿ Pollinators
⦿ Soil churners
⦿ Decomposers
⦿ Medicinal benefits (Cantharidine, Allantoin, Bee
venom, maggot therapy)
⦿ Production of useful products (honey, silk,
beeswax, silk, shellac and cochineal dye)
⦿ Food source
⦿ Scientific Investigations
Harmful effects of insects to
man
⦿ As crop pests
⦿ As source of annoyance or injury
⦿ As vectors of disease-causing
pathogens to man, livestock and plant
⦿ Source of entomophobia
What is a pest?
A pest is anything that:
⦿ Injures crops, domestic animals, humans,
structures or possessions
⦿ Competes with crops, animals or humans for
food, feed or water
⦿ Spreads diseases to crops, animals or
humans
⦿ Annoys humans or domestic animals
⦿ Insects are pests when they are sufficiently
numerous to cause economic damage (Debacli,
1964)
Pest can be grouped into:
⦿ Insects
⦿ Plant pathogens
⦿ Weeds
⦿ Mollusks- include Golden apple snail- Pomacea
caliculata

⦿ Vertebrate pests:include birds, rats, bats,

monkeys and rabbits. However, from rhe
economic point of view, only birds and rats are
important.

Common rat species in the Philippines includes:

⦿ Norway rat-Rattus norvegicus
⦿ Philippine field rat-Rattus mindanensis
⦿ Asian field rat-Rattus argentiventer
⦿ Polynesian rat-Rattus exulans
Birds
The common avian pests attacking crop
plants
⦿ Philippine weaver-the most destructive
avian pests
⦿ Padde oryzivora
⦿ Philippine maya
 Growth and Development
• MOLTING – insects must shed their skin
and produce larger one inorder to grow
• Period between molts is referred to as an
“INSTAR”
• Most insect life cycles have between 4 & 8
instars before the adult stage
• Insects can drastically change in shape
and form during growth and development
which is called METAMORPHOSIS
Exuvia (plural: exuviae)-Refers
to the old skin after molting
Growth- the process of increasing in
physical size
Development – the series of
changes by which an individual
insect passes from a lower to a
higher state of being
• The lifecycle of an insect can
vary from species to species.
• Life cycles and development
can be influenced by
temperature, food availability,
etc.
• Higher temperatures promote
more active growth and
development, whereas lower
temperatures slow or hinder
development.
• The majority of insects have
either univoltine or multivoltine
life cycles.
 Voltinism
Indicate the number of broods or
generations of an organism in a year
Univoltine Multivoltine
• One generation per year • Multiple generations per year
• Don’t develop continuosly • Generally develop quite rapidly
throughout the year • Some species only live for a
• Enter into diapause (period matter of days Example -fruit
of suspended development, flies
overwinter) due to drought,
temps high or low
• Example -Weevils
Metamorphosis: the
change that occurs as an
insect develops from an
immature to an adult
 Ametabolous development
continue to molt as sexually mature adults
and there is no real metamorphosis
Few primitive insects
• They never develop wings hence,
“Flightless”
• Look much like the adult only very little
anatomical changes every after molts
• Ex. Silverfish (Thysanura)
Hemimetabolous (incomplete)
development - immatures lack wings
and genitalia
oImmature have different habitat
with the adults
oAdults and immatures look entirely
different
oImmatures are termed as naiad
Paurometabolous/gradual (incomplete)
development- No distinct stages
o Egg, Nymph, Adult
o Immatures are termed as nymphs
o Nymph often appears as small
version of adult
o Adults and immatures share the
same habitat and food source
o Adult often characterized by wings
Holometabolous (complete)
development - a sometimes very
radical change in form and
ecological habits between
immatures and adults
(endopterygotes)
Insects are covered with a hard outer
skeleton called the exoskeleton. The
exoskeleton has many functions
including:
• Protective coating for the insect
• Serves as a place for muscle
attachment
• Water barrier
• Sensory interface with the
environment
3 Phases in molting”
Apolysis
Ecdysis
Sclerotization
 The General Structure of an
Insect
The body of an insect is divisible into 3 main
regions:
• Head – includes mouthparts, the eyes, and
antennae (structures used for ingestion and
sensation)

• Thorax- bears the organ of locomotion and part of

the respiratory openings

• Abdomen- comprises vital organs: reproduction,

excretion, nervous, and respiratory system
 The Insect Head
Orientation of the Insect Head
1. Hypognathous – if the gnathal appendages are
directed downward and the cranium corresponds in
position to the body segment
2. Prognathous – the cranium is turned upward on the
neck so that the mouthparts are directed forward
3. Opisthognathous – deflection of the facial region,
giving the mouthparts a posterior ventral position as in
certain Homoptera
The Insect Eye
• 2 kinds of eyes in insects: compound eyes and ocelli

• The compound eyes, the main organ of vision, are

made up of a large number of separate receptor units
or OMMATIDIA
• The simple eyes or ocelli are present on the head of
most insects, usually three or fewer
 The Antennae
- appendages which are sensory structures located
between or just below the compound eyes. In various
insects they are known to perceive odors and other
chemicals such as pheromones, humidity changes,
vibrations, wind velocity and wind direction.
The antenna is made up of 3 main parts:
1. SCAPE – basal segment
2. PEDICEL – 2nd segment contains the Johnstons Organ
with proprioceptor function
3. FLAGELLUM OR CLAVOLA– 3rd up to last segment
 Forms of Insect Antennae
1.Setaceous – bristle-like, the segments becoming more
slender distally e.g. dragonfly, damselfly
leafhoppers
2. Filiform – thread-like, the segments nearly uniform in size
and usually cylindrical e.g. ground beetle, grasshopper
3. Moniliform – like a string of beads, the segments more or
less similar in size and more or less spherical in
shape e.g. wrinkled bark beetle
4. Serrate – saw-like, the segments particularly those in the
distal half or two thirds of the antenna, more
or less triangular e.g. click beetle
5. Pectinate – comb-like, most segment with long slender,
lateral processes e.g. fire-colored beetle
6. Clubbed – the segments increasing in diameter distally
6a. Clavate – if the increase is gradual
6b. Capitate – if the terminal segments are rather
suddenly enlarged
6c. Lamellate – if the terminal segments are expanded
laterally to form rounded or oval plate-
like lobes
6d. Flabellate – the terminal segments have long,
parallel-sided sheet-like or tongue-like
lobes
7. Geniculate – elbowed, with the 1st segment long and the
following segments small and going off at an
angle to the 1st e.g. ants, chalcids
8. Plumose – feathery, most segments with
whorls of long hairs e.g male mosquito
9. Aristate – the last segment usually enlarged
and bearing a conspicuous dorsal bristle, the
arista
e.g. housefly, syrphid fly
10. Stylate – the last segment bearing an
elongate terminal stylelike or fingerlike
process, the style e.g. robber fly, snipe fly
The Insect Mouthpart
It is composed of:
1. THE LABRUM – single structure
2. THE MANDIBLES – paired structure, jaw
3. THE MAXILLAE – paired structure, with palps
4. THE LABIUM – single structure, with palps
5. THE HYPOPHARYNX - single structure,
tongue-like
Modifications of Insect Mouthparts
General Types:
1. Mandibulate Type - grasshoppers
2. Haustellate Type
Piercing-sucking type –found in bloodsucking and
plant sucking insects.
Tubular, usually jointed
beak or proboscis
enclosing
several needle-like
stylets
Sponging Type– mouthparts of common housefly which
utilizes liquid or semi-solid food but
incapable of piercing tissues

Chewing-lapping Type – mouthparts of bees constitute

a kind of combination type in which the
labrum and mandibles are of the same
structure as in the chewing type, but the
maxillae and labium are elongated,
forming a sort of lapping tongue

The Siphoning-tube Type - in all adult moths and

butterflies composed of a coiled proboscis
The Insect Thorax
• Prothorax – 1st pair of legs or prolegs

• Mesothorax – 2nd pair of legs of

mesolegs/middle legs
- 1st pair of wings or forewings
• Meta thorax – 3rd pair of legs or metalegs,hind
legs
- 2nd pair of wings or hind wings
 The Insect Leg
Parts:
1. Coxa – the segment which articulates with the thorax

2. Trochanter or the hinge- a small segment freely

movable by a horizontal
rd
hinge to the coxa but fixed to
the base of the 3 segment

3. Femur – or thigh – usually the longest and stoutest

part of the leg, although it varies in size in different
groups of insects or stages of development
4. Tibia – or shin, a slender segment, usually shorter than the
femur, there usually are spines and on its apex are
movable spine-like processes called spurs

5. Tarsus – consisting of two to five segments, or sometimes

called tarsomeres, the basal tarsomere is called the
basitarsus. The number of tarsal segments is an
important diagnostic character in some groups of
insects

6. Pretarsus- the terminal segment generally possessing a pair of

claws and a median adhesive pad or arolium (empodium in Diptera)
which enables the insect to walk upside down on ceilings and on
smooth surfaces
 Modifications of the Insect Leg
1. Jumping/Saltatorial – hindleg of grashopper
2. Digging/Fossorial – front leg of mole cricket
3. Walking/Ambulatory – legs of cockroaches
4. Grasping/Raptorial – preying mantis
5. Swimming/Natatorial- diving/aquatic beetles
6. Stridulating/Sound producing – hind femur of
locusts robbed against their forewings at high speed
7. Skating
8. Perching
9. Corbiculate
10. Scansorial
 The
Flies and Insect– membranous
Mosquitoes Wings wings
Wings veins – cross veins and longitudinal veins
Wings Cells –
Halteres or Balancers - diptera
Elytra- beetles
Hemelytra - bugs
Tegmina –leathery front wings of grasshoppers and
cockroaches
Wing coupling mechanisms in insects
Variations in wing structures
The Insect Abdomen
• Composed of 11 segments or less, the last three of
which are modified genital structures called
external genitalia or terminalia. These are the
genital claspers or copulatory organs of the male
and ovipositors or egg-laying structures of the
female
• The dorsolateral plate of each abdominal segment
is called tergum or tergite
• The ventral plate is likewise called the sternum or
sternite
 Phylum Arthropoda
“Insects & their Relatives”

PHYLUM
ARTHROPODA

TRILOBITA CHELICERATA CRUSTACEA LABIATA

MYRIAPOD
XIPHOSURA, HEXAPODA
PAUROPO
A
PYCNOGONID CRUSTACAE DA,
TRILOBITA
A, A CHILOPOD INSECTA,
PENTASTOMID A, DIPLURA,
A, DIPLOPOD PROTURA,
TARDIGRADA A, COLLEMBO
ARACHNIDA SYMPHYL LA
A
 Insect Orders
Collembola Phasmatodea Strepsiptera
Protura Grylloblattodea Diplura Dermaptera
Archaeognatha Orthoptera Neuroptera
Trichoptera Isoptera
Thysanura Coleoptera Hymenoptera
Ephemeroptera Embioptera Odonata
Siphonaptera Thysanoptera Hemiptera
Plecoptera Psocoptera Diptera
Blattodea Mantodea Lepidoptera
Homoptera
Coleoptera -Beetles
•Largest order of insects
•Complete metamorphosis -larvae are grubs
•Chewing mouthparts larvae and adults
•Two pairs of wings-first hardened into wing
covers called “elytra”
•Herbivores and carnivores

Colorado Potato
Beetle
Lepidoptera Butterflies, Moths
•Complete metamorphosis
•Larvae have chewing mouth parts
•Adults have sucking mouthparts (proboscis)
•Two pairs of wings/ covered with scales
Tomato Fruitworm
Hymenoptera Ants, Bees, Wasps
•Complete metamorphosis
•Chewing mouthparts in larvae
•Some adults have chewing (ants) some have sucking
(bees)
•Two pairs of wings membranes hooked together to work as
one
HAMULI
Hemiptera True bugs, Stink bugs,
Assassin bugs, Squash bugs
•Simple development
•Sucking mouthparts
•Front wings generally hemelytrous, (thickened at
the base and membranous at the tip)
•Hind wings membranous and shorter than the
front wings

JOESEPH SELLADO QUISADO

Diptera True Flies
•Complete metamorphosis larvae are maggots
•Chewing mouthparts in larvae and variable in
adults (piercing-sucking, sponging)
•Adults only have 1 pair of wings
HALTER
E
Isoptera Termites
• Specialized life cycle that includes; egg, larvae,
nymph, worker, soldier, king, and queen
• Chewing mouthparts in larvae; variable in adults
• Wings are variable
• Have complex caste system (soldiers, sterile
workers, reproducers)
• Reproducers excrete hormone to suppress sexual
development of the rest of the colony
Orthoptera Grasshopper, Crickets
• Incomplete metamorphosis
• Chewing mouthparts
• One/two pair of wings, no wings
• Modified hind legs
Forewing: tegmina
Dermaptera Earwigs
• Incomplete metamorphosis
• Feed on animal and plant matter
• Chewing mouthparts
• Have pincers at the end of the abdomen
• Two pair of wings
Thysanoptera
Thrips
• Incomplete metamorphosis
• Generally feed on plant
matter some are beneficial
• Rasping sucking
mouthparts
• Two pair of wings, some no
wings
Collembola ( kollo=glue;
embola=tail)
⦿ Springtails
⦿ Distribution: Cosmopolitan or can be
found anywhere
⦿ Springtails are small, elongate globular
hexapods with soft body without sclerites
but clothed with hairs and sometimes
scales. Metamorphosis is simple or slight.
Most species are decomposers but some
are known pest of mushroom.
Protura (protos=first;
ura=tail)
⦿ Proturans
⦿ Distribution: Cosmopolitan
⦿ Decomposers basically inhabitants of
soil and leaf litters
Diplura (diplos=two;
ura=tail)
⦿ Diplurans
⦿ Distribution: Cosmopolitan
⦿ Decomposers
⦿ Diplurans are usually small insect with
many segmented antennae and
elongate body. Metamorphosis is simple
and slight.
Archeognatha (
archeus=ancient;
gnatha=jaws)
⦿ Bristletails
⦿ Cosmopolitan
⦿ Decomposers inhabiting soil and leaf
litters especially in the forests.
⦿ Bristletails are primitive wingless
insects. At first glance they resemble
silverfish, however, silverfish have their
abdominal filament nearly equal in
length . In bristle tails the central
filament is much longer than two sides.
BRISTLE TAIL SILVERFISH
Thysanura (thysanus=fringe;
ura=tail)
⦿ Silverfish
⦿ Cosmopolitan
⦿ Most species are decomposers but a
few species are pests in household
especially feeding on the starchy
portions of books and clothings.
Ephemeroptera
(ephemeros=short lived;
ptera=wings)
⦿ Mayflies
⦿ Cosmopolitan
⦿ Larvae are important food of fishes.
⦿ Mayflies are delicate soft-bodied insect
with poorly scletorized body wings. They
have large eyes and minute antennae, 2
or usually 3 long, jointed appendages at
the tip of the abdomen. The wings have
many cross veins and the hindwings are
usually relatively small. Metamorphosis
is gradual
Odonata (odous=toothed)
⦿ Dragonflies and damselflies
⦿ Both adults and naiads are general predator
of insects.
⦿ Odonata is a very ancient order with fossils
dating from the upper carboniferous.
⦿ Dragonflies and damselflies are very similar
in appearance but differ as follows.
⦿ Wings of dragonflies are spread out
perpendicular to the body, while damselflies
bring their wings together loosely over the
back of their abdomen, dragonflies tend to
be strong built, while damselflies are
delicate.
DAMSELFY

DRAGONFLY

NAIAD
 Plecoptera (plekos=to fold;
ptera=wings)
⦿ Stoneflies
⦿ Larvae serve as food for the fishes and
are also good bio indicators of aquatic
pollution.
⦿ Stone flies are soft bodied insects that
generally have to unequal pairs of
membranous intricately veined wing.
The forewing are smaller than the
hindwing and often longer than the
abdomen, metamorphosis are simple.
Blattodea (blatta=insect that
shawns light)
⦿ Cockroaches
⦿ Cosmopolitan, predominantly torpical
⦿ Household pests, some species are
arboreal (tree dwellers) and some
reported to be predatory
⦿ Eggs are enclosed in ootheca.
Phasmatodea
(phasma=apparition,
phantom)
⦿ Stick insects, leaf insect, walking stick
⦿ All phasmids are phytophagous and are
remarkable for their ability to mimic their
environment.
Psocoptera:psocus=biting;pteron=
wings

Common Name: Booklice and

Barklice
Indoor species qre pest of books
and insect collections
Embioptera: embio=lively;
pteron wings
Common Name : Web Spinners
Grylloblattodea
Strepsiptera:which means
twisted wings “The True
Parasite”
Neuroptera: neuro=nerve;
ptera=wings
Common name: Antlion, Lacewing
Economic Importance: Predator
Complete Metamorphosis
Trichoptera
Mantodea
 Aphids
-Transmit Banana
Bunchy Top Virus
(BBTV)
Banana
Bunchy
Top Virus
(BBTV)
- caused by
Pentalonia nigronervosa
Banana aphids
Pest Control Measures
1. Cultural Control- purposeful
manipulation of the environment
to make it less favorable for the
pest in terms of feeding, habitat
and oviposition.
Sanitation
Tillage and Cultivation
Crop Rotation
Land and Crop Management
Other practices
Thinning/Detopping
Trap Cropping
Deleafing and Pruning
 2. Host Plant
Resistance-
Pest farmers’
Control Measures
first line of defense
- Control of pests by
planting resistant plant
varieties
True Resistance
oAntixenosis
oAntibiosis
oTolerance
False Resistance
Pest Control Measures
3. Mechanical Control- use of
mechanical force or manual
labor either for destruction or
exclusion of pests

a. Mechanical destruction
1. Manual labor
2. Mechanical force
b. Mechanical Exclusion
Pest Control Measures
4. Physical Control- modification of
the physical factors of the
environment to minimize or prevent
pest problems.

Example: temperature, light,

moistures, electromagnetic and
sound energy manipulation
Pest Control Measures

5. Genetic Control- use of sterile

male insect technique
Pest Control Measures

6. Biological Control- the use of living organism for the control of pest.
- Use of predators, parasites, parasitoids and microorganisms

Strategies:
• Classical/Introduction of exotic species
• Augmentation
▪ Inundative
▪ Inoculative
• Conservation
Pest Control Measures
 Pest Control Measures
7. Chemical Control- Use of chemicals to control insect pests

Classification based on mode of entry:

Contact
Stomach
Fumigant
Systemic

Classification based on mode of action:

Nerve Poison
Molting inhibitor
Protoplasmic Poison
Respiratory poison
Physical Poison
Metabolic Inhibitors
Broad
Narrow
Specific

Pesticide Category based on

color codes
Category I- Red
Category II- Yellow
Category III- Blue
Category IV- Green
Pesticide Formulation
• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas

Kinds
• Organochlorines
• Organophosphates
• Carbamates
• Synthetic Pyrethroids
• Botanical Insecticides
THANK YOU and
GOD BLESS YOU!!!!!!!!

LHORDZ