19. In a certain forest, frogs are either green or blue.
Since last year, the number of blue frogs has
increased by 60%, while the number of green frogs has decreased by 60%. It turns out that the
T
UK
new ratio of blue frogs to green frogs is the same as the previous ratio in the opposite order
M
(i.e. the same as the previous ratio of green frogs to blue frogs).
UK
M
By what percentage did the overall number of frogs change?
T
A 0 B 20 C 30 D 40 E 50
20. Tomas wrote down several distinct positive integers, none of which exceeded 100. Their UKMT
product was not divisible by 18.
At most how many numbers could he have written?
A 5 B 17 C 68 D 69 E 90 EUROPEAN ‘KANGAROO’ MATHEMATICAL CHALLENGE
‘PINK’
21. Any three vertices of a given cube form the vertices of a triangle. Thursday 20th March 2014
What is the number of triangles formed in this way whose three vertices are not all in the same
face of the cube?
Organised by the United Kingdom Mathematics Trust and the
A 16 B 24 C 32 D 40 E 48
Association Kangourou Sans Frontières
22. In the picture, PT is a tangent to the circle with centre O and T
PS is the angle bisector of angle RPT .
S This competition is being taken by 6 million students in over 50 countries worldwide.
What is the size of angle TSP? P
R O
A 30° B 45° C 50° D 60°
E It depends on the position of point P. RULES AND GUIDELINES (to be read before starting):
1. Do not open the paper until the Invigilator tells you to do so.
23. Tatiana wrote down in ascending order the list of all 7-digit numbers that contain each of the 2. Time allowed: 1 hour.
digits 1, 2, 3, . . . , 7. She then split the list exactly at the middle into two parts of the same
size. No answers, or personal details, may be entered after the allowed hour is over.
What is the largest number in the first half? 3. The use of rough paper is allowed; calculators and measuring instruments are
A 1 234 567 B 3 765 421 C 4 123 567 D 4 352 617 E 4 376 521 forbidden.
24. The diagram shows a triangle FHG with FH = 6, GH = 8 K 4. Candidates in England and Wales must be in School Year 10 or 11.
and FG = 10. The point I is the midpoint of FG, and HIJK is a H Candidates in Scotland must be in S3 or S4.
square. The line segment IJ intersects GH at L.
Candidates in Northern Ireland must be in School Year 11 or 12.
What is the area of the shaded quadrilateral HLJK ? L
J 5. Use B or HB pencil only. For each question, mark at most one of the options A, B, C,
124 125 126 127 128 G
A B C D E F I D, E on the Answer Sheet. Do not mark more than one option.
8 8 8 8 8
25. A magical island is inhabited entirely by knights (who always tell the truth) and knaves (who 6. Five marks will be awarded for each correct answer to Questions 1 - 15.
always tell lies). One day 2014 of the islanders were standing in a long queue. Each person in Six marks will be awarded for each correct answer to Questions 16 - 25.
the queue said, “There are more knaves behind me than knights in front of me”.
How many knights were in the queue? 7. Do not expect to finish the whole paper in 1 hour. Concentrate first on Questions 1-15.
When you have checked your answers to these, have a go at some of the later questions.
A 1 B 504 C 1007 D 1008 E 2014
8. The questions on this paper challenge you to think, not to guess. You get more marks,
and more satisfaction, by doing one question carefully than by guessing lots of
answers.
Enquiries about the European Kangaroo should be sent to: Maths Challenges Office,
School of Mathematics Satellite, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT.
(Tel. 0113 343 2339)
http://www.ukmt.org.uk
1. The MSC Fabiola holds the record for being the largest container ship to enter San Francisco 10. The length of my crocodile's tail is a third of its entire length. Its head is 93 cm long and this is
Bay. It carries 12 500 containers which, if placed end to end, would stretch about 75 km. a quarter of the crocodile's length (not counting the tail).
Roughly, what is the length of one container? How long is my crocodile in centimetres?
A 0.6 m B 1.6 m C 6m D 16 m E 60 m A 558 B 496 C 490 D 372 E 186
2. If r, s, and t denote the lengths of the ‘lines’ in the picture, then which of the following 11. The diagram shows a special die. Each pair of numbers on opposite 18
inequalities is correct? faces has the same sum. The numbers on the hidden faces are all prime 35 14
numbers. Which number is opposite to the 14 shown?
r s t
A 11 B 13 C 17 D 19 E 23
12. After walking 8 km at a speed of 4 km/h, Ann starts to run at a speed of 8 km/h.
For how many minutes will she have to run in order to have an average speed of 5 km/h over
A r < s < t B r < t < s C s < r < t D s < t < r E t < s < r her complete journey?
2 4 A 15 B 20 C 30 D 35 E 40
3. Which of the following is halfway between and ?
3 5
11 7 3 6 5 13. Cleo played 40 games of chess and scored 25 points. (A win counts as one point, a draw
A B C D E counts as half a point, and a loss counts as zero points.)
15 8 4 15 8 How many more games did she win than lose?
4. In the number 2014 the last digit is larger than the sum of the other three digits. How many
years ago was this last true for the calendar year? A 5 B 7 C 10 D 12 E 15
A 1 B 3 C 5 D 7 E 11 14. Triplets Jane, Danielle and Hannah wanted to buy identical hats. However, Jane lacked a third
of their price, Danielle a quarter and Hannah a fifth. When the price of each hat was reduced
5. In a certain village, the ratio between adult men and adult women is 2 : 3 and the ratio by €9.40, the sisters combined their savings and bought a hat each. Not a cent was left over!
between adult women and children is 8 : 1. What is the ratio between adults (men and women) What was the price of a hat before the price reduction?
and children?
A €12 B €16 C €28 D €36 E €112
A 5:1 B 10 : 3 C 13 : 1 D 12 : 1 E 40 : 3
15. Let p, q, r be positive integers such that
6. The big wheel of this penny-farthing bicycle has perimeter 4.2 metres.
1 25
The small wheel has perimeter 0.9 metres. At a certain moment, the p + = .
valves of both wheels are at their lowest points. The bicycle begins to q + 1
r 19
roll. Which of the following is equal to pqr ?
How many metres will the bicycle have rolled forward when both
valves are next at their lowest points at the same time? A 6 B 10 C 18 D 36 E 42
16. In the equation N × U × (M + B + E + R) = 33, each letter stands for a different digit (0,
A 4.2 B 6.3 C 12.6 D 25.2 E 37.8 1, 2, . . . , 9).
7. Doris, her daughter and granddaughter were all born in the month of January. Today their ages How many different ways are there to choose the values of the letters?
are all powers of 2. Moreover, the sum of their ages is 100. In which year was the
A 12 B 24 C 30 D 48 E 60
granddaughter born?
A 1998 B 2006 C 2010 D 2012 E 2013 17. The picture shows seven points and the connections between them. What
is the least number of connecting lines that could be added to the picture
8. Six girls share a flat which has two bathrooms. Every morning, beginning at 7:00, they use the so that each of the seven points has the same number of connections with
bathrooms (one girl at a time per bathroom!). As soon as the last girl has finished, they sit down other points? (Connecting lines are allowed to cross each other.)
to eat breakfast together. The times they spend in the bathroom are 9, 11, 13, 18, 22, and 23
A4 B 5 C 6 D 9 E 10
minutes. If they organise themselves well, what is the earliest they can have breakfast together?
A 7:48 B 7:49 C 7:50 D 7:51 E 8:03 18. The picture shows the same cube from two different views. It is built
from 27 smaller cubes, some of which are grey and some white.
9. The diagram shows a regular octagon, with a line drawn between two What is the largest number of grey cubes there could be?
of its vertices. The shaded area measures 3 cm2.
A 5 B 7 C 8 D 9 E 10
What is the area of the octagon in square centimetres?
A 9 B 10 C 8 2 D 12 E 8 + 4 2
1. The MSC Fabiola holds the record for being the largest container ship to enter San Francisco 10. The length of my crocodile's tail is a third of its entire length. Its head is 93 cm long and this is
Bay. It carries 12 500 containers which, if placed end to end, would stretch about 75 km. a quarter of the crocodile's length (not counting the tail).
Roughly, what is the length of one container? How long is my crocodile in centimetres?
A 0.6 m B 1.6 m C 6m D 16 m E 60 m A 558 B 496 C 490 D 372 E 186
2. If r, s, and t denote the lengths of the ‘lines’ in the picture, then which of the following 11. The diagram shows a special die. Each pair of numbers on opposite 18
inequalities is correct? faces has the same sum. The numbers on the hidden faces are all prime 35 14
numbers. Which number is opposite to the 14 shown?
r s t
A 11 B 13 C 17 D 19 E 23
12. After walking 8 km at a speed of 4 km/h, Ann starts to run at a speed of 8 km/h.
For how many minutes will she have to run in order to have an average speed of 5 km/h over
A r < s < t B r < t < s C s < r < t D s < t < r E t < s < r her complete journey?
2 4 A 15 B 20 C 30 D 35 E 40
3. Which of the following is halfway between and ?
3 5
11 7 3 6 5 13. Cleo played 40 games of chess and scored 25 points. (A win counts as one point, a draw
A B C D E counts as half a point, and a loss counts as zero points.)
15 8 4 15 8 How many more games did she win than lose?
4. In the number 2014 the last digit is larger than the sum of the other three digits. How many
years ago was this last true for the calendar year? A 5 B 7 C 10 D 12 E 15
A 1 B 3 C 5 D 7 E 11 14. Triplets Jane, Danielle and Hannah wanted to buy identical hats. However, Jane lacked a third
of their price, Danielle a quarter and Hannah a fifth. When the price of each hat was reduced
5. In a certain village, the ratio between adult men and adult women is 2 : 3 and the ratio by €9.40, the sisters combined their savings and bought a hat each. Not a cent was left over!
between adult women and children is 8 : 1. What is the ratio between adults (men and women) What was the price of a hat before the price reduction?
and children?
A €12 B €16 C €28 D €36 E €112
A 5:1 B 10 : 3 C 13 : 1 D 12 : 1 E 40 : 3
15. Let p, q, r be positive integers such that
6. The big wheel of this penny-farthing bicycle has perimeter 4.2 metres.
1 25
The small wheel has perimeter 0.9 metres. At a certain moment, the p + = .
valves of both wheels are at their lowest points. The bicycle begins to q + 1
r 19
roll. Which of the following is equal to pqr ?
How many metres will the bicycle have rolled forward when both
valves are next at their lowest points at the same time? A 6 B 10 C 18 D 36 E 42
16. In the equation N × U × (M + B + E + R) = 33, each letter stands for a different digit (0,
A 4.2 B 6.3 C 12.6 D 25.2 E 37.8 1, 2, . . . , 9).
7. Doris, her daughter and granddaughter were all born in the month of January. Today their ages How many different ways are there to choose the values of the letters?
are all powers of 2. Moreover, the sum of their ages is 100. In which year was the
A 12 B 24 C 30 D 48 E 60
granddaughter born?
A 1998 B 2006 C 2010 D 2012 E 2013 17. The picture shows seven points and the connections between them. What
is the least number of connecting lines that could be added to the picture
8. Six girls share a flat which has two bathrooms. Every morning, beginning at 7:00, they use the so that each of the seven points has the same number of connections with
bathrooms (one girl at a time per bathroom!). As soon as the last girl has finished, they sit down other points? (Connecting lines are allowed to cross each other.)
to eat breakfast together. The times they spend in the bathroom are 9, 11, 13, 18, 22, and 23
A4 B 5 C 6 D 9 E 10
minutes. If they organise themselves well, what is the earliest they can have breakfast together?
A 7:48 B 7:49 C 7:50 D 7:51 E 8:03 18. The picture shows the same cube from two different views. It is built
from 27 smaller cubes, some of which are grey and some white.
9. The diagram shows a regular octagon, with a line drawn between two What is the largest number of grey cubes there could be?
of its vertices. The shaded area measures 3 cm2.
A 5 B 7 C 8 D 9 E 10
What is the area of the octagon in square centimetres?
A 9 B 10 C 8 2 D 12 E 8 + 4 2
19. In a certain forest, frogs are either green or blue. Since last year, the number of blue frogs has
increased by 60%, while the number of green frogs has decreased by 60%. It turns out that the
T
UK
new ratio of blue frogs to green frogs is the same as the previous ratio in the opposite order
M
(i.e. the same as the previous ratio of green frogs to blue frogs).
UK
M
By what percentage did the overall number of frogs change?
T
A 0 B 20 C 30 D 40 E 50
20. Tomas wrote down several distinct positive integers, none of which exceeded 100. Their UKMT
product was not divisible by 18.
At most how many numbers could he have written?
A 5 B 17 C 68 D 69 E 90 EUROPEAN ‘KANGAROO’ MATHEMATICAL CHALLENGE
‘PINK’
21. Any three vertices of a given cube form the vertices of a triangle. Thursday 20th March 2014
What is the number of triangles formed in this way whose three vertices are not all in the same
face of the cube?
Organised by the United Kingdom Mathematics Trust and the
A 16 B 24 C 32 D 40 E 48
Association Kangourou Sans Frontières
22. In the picture, PT is a tangent to the circle with centre O and T
PS is the angle bisector of angle RPT .
S This competition is being taken by 6 million students in over 50 countries worldwide.
What is the size of angle TSP? P
R O
A 30° B 45° C 50° D 60°
E It depends on the position of point P. RULES AND GUIDELINES (to be read before starting):
1. Do not open the paper until the Invigilator tells you to do so.
23. Tatiana wrote down in ascending order the list of all 7-digit numbers that contain each of the 2. Time allowed: 1 hour.
digits 1, 2, 3, . . . , 7. She then split the list exactly at the middle into two parts of the same
size. No answers, or personal details, may be entered after the allowed hour is over.
What is the largest number in the first half? 3. The use of rough paper is allowed; calculators and measuring instruments are
A 1 234 567 B 3 765 421 C 4 123 567 D 4 352 617 E 4 376 521 forbidden.
24. The diagram shows a triangle FHG with FH = 6, GH = 8 K 4. Candidates in England and Wales must be in School Year 10 or 11.
and FG = 10. The point I is the midpoint of FG, and HIJK is a H Candidates in Scotland must be in S3 or S4.
square. The line segment IJ intersects GH at L.
Candidates in Northern Ireland must be in School Year 11 or 12.
What is the area of the shaded quadrilateral HLJK ? L
J 5. Use B or HB pencil only. For each question, mark at most one of the options A, B, C,
124 125 126 127 128 G
A B C D E F I D, E on the Answer Sheet. Do not mark more than one option.
8 8 8 8 8
25. A magical island is inhabited entirely by knights (who always tell the truth) and knaves (who 6. Five marks will be awarded for each correct answer to Questions 1 - 15.
always tell lies). One day 2014 of the islanders were standing in a long queue. Each person in Six marks will be awarded for each correct answer to Questions 16 - 25.
the queue said, “There are more knaves behind me than knights in front of me”.
How many knights were in the queue? 7. Do not expect to finish the whole paper in 1 hour. Concentrate first on Questions 1-15.
When you have checked your answers to these, have a go at some of the later questions.
A 1 B 504 C 1007 D 1008 E 2014
8. The questions on this paper challenge you to think, not to guess. You get more marks,
and more satisfaction, by doing one question carefully than by guessing lots of
answers.
Enquiries about the European Kangaroo should be sent to: Maths Challenges Office,
School of Mathematics Satellite, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT.
(Tel. 0113 343 2339)
http://www.ukmt.org.uk
