MEU2610-02 Thermodynamics

Problem Set 4

Due Date: Thursday, June 10 (12:00 PM)

8.16 Superheated steam at 8 MPa and 480°C leaves the steam generator of a vapor power plant. Heat
transfer and frictional effects in the line connecting the steam generator and the turbine reduced the
pressure and temperature at the turbine inlet to 7.6 MPa and 440°C, respectively. The pressure at the exit
of the turbine is 10 kPa, and the turbine operates adiabatically. Liquid leaves the condenser at 8 kPa,
36°C. The pressure is increased to 8.6 MPa across the pump. The turbine and pump isentropic efficiencies
are 88%. The mass flow rate of steam is 79.53 kg/s.

Determine
(a) the net power output, in kW.
(b) the thermal efficiency.
(c) the rate of heat transfer from the line connecting the steam generator and the turbine, in kW.
(d) the mass flow rate of condenser cooling water, in kg/s, if the cooling water enters at 15°C and exits at
35°C with negligible pressure change.

State 1) ℎ = 3348.4 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔, 𝑠 = 6.6586 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾

State 2) ℎ = 3252.3 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔, 𝑠 = 6.5526 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝐾

State 3) As 𝑠 = 6.5526 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾 and ℎ = 2075.0 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔, ℎ = ℎ − 0.88(ℎ − ℎ ) = 2216.3 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

State 4) With saturated liquid property, ℎ = 150.86 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

State 5) As ℎ = ℎ + 𝑣 (𝑝 − 𝑝 ) = 159.51 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔, ℎ = ℎ + (ℎ − ℎ ) = 160.69 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
.

The net power is 𝑊̇ − 𝑊̇ = 𝑚̇(ℎ − ℎ ) − 𝑚̇(ℎ − ℎ ) = (79.53 𝑘𝑔/𝑠)(1037 − 9.83)𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 = 81610 𝑘𝑊

The thermal efficiency is 𝜂 = ̇( )

= 32.2%

The rate of heat transfer is 𝑚̇(ℎ − ℎ ) = −7643 𝑘𝑊

The mass flow rate of condenser cooling water is 𝑚̇ = 1963 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

, ,
8.38 As indicated in Fig. 1., a power plant similar to that in Fig. 2. Operates on a regenerative vapor
power cycle with one closed feedwater heater. Steam enters the first turbine stage at state 1 where
pressure is 12 MPa and temperature is 560°C. Steam expands to state 2 where pressure is 1 MPa and
some of the steam is extracted and diverted to the closed feedwater heater. Condensate exits the
feedwater heater at state 7 as saturated liquid at a pressure of 1 MPa, undergoes a throttling process
through a trap to a pressure of 6 kPa at state 8, and then enters the condenser. The remaining steam
expands through the second turbine stage to a pressure of 6 kPa at state 3 and then enters the condenser.
Saturated liquid feedwater exiting the condenser at state 4 at a pressure of 6 kPa enters a pump and exits
the pump at a pressure of 12 MPa. The feedwater then flows through the closed feedwater heater, exiting
at state 6 with a pressure of 12 MPa. The net power output for the cycle is 330 MW. For isentropic
processes in each turbine stage and the pump,

determine
(a) the cycle thermal efficiency.
(b) the mass flow rate into the first turbine stage, in kg/s.
(c) the rate of entropy production in the closed feedwater heater, in kW/K.
(d) the rate of entropy production in the steam trap, in kW/K.

At closed feedwater heater, ℎ − ℎ = 𝑦(ℎ − ℎ ) so 𝑦 = 0.215

The net power of cycle is ℎ − ℎ + (1 − 𝑦)(ℎ − ℎ ) − (ℎ − ℎ ) = 1271 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

The incoming heat is ℎ − ℎ = 2900 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
/
So, the thermal efficiency is = 43.8%
/

The mass flowrate is = 259.6 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

/

The rate of entropy production in the closed feedwater heater is 𝑚̇ 𝑠 − 𝑠 + 𝑦(𝑠 − 𝑠 ) = 73.35 𝑘𝑊/𝐾

The rate of entropy production in the steam trap is 𝑚̇𝑦(𝑠 − 𝑠 ) = 19.99 𝑘𝑊/𝐾
8.46 Consider a regenerative vapor power cycle with two feedwater heaters, a closed one and an open
one, and reheat. Steam enters the first turbine stage at 12 MPa, 480°C, and expands to 2 MPa. Some steam
is extracted at 2 MPa and fed to the closed feedwater heater. The remainder is reheated at 2 MPa to 440°C
and then expands through the second-stage turbine to 0.3 MPa, where an additional amount is extracted
and fed into the open feedwater heater operating at 0.3 MPa. The steam expanding through the third-
stage turbine exits at the condenser pressure of 6 kPa. Feedwater leaves the closed heater at 210°C, 12
MPa, and condensate exiting as saturated liquid at 2 MPa is trapped into the open feedwater heater.
Saturated liquid at 0.3 MPa leaves the open feedwater heater. Assume all pumps and turbine stages
operate isentropically.

Determine for the cycle

(a) the heat transfer to the working fluid passing through the steam generator, in kJ/kg of steam entering
the first-stage turbine.
(b) the thermal efficiency.
(c) the heat transfer from the working fluid passing through the condenser to the cooling water, in kJ/kg
of steam entering the first-stage turbine.

The system is very similar to this figure (P8.36).

Here, however, there is also the reheater after the first-stage turbine.
Stream 2 splits into two different streams (2 & 2’); 2 is extracted one and 2' is reheated one.
Extracted ratio at 2 is y, extracted ratio at 3 is y'.

The heat transfer to the working fluid passing through the steam generator is 𝑄 =ℎ −ℎ

The thermal efficiency is 𝜂 =

The heat transfer from the working fluid passing through the condenser to the cooling water is
𝑄 = (1 − 𝑦 − 𝑦 )(ℎ − ℎ )

The detailed solution and state properties are in the next page.
State p (MPa) T (°C) h (kJ/kg)

1 12 480 3293.5

2 2 225.7 2836.7

2' 2 440 3335.5

3 0.3 187.5 2839.5

4 0.006 36.16 2234.4

5 0.006 36.16 151.53

6 0.3 151.83

7 0.3 133.6 561.47

8 12 574.03

9 12 210 897.76

10 2 212.4 908.79

𝑦= = 0.168

( )
𝑦 = = 0.105

𝑄 = ℎ − ℎ = 2395.74 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
𝜂= = ( )(
= 46.1%
)

𝑄 = (1 − 𝑦 − 𝑦 )(ℎ − ℎ ) = 1514.2 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

9.2 At the beginning of the compression process of an air-standard Otto cycle, 𝑝 = 100 kPa and 𝑇 =
300 K. The heat addition per unit mass of air is 1350 kJ/kg.

Plot each of the following versus compression ratio ranging from 1 to 12:
(a) the net work, in kJ/kg.
(b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
(c) the mean effective pressure, in kPa.
(d) the maximum temperature of the cycle, in K.

Set compression ratio as X (1, 12)

State 1) 100 kPa, 300 K, so 𝑢 = 214.07 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 , 𝑣 = 621.2

.
State 2) 𝑣 = , and we can use linear interpolation to find 𝑇 and 𝑢 from Table A-22.
State 3) 𝑢 = 𝑢 + 1350 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔, and we can use linear interpolation to find 𝑇 and 𝑣 .
State 4) 𝑣 = 𝑣 𝑋, and we can use linear interpolation to find 𝑇 and 𝑢 .

The net work is 1350 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 − (𝑢 − 𝑢 )

/
The thermal efficiency is
/

/
The mean effective pressure is , while 𝑣 = = 0.861 𝑚 /𝑘𝑔
/

The maximum temperature is 𝑇

9.17 Consider an air-standard Diesel cycle. Operating data at principal states in the cycle are given in
the table below. The sates are numbered as in Fig.

Determine
(a) the cutoff ratio.
(b) the heat addition per unit mass, in kJ/kg.
(c) the net work per unit mass, in kJ/kg.
(d) the thermal efficiency.

State T (K) p (kPa) u (kJ/kg) h (kJ/kg)

1 380 100 271.69 380.77
2 1096.6 5197.6 842.40 1157.18
3 1864.2 5197.6 1548.47 2082.96
4 875.2 230.1 654.02 905.26

With ideal gas model, 𝑝𝑣 = 𝑅𝑇, so 𝑟 = = = 1.7

𝑢 −𝑢 = 𝑄 −𝑊 =𝑄 − 𝑝(𝑣 − 𝑣 ), so 𝑄 = 𝑢 − 𝑢 + 𝑝𝑣 − 𝑝𝑣 = ℎ − ℎ = 925.8 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝑊 =𝑄 −𝑄 = 925.8 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 − (𝑢 − 𝑢 ) = 543.45 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝜂= = 58.7%
9.35 Consider an ideal air-standard Brayton cycle with minimum and maximum temperatures of 300K
and 1500 K, respectively. The pressure ratio is that which maximizes the net work developed by the cycle
per unit mass of air flow. On a cold air-standard basis,

calculate
(a) the compressor and turbine work per unit mass of air flow, each in kJ/kg.
(b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle
(c) Plot the thermal efficiency versus the maximum cycle temperature ranging from 1200 to 1800 K.
.
( ) ( . )
= = = 16.719

𝑇 =𝑇 = 670.8 𝐾 𝑇 =𝑇 = 670.8 𝐾
Assuming constant Cp
𝑊 = ℎ − ℎ = 𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) = 372.6 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝑊 = ℎ − ℎ = 𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) = 833.3 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

( ) .
𝜂= = 1− =1− ( )
= 1− = 55.27%
.

Maximum thermal efficiency at 𝑇 𝑇 = 𝑇

𝜂 = 1− =1−
9.47 An air-standard Brayton cycle has a compressor pressure ratio of 10. Air enters the compressor
at p1=100 kPa, T1=20oC with a mass flow rate of 11 kg/s. The turbine inlet temperature is 1222 K.
Calculate the thermal efficiency and the net power developed, in kW, if

(a) the turbine and compressor isentropic efficiencies are each 100%.
(b) the turbine and compressor isentropic efficiencies are 88% and 84%, respectively,
(c) the turbine and compressor isentropic efficiencies are 88% and 84%, respectively, and a regenerator
with an effectiveness of 80% is incorporated

𝑝 = 1.28, ℎ = 293.4 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝑝 = 256.5, ℎ = 1303.7 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝑃 = 𝑝 = 12.8  ℎ = 566.9 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝑃 = 𝑝 = 256.5  ℎ = 690.3

Condition a)
. .
𝜂= = 1− =1− =1− =46.1%
. .
𝑊 = 𝑊 − 𝑊 = 𝑚(ℎ − ℎ −ℎ + ℎ ) = 3738.9 𝑘𝑊

Condition b)
𝜂 =  ℎ = ℎ − 𝜂 (ℎ − ℎ ) = 766.9
( )
𝜂 = ℎ =ℎ + = 619.0

𝜂= = 1− = 30.8%
𝑊 = 2323.1 𝑘𝑊

Condition c)
𝜂 = ℎ = 737.3 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

( ) ( )
𝜂= = = 37.3 %

𝑊 = 2323.1 𝑘𝑊
9.57 An air -standard regenerative Brayton cycle operating at steady state with intercooling and
reheat produces 10 MW of power. Operating data at principal states in the cycle are given in the table
below. The states are numbered as in the figure. Sketch the T-s diagram for the cycle and
determine
(a) the mass flow rate of air, in kg/s.
(b) the rate of heat transfer, in kW, to the working fluid passing through each combustor
(c) the thermal efficiency

Fig.

State p (kPa) T (K) h (kJ/kg)

1 100 300 300.19
2 300 410.1 411.22
3 300 300 300.19
4 1200 444.8 446.50
5 1200 1111.0 1173.84
6 1200 1450 1575.57
7 300 1034.3 1085.31
8 300 1450 1575.57
9 100 1111.0 1173.84
10 100 444.8 446.50
𝑊 =ℎ −ℎ , 𝑊 = ℎ −ℎ , 𝑊 =ℎ −ℎ , 𝑊 =ℎ −ℎ
𝑊 = 𝑚(𝑊 +𝑊 −𝑊 −𝑊 ) → 𝑚 = ( )
= 15.76
𝑄 = 𝑚(ℎ − ℎ + ℎ − ℎ ) = 14055 𝑘𝑊
𝜂= = 71.15 %
10.17 In a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, ammonia exits the evaporator as saturated vapor at -
20oC. The refrigerant enters the condenser at 18 bar and 180oC, and saturated liquid exits at 18 bar. There
is no significant heat transfer between the compressor and its surroundings, and the refrigerant passes
through the evaporator with a negligible change in pressure. If the refrigerating capacity is 180 kW,

determine
(a) the mass flow rate of refrigerant, in kg/s
(b) the power input to the compressor, in kW
(c) the coefficient of performance
(d) the isentropic compressor efficiency

𝑠 = 5.6144 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔, ℎ = 147.79 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝑠 = 5.7985 , ℎ = 1845.5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝑠 = 1.4399 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔, ℎ = 398.0 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ℎ =ℎ

𝑄 = 𝑚(ℎ − ℎ ) → 𝑚 = = 0.1765 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

𝑊 = 𝑚(ℎ − ℎ ) = 75.50 𝑘𝑊
𝛽= = 2.384

𝜂 = =0.813 where ℎ = 1765.3 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

10.41 The table below provides steady-state operating data for an ideal Brayton refrigeration cycle
with air as the working fluid. The principal states are numbered as in the figure. The volumetric flow rate
at the rubine inlet is 0.4m3/s.

Sketch the T-s diagram for the cycle and determine the
(a) specific enthalpy, in kJ/kg, at the turbine exit
(b) mass flow rate, in kg/s
(c) net power input, in kW
(d) refrigeration capacity, in kW
(e) coefficient of performance

Fig.

State p (kPa) T (K) h (kJ/kg) Pr

1 140 270 270.11 0.9590
2 420 ------ 370.10 2.877
3 420 320 320.29 1.7375
4 140 ------ ? ------
a) 𝑃 =𝑃 = 1.7375 = 0.5792

Through interpolation ℎ = 233.61

( ) ( ) . ∗
b) 𝑚= = = . = 1.8293 𝑘𝑔 /𝑠
∗
.
c) 𝑊 =𝑊 −𝑊 = 𝑚(ℎ − ℎ − ℎ + ℎ ) = 24.35 𝑘𝑊
d) 𝑄 = 𝑚(ℎ − ℎ ) = 66.76 𝑘𝑊
.
e) 𝛽= = = 2.742
.