TRANSFORMSANDPARTI

ALDI
FFERENTI
ALEQUATI
ON
PARTA
Prepar
edbyI.ATHAL,
AP/
Mat
hs,
PSNACol
l
egeofEngi
neer
ing
andTechnol
ogy
UNI
T1PARTI
ALDI
FFERENTI
ALEQUATI
ON
1)For
m ap.d.
ebyelimi
nat
ingt
hear
bit
rar
yconst
ant
saandbf
rom
2 2
z=(x-
a)+(y-b).
Sol
uti
on:

2 2
Gi
venz=(
x-a)+(
y-b)--
--
--
--
-(1)

∂z p
p= =2(
x-a)i
.e.
,x-
a=
∂x 2

∂z q
q= =2(
y-b)i
.e.
,y-
b=
∂y 2

∴(
1)⇒z=
p2
2 () ()
+
q2
2

p2 q2
z= +
4 4

4z=p2+ q2whi
chi
sther
equi
redp.
d.e.

2)For
mt hepart
ialdi
ff
erent
ialequat
ionbyel
i
minat
ingaandbf
rom
z=a(x+y)+b
Sol
uti
on:
Gi
venz=a(
x+y
)+b=ax+ay
+b
 ∂z
p= =a-
--
--
--
-(
1)
∂x

∂z
q= =a-
--
--
--
-(
2)
∂y

Fr
om (
1)&(
2),p=q

3)El
i
minat
ethear
bit
rar
yfunct
ionff
rom (
i)
z=f
y
x () (
ii
)z2=xy
+f(
x/z)

Sol
uti
on:

(
i)
Giv
enz=f
y
x ()
()
y
fz, 0 Her
x
eu=z,v
=
y
x

| |
∂u ∂v
∂x ∂x
∂u ∂u =0 
∂y ∂y

| |
.
-y
p
x2 =0
q
.

p qy px+qy
+ 2=0 =0 px+qy=0
x x x2

(
ii
)Gi
ven z2-
xy=f
(x/
z)
x
f
(z2-
xy,)
=0
z

x
eu=z2-
Her xyandv
=
z
 z-px z-px
2zp-
y 2zp-
y
z2 z2

=0  =0

-
xq z.
0-xq
2zq-
x 2zq-
x
z2 z2

-xq z-
px
(
2zp-
y)( 2 )-
(2zq-
x)( 2)
=0
z z

-
(2zp-
y)(
xq)
-(
2zq-
x)(
z-px)
=0
-
2xzpq+xy
q-2z2q- px2=0
+2xzpq+xz-
xy
q-2z2q+xz-
px2=0

∂2z ∂2z ∂2z x+y

4)Sol
ve 2-5 +6 2 = e
∂x ∂x∂y ∂y

Sol
uti
on:

en ( ) x+y
Gi
v D2-5DD'+6D'
2
z=e

Theauxi
l
iar
yequat
i sm2-5m + 6=0(
oni Repl
aceDbym andD’
by1)

m =2,
3

F.=φ1(
C. y+2x)+φ2(
y+3x)

1 x+y
P.
I.= 2 ' 2e
D-5DD+6D'

(
Repl
aceD=1andD’
=1)

=e
x+y
[ ] []
1
1-
5+6
=e
x+y 1 1 x+y
= e
2 2
 1 x+y
Thegenenr
alsol
uti
oni
sz=C.
F+P.
I=φ1(
y+2x)+φ2(
y )+ e
+3x
2

∂3z ∂3z ∂3z ∂3z

5)Sol
ve 3-2 2 -4 2+8 3 =0
∂x ∂x∂y ∂x∂y ∂y

Sol
uti
on:

Gi
ven(
D3-2D2D'-4DD'
2 3
+8D')z=0

TheA. sm3-2m2-4m + 8=0

E.i

m2(
m-2)
-4(
m-2)=0

(
m-2)
(m2-
4)=0

(
m-2)
=0,
(m2-
4)=0

m =2,
m =±2

∴m =2,
2,-
2

∴z=φ1(
y+2x)+φ2(
y+2x)+ φ3(
y-2x).

6)Fi
ndt
hecompl
etei
ntegr
alofpq=xy
.

Sol
uti
on:

Gi
ven pq=xy
.

p y
Hence =
x q

I
tisoft
hef
ormf
(x,
p)=φ(
y,q)

p y
Let = =a(ai
sanar
bit
rar
yconst
ant
)
x q
 y
∴p=axandq=
a

Hence dz=pdx+qdy

1
⌡
dz=a⌡
xdx+ ⌡y
dy
a

ax2 y 2
+c 2az=a2x2+y
2
z= + +bi
sther
equi
redcompl
ete
2 2a
i
ntegr
al.

7)Wr
it
ethesol
utonofpx2+qy
i 2
=z2

enpx2+qy
2
Sol
uti
on Gi
v =z2

Thi
sisequat
ionoft
hef
orm Pp+Qq=R

eP=x2, 2
Wher Q=y R=z2
,

dx dy dz
Lagr
ange’
ssubsi
diar
yequat
ionsar
e = =
P Q R

dx dy dz
i
.e. = 2= 2 -
--
--
--
--(
1)
x2 y z

dx dy dy dz
Take = 2 Take 2 = 2
x2 y y z

dx dy dy dz
∫2 = ∫2 ∫2 = ∫2
x y y z

-
1 -1 -
1 -1
= -c = -c
x y 1 y z 2

1 1 1 1
c
- =- - =c
y x 1 y z 2
 1 1
c1= -
x y

1 1 1 1
i
.e.
,u= - i
.e.
,v= -
x y y z

Hencet
hegener
alsol
uti
oni
11 11
(
sø - , - =0
xy yz )
8)Fi
ndt
hepar
ti
cul
ari
nt alof(
egr )z=si
D2-DD' nxcos2y

Sol
uti
on:
1
P.
I= si
nxcos2y
( )
2
D-DD'

1 1
=
( )2
2 [
sin( )
x+2y+si
n(x-
2y]
)
D-DD'

=
1
2 ( 2
1
D-DD'[
)
n(
si )+
x+2y
1
2 ( 2
] [
1
D-DD')
n(
si x-
2y)
]
I
nfi
rstt
erm D2=-
1,DD'
=-( 2
2*1),D'=-
4

I
nSecondt
erm D2=-
1,DD'=-
(1*
-2) 2
,D'=-
4

=
1 1
2 -
1-[
(
-2)
n(
si ] [
)+
x+2y
1 1
2 -
1-2
n(
si x-
2y]
)

=
1
2
[ n(
si )
x+2y]+ [
1 -
1
2 3
n(
si x-
2y) ]
1 -
1
=
2
[ n(
si )
x+2y]+ [si
6
n(x-
2y]
)

9) Sol
ve(
D2-2DD'+D'
2
)z=cos(
x-3y
)

Sol
uti
on:

Gi
ven(
D2-2DD'+D'
2
)z=cos(
x-3y
)

Theauxi
l
lar
yequat
i sm2-2m + 1=0
oni
 2
(
m-1) =0 m =1,
1

F.=ø1(
C. y+x)+ xø2(
y+x)

1 cos(x-3y) -
1
P.
I= 2cos(
x-3y
)= = cos(
x-3y
)
2 '
D-2DD+D' -1-2(3)-
9 16

1
Thegener
alsol
uti sz=ø1(
oni y+x)+ xø2(
y+x)- cos(
x-3y
)
16

11.
Sol
ve(
D-1)
( D'+1)
D- z=0

Sol
uti
on

I
tisi
nthef
orm of(
D-m1D'-
1)(
D-m2D'-
1)z=0

Her
em1=0,
m2=1andA-
1,B=-
1
-
x
F=eAxø1(
C. y+m1x)+ eBxø2(
y+m2x)=e1xø1(
y)+ eø2(
y+x)

Uni
t–I
IFOURI
ERSERI
ES

(
Prepar
edbyI
.ATHAL,
AP/
Mat
hs,
PSNACol
l
egeofEngi
neer
ing
andTechnol
ogy

1.St
ateDi
ri
chl
et’
scondi
ti
on(
Or)
Whendoesaf
unct
ionpossessaFour
ier
ser
ies expansi
on f
(x)t
o hav
e Four
ierser
ies expansi
on (
Or)Wr
it
ethe
condi
ti
onsf
oraf
unct
ionf
(x)t
osat
isf
yfort
heexi
stenceofaFour
ierser
ies

a0
Sol
uti
on: Anyf
unct
ionf
(x)canbedev
elopedasaFour
ierser
ies +
2
∑∞
n=1an
cosnx+ ∑∞
n=1bn
si e a0,an,bn ar
nnx wher e const
ant
s,pr
ovi
ded i
t
sat
isf
iest
hef
oll
owi
ngDi
ri
chl
et’
scondi
ti
ons
 (
i) f
(x)i
sper
iodi
c,si
ngl
eval
uedandf
ini
te.

(
i) f
i (x)hasaf
ini
tenumberofdi
scont
inui
ti
esi
nanyoneper
iod.

(
ii
i) f
(x)hasaf
ini
tenumberofmaxi
maandmi
nima.

2.Def
iner
ootmeansquar
eval
ueoref
fect
ivev
alueofaf
unct
ionf
(x)i
n(a,
b)
.

Sol
uti
on:TheR.
M.Sv
alueoft
hef
unct
ioni
nani
nter
val(
a,b)i
sdef
inedas
̅2 1 b
a[ ]
Then y= ∫ fx)2dx.
(
b-
a

3.Fi
ndt
her
ootmeansquar
eval
ueoft
hef
unct
ionf
(x)=-xi
nthei
nter
val
0<x<2.

̅2 1 b
a[ ]
Sol
uti
on y= ∫ fx)2dx
(
b-
a

1 2π 2
=. ∫ (
π-x)dx
2π-
0 0

1 [ x)]
32π
(π- 0 1 [
(-
π)3
-0] 1 (-
π)3
π2
=. = .= =
2π -
3 2π - 3 2π -
3 3

̅ π
R.
M.S y=
3

4.St
atePar
sev
al’
sident
it
yfort
hehal
f-
rangecosi onoff
neexpansi (x)i
n(0,
1)
.(
or)I
ff(
x)i
sexpandedasahal
frangecosi
neser
iesExpr 1
ess∫
0
[f
( ]
x)2
dxi
n
t
ermsofa0andan

Sol
uti
on:ThePar
sev
al’
sident
it
yfort
hehal
f-
rangecosi onoff
neexpansi (x)
 2
2l a0
i
n(0,
1)i
sgi
venby
l
∫
0
[f
(x]
)2
dx=
2
+ ∑∞
n=1a
2
n

2
21 a0
Her
el=1,
Ther
ef e, ∫
or
10
[f
(x]
)2
dx=
2
+ ∑∞
n=1a
2
n

5.Whatar
ethev
aluesoft
heFour
ierconst
ant
swhenanoddf
unct
ionf
(x)i
s
expandedi
naFour
ierser
iesi
nthei
nter
v –l
al ol
t .

nπx
Sol
uti
on Let f
(x)=∑∞ b
. si
n
n=1 n
l

ea0=0,
Her an=0,
2l
bn= ∫
l0
fx
()si
n
nπx
l
dx ( )
6.Sum t
heFour
ierser
i orf
esf (x)= { x,
0<x<1
2,
1<x<2
atx=1.

Sol
uton:x=1i
i sapoi
ntofdi
scont
inui
ty(
inmi
ddl
e)of(
0,2)
.

f(
1-)+f(
1+) 1+2 3
Sum = = =
2 2 2

7.Fi
ndt
heconst
antt
erm oft
heFour
ierser
iescor
respondi o f
ngt (x)=
cos2xexpr
essedi
nthei
nter
val
(-,
).

1+cos2x
Sol
uti
on:Gi
venf
(x)=cos2x=
2

a
W.
K.T. f
(x)= 0 + ∑∞
n=1a cosnx+ ∑∞
n=1b si
nnx
2 n n

Tof
inda0:
 1π 2π 2
a0= ∫ cos2xdx= ∫cos xd
π-π
π0

2π1+cos2x 1π
= ∫ dx= ∫(1+cos2x)
dx
π0 2 π0

[ ] [ ]
π π
1 sin2x 1 sin2x 1
= x+ = x+ = [(
+0)–(
0+0)]=1
π 2 0 π 2 0 π

ff
8.I (
x)=2xi
nthei
nter
val(
0,4)
,thenf
indt
hev
alueofa2 i
ntheFour
ier
ser
iesexpansi
on.

Sol
uti
on;Her
e2l
=4,
l=2.

12l nπx
hatan= ∫
Weknowt f(x)
cos dx.
l0 l

14 nπx 14 2πx
an= ∫fx)
( cos dx= ∫2x
cos dx
20 l 20 2

1 4 4
= 2∫xcosπxdx=∫xcosπxdx
2 0 0

[[ ] [
=x
si
nπx
π
-(
cosπx 4
-
1) 2
π 0
]]
[[ ][ ]]
=x
nπx cosπx 4
si
π
+
π2 0

[ ][ ]
1 1
= 0+ 2 -0+ 2 =0
π π

9.Wr
iea0,
t ani
nt onofx+x3asaFour
heexpansi ierser
iesi
n(,
- )
.
Sol
uton:Letf
i (x)=x+x3.

3
f
(-
x)=(
-x)+(
-x) x-x3=-(
=- x+x3)=-
f(
x)

Ther
efor
e,f
(x)i
sanoddf
unct
i Hencea0=0andan=0.
on.

{
2x
1+ ,-π≤π≤0
π
10.
I (
ffx)= t
henwhati
sthev
alueofbn?
2x
1- ,0≤x≤π
π

{
2x
1+ ,-π≤x≤0
π
Sol
uti
onf
(x)
=
2x
1- ,0≤x≤π
π

{ {
2x 2x
1- ,-
π≤-
x≤0 1- ,0≤x≤π
π π
f
(-
x)= = =f
(x)
2x 2x
1+ ,0≤-x
≤π 1+ ,- π≤x≤0
π π

Soi
tisev
enf
unct
ion….
Ther
efor
ebn=0

11.
Findbn,
oft
heFour
ierser
iesf
ort
hef
unct
ionf
(x)
=xsi
nxi
n(-
2,2)

Sol
uti
onLetf
(x)
=xsi
nx

f
(-
x)=-
xsi
n(-
x)=xsi
nx=f
(x) si
ncesi
n(-
x)=-
sinx

I
tisev
en.
.sobn=0

ff
12.I (
x)={c5o0s,xif,πif<0x<<x2<ππ,andf(x)=f(x+2)forallx,findthesum ofthe
Four
ierser
iesoff
(x)atx=.
Sol
uti
ons:

Gi
v f
en:(x)= {c5o0s,xif,πif<0x<<x2<ππ,
Tof
indf
(x)atx=:

x=i
sadi
scont
inuouspoi
nti
nthemi
ddl
e

-1+50 49
(
1)f
()= = .
2 2

13.
Def
inehar
moni
canal
ysi
s?

Sol
uti
onThepr
ocessoff
indi
ngt
hef
our
ierser
iesf
oraf
unct
iongi
venby
numer
ical
val
uesi
sknownashar
moni
canal
ysi
s…

14.
Wri
tedownt
hecompl
exf
orm oft
hef
our
ierser
iesf
orf
(x)i
n(c,
c+2π)

i
nx 1 c+2π i
nx
Sol
uti
on f
( =∑∞
x) ∞ cne wh
n=- ecn= ∫
er fx)e-
( dx
2π c

UNI
TII
I–APPLI
CATI
ONOFPARTI
ALDI
FFERENTI
ALEQUATI
ON

(
Prepar
edbyI
.ATHAL,
AP/
Mat
hs,
PSNACol
l
egeofEngi
neer
ing
andTechnol
ogy

1.Astringisstretchedandf ast
enedt otwopoi
ntslapar
t.Moti
oni
s
st
artedbydi splacingthestri
ngintothest
ri
ngint
otheform
πx
y=y s i
n from whichitisrel
easedatti
me
0 l

t=0.For
mul
atet
hispr
obl
em ast
heboundar
yval
uepr
obl
em.
 Sol
uti
on:
Thedi
spl
acementf
unct
iony(
x,t
)ist
hesol
uti
onoft
hewav
eequat
ion.

∂2y 2 ∂2y
2 =a
∂t ∂x2

Theboundar
ycondi
ti
onsar
e

∂ πx
(
i)
y(0,
t)=0(
ii
)y(
l,
t)=0 (
ii
i)y (
x,0)=0(
iy(
x,0)=f
(x)= ysi
n
∂t 0 l

2.Insteadyst
atecondi
ti
onsder
ivet
hesol
uti
onofonedi
mensi
onal
heatfl
owequati
on.
Sol
uti
on:
Whensteadyst
atecondi
ti
onsex
istt
heheatf
lowequat
ioni
s
i
ndependent

∂u
oft
imet
. ∴ =0
∂t

∂2u
Theheatf
lowequat
ionsbecomes =0
∂x2

3.Whatarethepossi
blesolut
ionof(
i)
onedimensi
onal
wav
eequat
ion
(
ii
)heatf
lowequati
on(ii
i)Lapl
aceequat
ion

Sol
uti
on:
Onedi
mensi
onal
wav
eequat
ion

(
i)y
(x,
t)=(
A1cospx+A2si (
npx)A3cospat
+A4si )
npat

)= ( )(A7epat+A8e-pat)
px -
px
(
ii
)yx,
( t A5e +A6e

(
ii
i)
y(x,
t)=(
A9x+A10)
( +A12)
A11t

Onedi
mensi
onal
heatf
lowequat
ion
 α2p2t
-
(
i)u(
x,t
)=( npx)e
Acospx+Bsi

)=(
ce +De )
px αpt-
px 2 2

(
ii
)u(
x,t e (
ii
i)
u(x,
t)=(
Ex+F)G

Twodi
mensi
onal
heatf
lowequat
ion(
Lapl
aceequat
ion)

(c3e +c4e )
py -
py
(
i x,
)u( )=(
y npx)
c1cospx+c2si

)= ( )(c7cospy+c8si
px -
px
(
ii
)u(
x,y c5e +c6e )
npy

(
ii
i x,
u( )=(
y c9x+c10)
( +c12)
c11y

4.Whati
st anta2i
heconst nthewav
eequat
ionutt= a2uxx? (
OR)

∂2y 2∂2y
I
nthewav
eequat
ion 2 = c 2 whatdoesc2 st
andf
or?
∂t ∂x

Sol
uti
on:
T Tension
a2=c2= =
m massperuni
tlengthoft
hest
ri
ng

5.Cl
assi
fyt
hef
oll
owi
ngPDE
2
a)y uxx -2xyuxy+ x2uyy+ 2ux-
3uy=0

uxy+ (
b)x2 uxx+ 2xy 2
1+y)uyy-
2ux=0

Sol
uti
on:
2
a) A=y ,
B=-2xy
,C=x2

B2-4AC=4x2y
2
-4x2y
2
=0

∴Par
abol
i
c
.
b A=x2 ,
B=2xy
, 2
C=1+y
 B2-4AC=4x2y
2
-4(
x2)
( 2
1+y)

=4x2y
2
-4x2-
4x2y
2

4x2
=-

I
fx=0,
then B2-4AC=0,
iti
spar
abol
i
c.

I
fx>0andx<0,
then B2-4AC<0,
i
tisEl
l
ipt
ic

6.Wri
tetheboundarycondi
tionsandini
ti
alcondi
ti
onsforsol
vingt
he
vi
brati
onofstr
ingequati
on,ift
hestri
ngissubj
ectedtoi
nit
ial
di
splacementf(x)andi
nit
ialvel
oci
tyg(x).
Sol
uti
on:

∂2y 2∂2y
Thewav eequati
onis 2 =a 2
∂t ∂x
∂
(
i)(
y0,)=0(
t )
i
iy(
l,
t)=0(ii
i)y (
x,0)=g(
x)(
iv (
)y 0)=f
x, (x)
∂t

7.Writ
edownt hegover
ningequat
ionoft
wodi
mensi
onalst
eadyst
ate
heatconduct
ion.

∂2u ∂2u
Sol
uti
on:Ther
equi
redequat
ioni
s 2 + 2 =0
∂x ∂y

8.TheendsAandBofar odoflengt
h10cm l
onghavethei
r
temper
atur
ekeptat20°Cand70°C.Fi
ndthest
eadystat
e
temper
atur
edist
ri
buti
onontherod.
Sol
uti
on:

∂2u
Thest
eadyst
ateequat
ionofonedi
mensi
onal
heatf
lowi
s 2 =0
∂x

b-
a 70-
20 50
x)=
u( x+a= x+20= x+20=5x+20
l 10 10
9. Whatarethei
nit
ialcondi
ti
onsofthewav eequat
ioni
fthest
ri
nghas
ani
nit
ialdi
spl
acementbutnoinit
ialv
elocit
y?
Sol
uti
on:
Iftheini
ti
aldi
splacementi
sy=f (
x)andthel
engt
hoft
he
st
ri
ngi
sl,wit
hf i
xedends,thent
heini
ti
alcondi
ti
onsar
e

}
y(
x,0) =f
(x)
∂y 0<x<l
(
x,0) =0
∂t

10.APlatei
sboundedbyt heli
nesx=0,y
=0.x-l
,
y=l.
It
sfacesarei
nsul
ated.
The
edgecoinci
di ngwi
thxaxisi
skeptat100’ candyaxisisat50’
c
respecti
vel
y.Theothert
woedgesar ekeptat0’c.
Wr i
tet
heboundar
y
conditi
onsforsolv
ingtwodimensionalheatfl
owequation.

Sol
uti
on

Sol
veu1t
aki
ngt
emper
atur
eathor
izont
aledgeas100’
c

u1=0whenx=o,
whenx=l
andwheny
=l

u1=100wheny
=0

Sol
veu2t
aki
ngt
emper
atur
eatv
ert
ical
ledgeas50’
c

u2=0wheny
=0,
whenny
=landwhenx=l

u2=50whenx=0

UNI
TIV-FOURI
ERTRANSFORM

(
Prepar
edbyI
.ATHAL,
AP/
Mat
hs,
PSNACol
l
egeofEngi
neer
ing
andTechnol
ogy 1.St
ateFour
ieri
ntegr
alt
heor
em.

Sol
uti ff
on:I (
x)i
spi
ece-
wisecont
inuousl
ydi
ff
erent
iabl
eandabsol
utel
y
1∞ ∞ is(
x-t
)
i
ntegr
abl
ein(
-,
),
then f
(x)= ∫ ∫ (
fte dtds
)
2π-∞ -
∞
2.Def
ineFour
ierTr
ansf
orm pai
r,F.
C.TPai
randF.
S.Tpai
r

Sol
uti
on:

Four
ierTr
ansf
orm I
nver
sionFor
mul
a

1 ∞ 1 ∞
F.
TPai
r s)=
F( ∫
-∞
f
( eisxdx
x) f
(x)= ∫
-∞
F(
s)e-isxdx
2π 2π

2∞ 2∞
F.
C. r Fc[
TPai s]= ∫f(
x)cossxdx f
(x)= ∫F[ cossxdx
s]
π0 π0 c

2∞ 2∞
F.
S. r Fs[
TPai s]= ∫f(
x)si
nsx
dx f
(x)= ∫F[ si
s] nsx
dx
π0 π0 s

3.
Stat
eandpr
oveModul
ati
onpr
oper
tyof(
i)
Four
ierTr
ansf
orm(
ii
)Four
ier
cosi
neTr
ansf
orm

Sol
uti
on: Modul
ati
onpr
oper
tyFour
ierTr
ansf
orm

1
F[
fx)
( cosax]= [
F( +F(
s+a) s- ]
a)
2

1 ∞f x)
( eisxdx
Pr
oof f
F[(
x)]= ∫
.
2π-∞

1 ∞f x)
( cosaxeisxdx
F[
fx)
( ]=
cosax ∫
2π-∞ .

ax+e-iax
i i
sx
e
1 ∞f x)
( e dx
= ∫ 2
2π-∞
 i
(s+a)
x i
(s-
a)x
1 1 ∞f x) e dx 1 ∞ f
( x)e dx
(
=﴾ ∫ + ∫ ﴿
2 2π-∞ 2π-∞

1
= [
F( +F(
s+a) s- ]
a)
2

Modul
ati
onpr
oper
tyFour
ierCosi
neTr
ansf
orm

1
F[
fx)
( cosax]= [
F( +Fc(
s+a) s- ]
a)
2 c

Pr
oof

2∞
Fc[
fx)
( ]= ∫f(
x)cossx
dx
π0

2∞
F[
fx)
( ]=
cosax ∫f(
x)cosax
cossxdx
π0

2∞
Fc[
fx)
( cosax]= ∫f(
x)cosaxcossx
dx
π0

2∞
= ∫f(
x)cossx
cosaxdx
π0

=
2∞
∫ f
(x)
.
[
cos( x+cos(
s+a) s- x]
a)
dx
π0 2

=
1 2∞
∫
2 π0 [
f
(x)
cos(s+ax
)dx+
2∞
∫f
π0
(
x)cos(
s- xdx
a)
]
1
=[
F( +Fc(
s+a) s- ]
a)
2 c
4.St
ateandpr
ovechangeofscal
epr
oper
tyofFour
ierTr
ansf
orm(
OR)

F[
f(
ax)
1 s
]= F .
a a []
1 ∞f x)
( eisxdx
Sol
uti
on:
W.K. f
T.F[(
x)]= ∫
2π-∞

1 ∞
f
F[(
ax)
]= ∫
-∞
f
( eisxdx
ax)
2π

Putax=t x=t
/a dx=dt
/a =
ist
1 ∞ dt1 1 ∞ is(
t/a)
= ∫ f
(te
) a = ∫ f
(te dt
)
2π-∞
a a 2π-∞

11 ∞ is(
x/a)
= ∫ f
( e dt
x)
a 2π-∞

1 s
= F
a a []
-
1∞
Si
mil
arl
yifa<0 f
F[(
ax)
]= ∫
-∞
f
( eisxdx
ax)
2π

[]
ist
-
1∞ dt -
1 s
= ∫ f
(tea = F
)
2π-∞
a a a

f
HenceF[(
ax)
1 s
]=|
a|F a. []
5.St
ateShi
ft
ingpr
oper
ty

(
i f(
)F[ ]=eiasF(
x–a) s) (
ii
) eiaxf
F[ (x) s+a]
]=F[ .

Sol
uti
on: (
i f(
)F[ ]=eiasF(
x–a) s).
 1 ∞
Weknowt f
hatF[(
x)]= ∫
-∞
f
( eisxdx
x)
2π

1 ∞
f
F[x–a)
( ]= ∫
-∞
f
(x-
a)eisxdx
2π

Putt
=x-
a x=t
+a dx=dt

1 ∞ is(
t+a) 1 ∞
= ∫
-∞
f
(te dt=
) ∫
-∞
f
(teisteisadt
)
2π 2π

1 ∞
=eisa ∫
-∞
f
(teistdt=eisaF[
) f(
t)]=eisaF[
s]
2π

(
ii eiaxf
)F[ (x) s+a]
]=F[ .

1 ∞
f
F[(
x)]= ∫
-∞
f
( eisxdx
x)
2π

1 ∞ iax 1 ∞ i(
s+a)
x
eiaxf
F[ (x)
]= ∫
-∞
e f(
x)ei
sx
dx= ∫
-∞
f
( e dx=F[
x) s+a]
.
2π 2π

6.
Stat
ethe conv
olut
ion t
heor
em (
or) Fal
tung t
heor
em f
or Four
ier
t
ransf
orms.

Sol
uti
on: I
fF(
s)andG(
s)ar
etheFour
iert
ransf
ormsoff
(x)and g(
x)
r
espect
ivel
y,t
hent
heFour
iert
ransf
orm oft
heconv
olut
ionoff
(x)andg(
x)
i
sthepr
oductoft
hei
rFour
iert
ransf
orm.(
i.
e., f
)F[(
x)*g(
x)]=F(
s)G(
s)=F
f
[(
x) g(
]F[ x)
]

-
as
e
7.Fi
ndt
hef
unct
ionf
(x)whosesi
net
ransf
ormi
s .
s

-
as
Sol
uti
on:
Giv f
enFs[(
x)]=e .
ByFour
iersi
nei
nver
sionf
ormul
a

-
as
2∞ 2∞ e
f
(x)= ∫ F[f
(x)
]si
nsxds= ∫ sinsx
ds
π0 s π0 s

[ ]
-
as
d 2∞ e ∂
f
(x)= ∫ si
nsxds
dx π0 s ∂x

[ ]
-
as
2∞ e 2∞ -as 2 a
= ∫ scossxds== ∫ e cossxds= .
π s
0 π0 πa2+x2

I
ntegr
ati
ngw.
r.
toxweget
,f(
x)=
2 a
∫2 2ds= t
π a+x π
an()
2 -1 x
a

8.Fi
ndt
heFour
iersi
net
ransf
orm ofe-3x

2∞
Sol
uti
on Weknowt
hatFs[
f(
x)]= ∫f(
x)si
nsxdx
π0

e-3x]=
Fs[
2∞ -3x
∫
π0
e s i
nsxdx=
[ ]
2 s
π s2+32

9.
FindFour
iersi
net
ransf
orm of1/
x

2∞
Sol
uti
onWeknowt
hatFs[
f(
x)]= ∫f(
x)si
nsxdx
π0

2∞ 1
= ∫ si
. nsxdx
π0 x

Putsx=t x=t
/s dx=dt
/s

2∞ 1 2∞ si
nt 2 π π
= ∫ si
. nt
dts= ∫
/ dt
= .()=
π t
0 /
s π t
0 π 2 2
 {
cosx,if0<x
<a
10.
Findt
heF.
C.Tof f
(x)= 0 i fx≥a

2∞
Sol
uton FC[f
i (x)
]= ∫f(
x)cossx
dx
π0

2a
= ∫cosx.
cossx
dx=
π0

2a
2 ∫
=1/ cos(
s+1)
x+cos(
s-1)
xdx
π0

=
1
2π [n(
si s+1)
s+1
x
] [
+
n(
si 1)
s-
s-1 ]
x
= [ n(
1 si
2π s+1 ]
s+1)
a

[
+
n(
si 1)
s-
s-1
a
]
UNI
T5 ZTRANSFORM ANDDI
FFERENCEEQUATI
ONS

(
Prepar
edbyI
.ATHAL,
AP/
Mat
hs,
PSNACol
l
egeofEngi
neer
ing
andTechnol
ogy

1
1)Fi
ndt
hezt
ransf
orm oft
hef
oll
owi
ng(
i)
z(n)(
ii
) an)(
z( ii
i)
n!
n
a nπ
(
iv)x(
n)= ,n≥0 (
v)z(
sin )
n! 2

=0ot
her
wise

(
i)
z(n)
-
n
LetF(
z)=z[
x( ]=∑∞
n) n=0x(
n))
z
-
n
n]=∑∞
z[ n=0nz
 n
=∑∞
n=0 n
z

1 2 3
= + + 3 +…
z z z

[
1 2 3
]
= 1+ + 2 +…
z z 3

[] [] []
= 1- =
1-2 1 z 2
1 1-2 1z-
z z z z zz-
=
1
=
(
z
z-1)
2

(
ii
) an]
z[

Sol
uti
on
-
n
LetF(
z)=z[
x( ]=∑∞
n) n=0x(
n))
z

()
n
∞ n-
n ∞ a
∑ az=∑
=.n=0 n=0
z

=1+( )+()+( )+….

2 3
a a a
z z z

[ ][ ]
a-1 a-
=1- =
z
z-1 z
=
z z- a

(
ii
i
[]
)z
1
n!

Sol
uti
on

()
n
∞ 1 -n ∞ 1 1
-
n ∞
LetF(
z)=z[
x( ]=∑ x(
n) n))
z =∑ z =∑n=0.
n=0
n! n!z
n=0

1 12
z z ()
=1+ + +…=e1/z
1! 2!
n
a
(
iv)x(
n)= ,n≥0
n!
 =0ot
her
wise

sol
uti
on
-
n
LetF(
z)=z[
x( ]=∑∞
n) n=1x(
n))
z (
sincen≥0)

()
n
a

()
n n -
n
a a z
z =∑∞
n=1 z=∑
∞
n! n! n=0
n!

() () ()
a1 a2 a3
z z z a
= + + +…=ez
1! 2! 3!

nπ
(
v)z(
sin )
2

sol
uti
on

zsi
nθ
Letz(
sinnθ)= 2
z- 2zcosθ+1

π
zsi
n
π nπ 2 z
Putθ= ,z(
sin )= =2
2 2 π z+1
z2-
2zcos +1
2

2)
Stat
eandpr
ovei
nit
ial
val
uet
heor
em i
nzt
ransf
orm and

St
atef
inal
val
uet
heor
em i
nzt
ransf
orm(
stat
ementonl
y)

Sol
uti
on

I
nit
ial
val
uet
heor
em

I
fF(
z)=z[
f(
n)]t
henf
(0)=l
m F(
i z)
z→

Pr
oof
 -
n
LetF(
z)=z[
x( ]=∑∞
n) n=0x(
n))
z
-
n
Ther
efor
e,F(
z)=z[
f(
n)]=∑∞
n=0f
(n)
z

∞
=∑ f
( ()
n)
n=0
1n
z

1)( )+f2)( )+f 3)( )+…

1 2 3
1 1 1
=f(
0)+f( ( (
z z z

1)( )+f2)( )+f 3)( )+…

1 2 3
1 1 1
=f(
0)+f( ( (
z z z

1)( )+f2)( )+f 3)( )+…﴿

1 2 3
1 1 1
l
i
m F(
z)=lim ﴾f
(0)
+f( ( (
z
→ z→ z z z

=f
(0)

Fi
nal
Val
uet
heor
em(
Stat
ementonl
y)

I
fF(
z)=z[
f(
n)]t
henf
(∞)=l
m(
i z-
1)F(
z)
z→1

z2
3)I
fF(
z)= ,
findf
(0)
( )( )( )
1 1 3
z- z- z-
2 4 4

Sol
uti
on

z2
F(
z)=z[
f(
n)]
=
( )( )( )
1 1 3
z- z- z-
2 4 4

Byi
nit
ial
val
uet
heor
em

f
(0)= l
m F(
i z)
z→

z2
=l
i
m =0
z→
( )( )( )
3 1 1
z z- z- z-
3
2z 4z 4z

4)Def
inet
heuni
tst
epsequence.Wr
it
eit
sz-
tr
ansf
orm.
Sol
uti
on

Def
ini
ti
on

Theuni
tst
epsequencehasv
alues

u(
k)=1,
k>0,

=0.k<0

Zt
ransf
orm ofuni
tst
epsequence
-
n
LetF(
z)=z[
x( ]=∑∞
n) n=0x(
n))
z

1
Hencez(
u( )=∑∞
k) k=0
u(
k)z-k=∑∞
) k=0
z-k=∑∞
k=0 k
z

1 1 1
=1+ + 2 + 3 +.
z z z z ()
1-1 1
.== 1- =
1-
=
z
1 z-1
z
5)For
mt hedifferenceequati
onfort
hef ol
l
owing(
i)yn= 3n
A.
)Un=A2n+1( n
(i
i ii
i)y=a+b(3)(i
v)yn=an+b2n

(
i) y
n=A.
3n

sol
uti
on y
n= 3n
A.

y
n+1=A3n+1=A3n.
3

| y
n
yn+1
.
1
|
3=0

∴ 3y
n-y
n+1=0 y
n+1-3y
n=0

(
ii
)
Un=A2n+1
Sol
uti
on

Un=A2n+1

Un+1=A2n+2=A2n+1+1=A2n+1.
2
 | Un
Un+1
1
|
2=0

2Un-Un+1=0  Un+1-
2Un=0
n
(
ii
i) y
=a+b(
3)

Sol
uti
on
n
y
n =a+b(
3) (
1)
n+1
y
n+1 =a+b(
3) =a+b3n.
3 (
2)
n+2
y
n+2 =a+b(
3) =a+b3n.
9 (
3)

El
i
minat
ionaandbf
orm(
1),
(2)
,&(
3

| |
y
n
1 1
y
n+1
1 3=0
y
n+2
1 9

y
n
( 3)
9- 1(
- 9y
n+1
- n+2)
3y y
+1( y )=0
-
n+1 n+2

6y
n
-9y
n+1
+3y
n+2
.+y y =0
-
n+1 n+2

2y
n+2
-8y
n+1
+6y
n
=0

i
.e.
,yn+2-
4yn+1+3y
n=0

(
iv)y
n=an+b2n

Sol
uti
on

y
n =an+b2n

y
n+1 =a( +b2n+1
n+1)

=a( +b2n.
n+1) 2

y
n+2 =a( +b2n+2
n+2)
 n+2)+b2n.
=a( 4

El
i
minat
ingaandbweget
,

| |
y
n
n 1
.y
n+1
n+1 2 =0
y
n+2
n+2 4

y
n
(4(
n+1)
- n+2)
2( )-n(
4yn+1
- n+2)
2y +1(
n+2)
yn+1
-n+1)y
( n+2
=0

y
n
(4n+4- 4)
2n- 4ny
- n+1
+2ny
n+2
+(
n+2)
yn+1
-(
n+1)
yn+2
=0

2ny
n
-4ny
n+1
+2ny
n+2
+(
n+2)
yn+1
+(
- 1)y
n- n+2
=0

y
n+2
(-
n- +y
1+2n) n+1
(- +2ny
4n+n+2) n
=0

(
n- y
1)n+2
+(
2- y
3n)n+1
+2ny
n
=0

6)Sol
vey
n+1-
2yn=0gi
veny
0=3.

Sol
uti
on

Letz[
y( ]-
n+1) 2z[
y( ]=0
n)

[
zy(
z)-
zy(
0)]
-2y
(z)=0

[
zy(
z)3z]
- -2y
(z)=0

[
z-2]y
(z)
-3z=0

3z
Y(
z)=
z-2

z-1y
(z)=3z-1(zz-2)
2n)
=3(