Programming in Python

(Decision Making, Loops)

Dr. Faisal Anwer

Department of Computer Science
Aligarh Muslim University 1
Copyright © Dept of Computer Science, AMU, Aligarh. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Recap
• Arithmetic Operators

• Relational Operators

• Assignment & Compound Operators

• Logical Operators

• Bitwise Operators

• Membership Operators

• Identity Operators
 Contents
• Decision Making

• For Loop

• While Loop

• Nested Loops
 Decision Making
 A program usually needs to take decisions based on some
conditions.
 According to the conditions-
 Either one set of statements is executed Or another set of
statements is executed.
 The conditions are expressions.
 The conditions may be either True or False.
 The basic rule is:
 The “empty” or “zero” is False
 True is anything else except (“non-empty” or “non-zero”)
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 Decision Making
 Four decision making structures
 If

 If-else

 if-elif-else

 Nested if

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 "if" Decision Making Structure
 “if” structure allows a group of statements to be executed or skip it
 All “if structures” (statements) have a “condition” that evaluates to
either “True” or “False”
 if structure
if expression:
 statement
 statement

 Example- It prints the message if the condition is “True”.

if x%2 == 0:
print ( x, ”is even number”)

 The statements in if structures (or any control structure) must be

indented.

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 "if-else" Decision Making Structure
 if statement can be followed by an optional else statement.
 Sometimes programs need to make a choice
 If the condition is “True”, Execute block of code after if statement.
 If the condition is “False”, Execute block of code after else statement.
 If structure
if expression:
statement
statement
else:
statement
statement
 Example
if x%5==0:
print(x, “is multiple of 5”)
else:
print(x, “is not multiple of 5”)
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 “if-elif-else” Decision Making Structure
 If the program needs to choose from more than two possibilities
 Use the if-elif-else structure.
 According to the value of condition in if-elif-else structure, the
computer executes the corresponding block.
 The other conditions are not evaluated

 if-elif-else structure
if expression 1:
statement 1
statement 2
elif expression 2 :
statement 3
statement 4
else expression 3 :
statement 5
statement 6
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Nested " if-else" Decision Making Structure
 You can use “if” or “if-else” or “if-elif-else” statement/statements inside
another “if” or “if-else” or “if-elif-else” statement(s).

 Example
if x == 1:
y = y+1
else:
if x== 2:
y = y+2
else:
if x == 3:
y = y+3
else:
y = y-10
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 Pass Statement
 It is written when a statement is required syntactically but you
do not want any code to execute.

 When pass is executed, nothing happens.

 It is useful in places where your code will eventually go, but

has not been written yet.

Example
if x != 100:
sum += x
else:
pass

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 Lines & Indentation
 The line indentation is used to identify the block of code.

 The line indentation is mandatory for block.

 The number of spaces in the indentation may vary, but all statements
within the block must be indented the same amount.

Example-Valid Code Example-Invalid Code

x =10 x =10
if x%2 == 0: if x%2 == 2:
print ( x, ”is even number”) print ( x, ”is even number”)
print(x, „is even integer‟)
 Programs
1. Write a program to read an integer and use bitwise operators to check
the nature (even or odd) of the integer.
 Property:
 The binary representation of every odd integer consists of 1 at
the rightmost position.
 The binary representation of every even integer consists of 0 at
the rightmost position.

2. Write a program to find the maximum of three numbers.

If-elif-else statement

3. Write a program to read the values of two points on x-y plane and find
out the distance between two points.
 Use math functions (sqrt, pow)

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 Loops in Python

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 Loops
 Situation may arise, when the programmers need to execute a
block of code multiple times.

 A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or block of

statements multiple times.
 Control mechanism is required

 Loop structures
 For
 While
 Nested

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 Creating For Loops
 The for loop executes a sequence of statements multiple times.
 Python’s for statement iterates over the items in the order that
they appear in the sequence.
 The for loop is created in the following way-
 for variable in range(constant/variable/expression)/list/tuple/string/etc:
statement/statements
 Procedure
 The variable starts from first item and executes the statements
within the loop.
 The value of the variable is changed to next item in the
sequence datatype and the statements within the loop are
executed again.
 This procedure is repeated for all items in the sequence.
Creating For loops using range functions
for variable in range(bound):
statements

 The range function creates a sequence from 0 to bound-1.

 The variable starts from first item (0) and executes the statements
within the loop.
 The value of the variable is changed to next item in the sequence
datatype and the statements within the loop are executed.
 This procedure is repeated for all items in the sequence data type.

Example:
for x in range(2):
print(“Hello, Participant”)
print(“The value of x is”, x)

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Creating For loops using range functions
for variable in range(LB, UB):
statements

 The range function creates a sequence from LB to UB-1.

 The variable starts from first item and executes the statements
within the loop.
 The value of the variable is changed to next item in the sequence
datatype and the statements within the loop are executed.
 This procedure is repeated for all items in the sequence data type.

Example-
for x in rang(7, 10):
print(“Hello, Participants”)
print(“The value of x is”, x) 17
 Creating For loops using range functions
for variable in range(LB, UB, stepvalue):
statements

 The range function creates a sequence from LB to UB-1 with given

step value.
 The variable starts from first item and executes the statements
within the loop.
 The value of the variable is changed to next item in the sequence
datatype and the statements within the loop are executed.
 This procedure is repeated for all items in the sequence data type.

Example:
for x in range(7, 10, 2):
print(“Hello, Participants”)
print(“The value of x is”, x) 18
 Creating For loops
Example: Loop with tuple
for x in (7, 10, 2):
print(“Hello, Particiapnts”);print(“The value of x is”, x)

Example: Loop with list

for x in [12, 3, 4]:
print(“Hello, Participants”)
print(“The value of x is”, x)

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 Creating While loops
 At each iteration, the while loop checks the value of condition.
 If the condition is True, the statements within the loop are
executed
 If the condition is False, the loop gets terminated.
 The general syntax is
 While Condition (Expression/Value/Variable) :
 statement/statements
 Values and Conditions
 All expressions have a conditional value either True or False
 The empty string and zero are false.
 True is anything else (“non-empty” or “not zero”)

 Example
 0 is False, „‟ is False
 450 is True, “Hello Participants” is True 20
 Creating While loops
Example
x =5
while x < 10:
print('Hello, Participants’)
print('The value of x is', x)
x=x+1

Example: Infinite Loop

counter = 20
while counter:
print(counter)
Example: Finite Loop
counter = 10
while counter <=100:
print(counter)
counter = counter +1 21
 break statement
 It terminates the loop prior to the exit condition becoming false.
 It breaks out of a loop

While condition 1:
Statements
if condition 2:
break;
Statements
Example-
for i in range(2, 10):
if i == 3:
print(i)
break 22
 “else” clause with Loops
(Additional Feature)
 Loop statements may contain an else clause.
 It is executed when the loop terminates through
exhaustion of the iteration in for loop

 The else clause with loop is executed when no break occurs.

 The else clause will not executed if the loop gets terminated
by a break statement.

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 “else” clause with Loops
(Additional Feature)
Example 1:- To check if an even no is present in a list
for x in [3,5,7,9]:
if x % 2 == 0:
print(“X is having an even integer: “,x)
break
else:
# loop fell through without finding a factor
print(“List is not having any even integer”)

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 Programs
1. Write a program to compute the factorial of an integer.

2. Write a program to check whether the integer is prime.

3. Write a program to find prime numbers between two numbers.

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 Summary
 Decision Making

 For Loop

 While Loop

 Nested Loops