► The Laplacian
2
f 2
f
f ( x, y ) 2 2
2
x y
f ( x 1, y ) f ( x 1, y ) f ( x, y 1) f ( x, y 1)
4 f ( x, y )
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Detection of Isolated Points
1 if | R( x, y ) | T
g ( x, y )
0 otherwise
9
R wk zk
k 1
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Detecting Line in Specified Directions
► Let R1, R2, R3, and R4 denote the responses of the masks in
Fig. 10.6. If, at a given point in the image, |Rk|>|Rj|, for all
j≠k, that point is said to be more likely associated with a
line in the direction of mask k.
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Basic Edge Detection by Using First-Order
Derivative
f
g x x
Edge normal: f grad ( f )
g y f
y
Edge unit normal: f / mag(f )
In practice,sometimes the magnitude is approximated by
f f f f
mag(f )= + or mag(f )=max | |,| |
x y x y
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Image gradient
► The gradient of an image:
The gradient points in the direction of most rapid increase in intensity
The gradient direction is given by:
• how does this relate to the direction of the edge?
The edge strength is given by the gradient magnitude
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Edge Detection
► Edges are pixels where the brightness function changes
abruptly
► Edge models
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Effects of noise
► Consider a single row or column of the
image
• Plotting intensity as a function of position
gives a signal
Derivatives amplify noise!
Where is the edge?
Frequency Domain Image
Processing
2-D Fourier Transform: Continuous
F ( , ) f (t , z )e j 2 ( t z )
dtdz
and
f (t , z ) f ( , )e j 2 ( t z )
d d
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2-D Fourier Transform: Continuous
F ( , ) f (t , z )e j 2 ( t z ) dtdz
T /2 Z /2
Ae j 2 ( t z ) dtdz
T /2 Z /2
sin(T ) sin( T )
ATZ T
T
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