UNIT-5

Q1) Explain about Applets in Java

A)
Definition :
 A Java application that is integrated into a webpage is called an applet.
 It functions as a front-end and is run within the web computer.
 It makes a page more interactive and dynamic by operating inside the web
browser
 Applets are hosted on web servers and inserted into HTML pages via the
OBJECT or APPLET tags.
 It can be compared to a tiny application that runs on the address bar.
 In addition to updating content in real-time and responding to human input, it
may also play basic puzzles or graphics.
Types of Applets
 Java applets can be classified as either local or remote, depending on where
they are stored and how easily they can be accessed.
 A) Local Applet B)Remote Applet
1. Local Applet
 We will write the Local Applet ourselves and then integrate it into websites.
 A local applet is created locally and kept on the local machine.
 When a web page detects a local applet in the Java system's memory, it does
not need to obtain data directly from the internet in order to function.
 It is defined or provided by the pathname or folder name.
 When constructing an applet, two properties are used: the source folder,
which defines the path name, and the code itself, which defines the filename
containing the applet's programming.
2. Remote Applet
 The remote applet is stored or accessible on another computer that is linked
to the world over the internet.
 We must have internet access on the system to be able to obtain and use the
applet that resides on the other machine.
 We need to be familiar with a remote applet's Uniform Resource
Locator (URL) or web location in order to find and download it.
The Life Cycle Of An Applet
 The process by which an object is developed, launched, halted, and
demolished throughout an application's implementation is known as the applet
life cycle in Java.
 In essence, it has five main methods: paint(), destroy(), stop(), init(), and
start().The browser calls these methods in order to perform their actions.
 1. Init()-

 The init() function is the first to be executed and is responsible for

initializing the applet. It can only be called once throughout the startup
process.
 The initialized objects are created by the web browser, which executes
the init() function located inside the applet after confirming the
authentication setting.
2. Start()-
 This function launches the applet and includes the applet's real code.
 It begins directly following the call to the init() function.
 The start() function is called each time the browser loads or refreshes.
 Additionally, it is triggered when the applet is relaunched, improved, or
switched across tabs in the web interface. Until the init() function is
used, it is in an idle state.
3. Stop()-
 The applet's execution is terminated by using the stop() function.
 Every time the applet is minimized, paused, or switched between tabs
on the web page, the stop() function is triggered.
 Again, the start() function is called when we return to that page.
4. Destroy()-
 Once the applet completes its task, the destroy() function terminates it.
 When the webpage-containing tab closes, or the applet window closes,
it is triggered.
 It is performed just once and expunges the applet data from RAM. We
can't restart the applet after it's been deleted.
5. Paint()-
 The Java Graphics class contains the paint() function.
 It is employed in the applet to draw forms like squares, circles,
trapeziums, and so on.
 It runs following the call to the start() function and whenever the web
page or applet display resizes.
Example:
"Hello, World" is a well-known illustration of a basic applet program in Java. The
code is as follows:

import java. applet.*;

import java. awt.*;
class sksd extends Applet
{
public void init()
{
setBackground(Color.green);
}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
g.setColor(Color.black);
g.drawString("Hello, world!", 50, 50);
}
}
In Java applets, the drawing of graphics is primarily handled through the Graphics
class, which provides a range of methods to render shapes, text, and images onto
the applet's canvas. Below are some key drawing methods available in the Graphics
class that can be used in applets:

Drawing Shapes

 drawLine(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2): Draws a line from the point (x1, y1) to
(x2, y2).
 drawRect(int x, int y, int width, int height): Draws a rectangle with the top-
left corner at (x, y) and the specified width and height.
 fillRect(int x, int y, int width, int height): Fills a rectangle with the current
color.
 drawOval(int x, int y, int width, int height): Draws an oval that fits within the
specified rectangle.
 fillOval(int x, int y, int width, int height): Fills an oval that fits within the
specified rectangle.
 drawArc(int x, int y, int width, int height, int startAngle, int arcAngle):
Draws an arc defined by the bounding rectangle and specified angles.
 fillArc(int x, int y, int width, int height, int startAngle, int arcAngle): Fills
an arc defined by the bounding rectangle.

Drawing Text

 drawString(String str, int x, int y): Draws the specified string at the given (x,
y) coordinates.
 drawChars(char[] data, int offset, int length, int x, int y): Draws a portion
of a character array at the specified coordinates.

Setting Colors and Fonts

 setColor(Color c): Sets the current color for drawing operations.

 setFont(Font font): Sets the current font for text drawing.

Advantages Of Java Applets

1. Interaction With Browsers
Through a smooth integration with online sites, applets let viewers engage with
dynamic information without exiting the browser. This results in improved customer
service while eliminating the need to obtain and set up separate programs.
2. Diminished Server Traffic
Local execution of the applet's code allows functionality to occur on the front end or
the user's workstation. In doing so, the server's workload is lessened, and it can
process more inquiries and users at once.
3. Availability
Applets may adjust to changing frequency bands and computing power. They can be
compact and quick to load for users with poorer interactions while providing more
capability for those with greater capabilities.
Disadvantages Of Java Applets
Utilizing Excessive Performance And Resources
 A common complaint about Java applets is their resource use,
particularly with complicated ones.
 In certain situations, they can even cause crashes, hinder browser
performance, and deplete the gadget's batteries.
  This slowness and waste of resources are not acceptable in today's
performance-driven online environment

Q2) Explain about MVC Architecture in Java

A)

 Swing itself follows a simplified version of the MVC design pattern where
components are self-contained and can serve as both the view and controller.
 However, separating the components explicitly enhances modularity,
maintainability, and testing, especially in larger applications.

Model designs based on MVC architecture follow the MVC design pattern and they
separate the application logic from the user interface when designing software. As the
name implies MVC pattern has three layers, which are:

 Model – Represents the business layer of the application

 View – Defines the presentation of the application
 Controller – Manages the flow of the application

In Java Programming context, the Model consists of simple Java classes, the View
displays the data and the Controller consists of servlets. This separation results in user
requests being processed as follows:

1. The browser on the client sends a request for a page to the controller present
on the server
2. The controller performs the action of invoking the model, thereby, retrieving
the data it needs in response to the request
3. The controller then gives the retrieved data to the view
4. The view is rendered and sent back to the client for the browser to display

In Java Swing applications, the Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture

separates the data (Model), user interface (View), and application logic (Controller),
which is particularly useful for complex GUI applications.

Breakdown of MVC in Swing

1. Model: The Model manages data and business logic. It encapsulates the
application's state and notifies the view when data changes, so the view can
update accordingly.
 2. View: The View handles the presentation and displays data to the user. It
listens to changes in the Model and updates the display. In Swing,
components like JLabel, JTextField, and JButton serve as the view
components.
3. Controller: The Controller interprets user inputs (such as button clicks or text
input), manipulates the model based on these inputs, and updates the view
accordingly.

Advantages of MVC Architecture

1. Separation of Concerns: MVC divides the application into three distinct parts
(Model, View, and Controller), allowing each component to handle its specific
functionality independently. This separation simplifies debugging, code
comprehension, and maintenance.
2. Modularity and Reusability: Each component in MVC (Model, View,
Controller) can be developed, modified, or reused independently of the others.

For example, you can reuse a Model class across multiple views or change
the view without modifying the business logic.

3. Improved Maintainability: Because each part of MVC has a distinct role,

modifying one component (such as updating the UI or changing business
logic) has minimal impact on the other components, which simplifies
maintenance.
4. Parallel Development: Teams can work on different parts of the application
simultaneously.

For example, front-end developers can work on the View while back-end
developers focus on the Model and Controller.

Disadvantages of MVC Architecture

1. Complexity for Simple Applications: MVC can be overkill for smaller

applications. The separation of components can add unnecessary complexity
when simpler architectures might be more appropriate.
2. Increased Development Time: Setting up and structuring a project using
MVC requires more upfront work, such as creating separate classes and
interfaces for Model, View, and Controller components, which can slow down
initial development.
3. Difficulty in Understanding for Beginners: For developers new to MVC,
understanding the flow of data and control through separate components can
be challenging, leading to a steeper learning curve.

Q3) Explain about Various types of Layouts in Java

A)

 In Java, layouts determine how components are arranged within a container,

such as a JFrame or JPanel.
 The Java Swing library provides several layout managers that define different
ways to organize components within a container, each suited to different kinds
of user interfaces.
 There are various types Layouts are
 1) Flow Layout 2)Border Layout 3)Grid Layout 4)Card Layout
5) Grid Bag Layout
1. FlowLayout

 Description: FlowLayout arranges components in a line, left to right, in the

order they were added. When a row is filled, it starts a new row.
 Alignment Options: FlowLayout.LEFT, FlowLayout.CENTER, and
FlowLayout.RIGHT.
 Use Case: Useful for simple, flexible layouts where components are arranged
in rows, such as toolbars or forms with few components.

Example:

JPanel panel = new JPanel(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.CENTER));

panel.add(new JButton("Button 1"));
panel.add(new JButton("Button 2"));
panel.add(new JButton("Button 3"));

2. BorderLayout

 Description: BorderLayout divides the container into five regions: North,

South, East, West, and Center. Each region can contain only one component,
and components are arranged around the center component.
 Regions:
o North: Top
o South: Bottom
o East: Right
o West: Left
o Center: Center
 Use Case: Ideal for applications with a main central area (like a text editor)
and additional controls around the edges (e.g., toolbars or status bars).

Example:

JPanel panel = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());

panel.add(new JButton("North"), BorderLayout.NORTH);
panel.add(new JButton("South"), BorderLayout.SOUTH);
panel.add(new JButton("East"), BorderLayout.EAST);
panel.add(new JButton("West"), BorderLayout.WEST);
panel.add(new JButton("Center"), BorderLayout.CENTER);

3. GridLayout

 Description: GridLayout arranges components in a grid of equally sized cells,

specified by rows and columns. Each cell can contain only one component,
and all cells are sized to match the largest cell component.
 Configuration: Specify the number of rows and columns.
 Use Case: Suitable for creating grids of buttons, forms, or tables where
uniform component size is preferred.

Example:

JPanel panel = new JPanel(new GridLayout(2, 3)); // 2 rows, 3 columns

panel.add(new JButton("Button 1"));
panel.add(new JButton("Button 2"));
panel.add(new JButton("Button 3"));
panel.add(new JButton("Button 4"));
panel.add(new JButton("Button 5"));
panel.add(new JButton("Button 6"));

4. CardLayout

 Description: CardLayout allows only one component (card) to be visible at a

time, with each component stacked like a deck of cards. You can switch
between cards programmatically.
 Use Case: Useful for applications that require switching between multiple
screens or views, such as a tabbed view or a wizard.

Example:
JPanel panel = new JPanel(new CardLayout());
panel.add(new JButton("Card 1"), "Card 1");
panel.add(new JButton("Card 2"), "Card 2");

CardLayout cardLayout = (CardLayout) panel.getLayout();

cardLayout.show(panel, "Card 2"); // Switch to Card 2

5. GridBagLayout

 Description: GridBagLayout is the most flexible layout manager, arranging

components in a grid but allowing components to span multiple rows or
columns. You can also set padding, weight, and alignment for individual cells.
 Configuration: Requires GridBagConstraints to configure each component’s
position, span, and spacing.
 Use Case: Ideal for complex forms or GUIs with varying component sizes and
irregular layouts.

Example:

JPanel panel = new JPanel(new GridBagLayout());

GridBagConstraints gbc = new GridBagConstraints();

gbc.gridx = 0;
gbc.gridy = 0;
panel.add(new JButton("Button 1"), gbc);

gbc.gridx = 1;
gbc.gridy = 0;
panel.add(new JButton("Button 2"), gbc);

gbc.gridx = 0;
gbc.gridy = 1;
gbc.gridwidth = 2;
panel.add(new JButton("Button 3"), gbc);

Layout Managers in Java Swing

Layout
Description Use Cases
Manager
Aligns components in a row, wrapping Toolbars, simple
FlowLayout
as necessary forms
Divides container into five regions Main application
BorderLayout
(North, South, East, West, Center) windows
Organizes components in a grid of Keypads, uniform
GridLayout
equally sized cells grids
Stacks components, showing one at a Multi-step forms,
CardLayout
time tabbed panels
Flexible, grid-based layout with Complex forms,
GridBagLayout
customizable constraints irregular layouts

These layout managers give Java developers flexibility and control over component
organization, allowing for responsive and visually organized interfaces in both simple
and complex Swing applications.

Q4) Explain the difference between AWT and Swings

A)