Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences

Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci., Vol 6 Special issue [2] 2017:
2017 403-406
©2017 Academy for Environment and Life Sciences, India
Online ISSN 2277-1808
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FULL LENGTH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

Effect of sowing environment and genotypes on medium duration

rice under south alluvial zones of Bihar
Birendra Kumar1*, Niru Kumari1, Shashank Tyagi1 and Amarendra Kumar2
1Department of Agronomy
2Department of Plant pathology

Bihar Agricultural University,

University Sabour, Bhagalpur-813210
*Corresponding author e-mail:
e [email protected]

ABSTRACT
A field experiment was conducted during Kharif season of 2012 and 2013 at Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour on
medium loam soil under aerobic situation to study the effect of o sowing environment and genotypes on medium duration
rice under south alluvial zones of Bihar. The experiment was laid out in Split Plots design with eighteen treatments
having three replications. Six rice genotypes viz. Prabhat, Sushksamrat, MTU1010, MTU1001, PHB71 and A6444 were
grown under aerobic conditions with three dates of sowing viz. 10 June, 20 June and 30 June. The results revealed that
accumulated heat units and yield decreased with delayeddelay in sowing time till crop reached tillering stage and increased
thereafter till crop physiological maturity. Aerobic rice sown on10th June utilized more thermal and heat units as
compared to 20th June and 30th June sown crop. The grain yield was higher when maximum temperature (Tmax ) during
heading phase remained between 32.4 4 and 32.80 C and decreased considerably when Tmax was above 33 33.50 C during this
phase . The total grain yield declines by 4.31 q ha-1 per 10C rise in Tmax during heading
eading stage due to reduction in ‘pollen
viability’, resulting in greater spikelet sterility and consequently lower grain yield. Daily bright sunshine hours (BSH) of 7
to 8 hours during flowering stage led to enhanced grain yield. However, BSH of less than 7 hours resulted in decline of
grain yield. Correlation studies indicated
indicate significant positive
ositive correlation was recorded between bright sunshine hours
and grain yield of aerobic rice.
Key words: Genotypes, grain yield, growing degree days, rice, weather parameters

Received 02.07.2017 Revised 09.08.2017 Accepted 30.08.2017

INTRODUCTION
Rice productivity largely affected by set of climatic variables like rainfall, temperature and solar radiation
etc. play a significant role for potential yield. The responses and requirements of these variables which
determine the growth and development of a plant in a given environment
environment may vary from variety to
variety with in a species. In the same variety, they may also very from one growth stage to another. The
final biomass and yield of crops depend on the integrated effects of stages. Phonological development is
the most important ant attribute involved in crop adaptation to varied growing environments. The crop
duration under different dates of sowing of rice are greatly influenced by temperature and may be
estimated by accumulated heat unit [1]. Kharif season length and the relati relative duration of key
phenophases, are critical determinants of grain yield in field crops.
In Bihar rice crop is grown on an area of about 3.3 million hectares,, producing 6.8 million tons with an
average productivity of 2.1 tons per hectare [2].. There is a wide gap between average productivity and
potential productivity owing to environmental factors, technology adoption and timely availability of
inputs [3]. Thus, to understand the crop phenology-weather
phenology weather interaction and to enhance the rice
productivity in the highly dense populated state Bihar,, the knowledge of the duration of different
developmental phases and their association with yield determining weather factors is essential. With the
help of crop weather relation studies, it is possible to show as to how the changes in rainfall amount, solar
radiation and temperature during different growth stages influence the crop productivity. Many
researchers have studied crop weather relations and developed location specific regression models using
weather
ther variables for predication of yields of rice [4] and [5]. However, a very few information is
available at present. In view of above, an attempt has been made here to assess the impact of weather

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variables prevailing during different phenology phases of growth on grain yield and thereby quantify and
optimum weather conditions for maximizing the aerobic rice production at Sabour, Bhagalpur under
South alluvial zones of Bihar.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The field experiment was conducted during rainy seasons the ( kharif ) of 2012 and 2013 at Bihar
Agricultural University, Sabour, Bihar (25°04´ N latitude, 87°04´ E longitude and 37.19 meter above mean
sea levels),in a Split plots design with three replications. The treatments comprised of dates of sowing in
Main plot viz. 10 June, 20 June and 30 June whereas Sub plot treatments comprised of varieties viz.
Prabhat, Sushksamrat,MTU1010, MTU1001, PHB71 and A6444.The experimental soil was sandy loam in
texture having the pH 7.3. The organic carbon, electrical conductivity, available nitrogen, phosphorus and
potash were 0.49%, 0.106 ds/m, 251.3, 25.41 and 189.36 kg/ha, respectively.
Rice was sown at 20 cm apart in rows in 10 cm plant to plant distance in the first fortnight of June,
depending upon the onset of monsoon, during the two years. The crop was fertilized with 80, 40, 20 kg ha-
1 of N, P O and K O, respectively in the forms of urea, single superphosphate and muriate of potash,
2 5 2
respectively. In rice, half recommended dose of N (40 kg ha-1) and full dose of P2O5 and K2O was applied at
sowing while the remaining nitrogen (40kg ha-1) was applied in two splits dose, half at active tillering and
the rest half at panicle initiation stage. All the other recommended agronomic and plant protection
measures were adopted to raise the crop. The occurrence of phonological events like tillering, heading,
flowering, milking, dough and maturity were recorded from each plot and average dates of these phases
were calculated and used for analysis.
Table1: Various Phenological phases and GDD requirements under different sowing dates of kharif
aerobic rice
date of sowing Tillering Heading flowering Milking Dough Maturity
days after sowing
10 June 48 79 91 101 112 127
20 June 47 76 87 98 109 125
30 June 45 75 86 97 108 120

GDD(0Cday)
10 June 1040 1686 1937 2149 2368 2662
20 June 1015 1612 1846 2073 2289 2580
30 June 970 1596 1824 2040 2252 2453

The daily weather data on maximum, minimum temperature and sunshine hours for the growing seasons
were collected from the nearby agrometeorological observatory, Bihar Agricultural University Sabour.
Optimum weather conditions in terms of mean and ranges of maximum temperature (Tmax ), minimum
temperature(Tmin ) and bright sunshine hours (BSH) during different crop growth phases were worked
out based on daily weather observations. The accumulated growing degree day (GDD) or heat units were
worked out for different phases of growth using the following equation:
GDD = [(Tmax + Tmin )/2-Tb]
Where, Tmax = Maximum temperature of the day in 0CHHH

Tmax = Minimum temperature of the day in 0CHHH

Tb = Base temperature in 0C
In the present study, Tb considered was 8 0C. Simple correlation coefficients were computed between rice
yield and weather parameters [6].

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The duration of various phonological phases of aerobic rice on two consequent crop seasons observations
presented in the (Table1) revealed that there was a lot of variation in days required to attain different
phases when the crop is grown under different micro-environmental conditions. The first two dates of
sowing could be considered as normal sowing date for aerobic rice in this region, whereas 30 June
represents late sowing of the aerobic rice. The result revealed that there was a decrease in duration of
different growth phases with delay in sowing of aerobic rice. The crop sown on 30 June required 3 days
less to attain maximum tillering stage than that sown on 10 June. However, the duration required to
attain 50% flowering in 10 June and 20 June sown crop were 91 and 87 days, respectively. The crop sown
on 10 June crop may attained maturity in 127 days, while crop sown on 30 June reached maturity in 120
days. [7] reported that higher air temperature and incident radiation tend to advance anthesis in rice.

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Such variation in durations of different phenophases of the rice crop may have been due to changes of
sowing dates, which led to early or delayed fulfillment of thermal requirements to attain a particular
phenophase. While considering the accumulated GDD (Table 1) required for reaching different
phenophases, it was observed that similar pattern like that of phenophase durations was noticed in all
phenophases.
Table 2: Correlation coefficients of weather variables at different phonological phases with grain
yield of aerobic rice. HHH
Weather Tillering Heading Flowering Milking Dough Maturity
paramenters
Tmax 0.17 -0.56** 0.77** 0.13 0.07 0.02
Tmin 0.26 -0.13 0.16 -0.03 -0.12 -0.14
Tmean 0.13 0.08 0.27 0.47* 0.63 0.55**
BSH -0.08 -0.37 0.83 ** 0.14 0.12 0.38

The accumulated GDD to reach tillering decreased with delay in sowing, whereas, the accumulated GDD
for attaining other growth phases also decreased. As compared to 10 June sown aerobic rice crop to the
30 June sown crop availed of more GDD for attaining 50% flowering stage and the respective GDD were
1937, 1846 and 1824 0C days respectively. At maturity, the accumulated GDD were 2662, 2580 and 2453
oC days for 10 June, 20 June and 30 June sown aerobic rice crops, respectively. The days to attain tillering,

heading, flowering and maturity demonstrated higher positive correlation coefficients, ranging from 0.77
to 0.83, with their corresponding GDD requirements, and thus indicating the dependence of phasic
thermal time requirements on phenophase durations. Requirement of higher thermal time in early sown
aerobic rice crop for completion of heading corroborates the previous work of [8] in transplanted rice.
The 10 June sown crop in present study availed more time of hot summer months than did 30 June sown
crop and hence accumulated more thermal time.
HHH

Crop-weather relations
The performance of a crop is at the mercy of mainly on the growing season, prevailing weather conditions
and the genetic make-up of any crop species. Hence, identification of critical weather variables and their
quantification at different growth phases is prerequisite for successful crop production in a region.
Correlation coefficients (Table 2) between weather parameters at different phenophases of aerobic rice
and grain yield indicated that there was a significant positive correlation of Tmax with grain yield during
flowering, correlation of negative correlation during heading phase. Except at tillering and flowering
phases, Tmin showed negative correlation with grain yield. The BSH exhibited significant positive
correlation with grain yield establishing thereby that light plays an important role in the growth and yield
of rice during flowering phase. The significant positive association of Tmean at milking, dough and maturity
phases with grain yield was observed; demonstrating thereby that higher, Tmean led to enhanced grain
yield. HHH

The relationship of mean BSH during flowering stage and , Tmax during heading and flowering stages with
grain yield of aerobic rice have been presented in (Table 2) . The relationship between grain yield and
BSH indicated that mean BSH during flowering stage showed positive linear relationship with grain yield,
ascribing to increasing grain yield with lengthening BSH. The rate of increase of grain yield per 1 hour
rise in sunshine during flowering phase was 2.7 q ha-1. [9] reported that the number of tillers and ears
(panicles) increased with the intensity and quantity of light. In the present study, BSH during flowering to
maturity phases demonstrated positive correlation with grain yield (Table 2.), leading to the fact that
higher values of BSH prevailing during anthesis to maturity augmented the grain yield and its attributes.
[10] observed significant positive correlation between solar radiation during panicle initiation to crop
maturity and grain yield of rice. [11] observed that more sunshine at the time of panicle emergence to
fertilization leads to greater yield. It was noted that grain yield was higher at mean BSG between 7 to 8
hours during flowering stage, while yield decreased with BSH of less than 7 hours during this growth
stage.

CONCLUSIONS
Crops weather relationship studies brought out several critical information, which could be useful in
achieving attainable yield of aerobic rice under south alluvial zones of Bihar. Higher grain yield was
observed at Tmax between 32.4 and 32.80C during heading while grain yield reduced appreciable when

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Tmax>33.5 0C was recorded during this phase, Daily bright sunshine hour (BSH) of 7 to 8 hours was found
to enhance the rice grain yield, while the yield decreased at BSH of less than 7 hour during flowering
stage. Weather during flowering of the crop played most important role by exercising its impact on grain
yield of aerobic rice.

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CITATION OF THIS ARTICLE
Birendra Kumar, Niru Kumari, Shashank Tyagi and Amarendra Kumar . Effect of sowing environment and genotypes
on medium duration rice under south alluvial zones of Bihar. Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci., Vol 6 Special issue 2,
2017: 403-406

BEPLS Vol 6 Spl issue [2] 2017 407 | P a g e ©2017 AELS, INDIA