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["\ud83c\udf1f", "OS", "Module"]
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["\u2713", "What", "Is"]
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["the", "os", "Module?"]
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["Module?", "\u2022", "The"]
["\u2022", "The", "os"]
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["Python", "the", "power"]
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["files,", "rename", "folders,"]
["rename", "folders,", "read"]
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["\u2713", "What", "Is"]
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["System?", "\u2022", "An"]
["\u2022", "An", "operating"]
["An", "operating", "system"]
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["are:", "Windows,", "Linux,"]
["Windows,", "Linux,", "macOS,"]
["Linux,", "macOS,", "Android."]
["macOS,", "Android.", "The"]
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["Is", "a", "File"]
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["File", "Descriptor?", "\u2022"]
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["\u2022", "A", "file"]
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["just", "a", "number"]
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["file", "Think", "of"]
["Think", "of", "it"]
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["it", "like", "this:"]
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["this:", "If", "you"]
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["open", "a", "file,"]
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["Code", "import", "os"]
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["os", "fd", "="]
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["=", "os.open(\"example.txt\",", "os.O_CREAT"]
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["os.O_WRONLY)", "print(fd)", "#"]
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["#", "Might", "print"]
["Might", "print", "3"]
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["or", "4", "\u2013"]
["4", "\u2013", "this"]
["\u2013", "this", "is"]
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["is", "the", "file"]
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["file", "descriptor", "number"]
["descriptor", "number", "os.close(fd)"]
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["\u2022", "os.O_CREAT:", "Create"]
["os.O_CREAT:", "Create", "the"]
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["the", "file", "if"]
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["\u2022", "os.O_WRONLY:", "Open"]
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["\u2713", "What", "Are"]
["What", "Are", "File"]
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["File", "Modes?", "\u2022"]
["Modes?", "\u2022", "File"]
["\u2022", "File", "modes"]
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["\u2022", "A", "byte"]
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["(like", "images,", "music,"]
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["to", "bytes", "text"]
["bytes", "text", "="]
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["=", "\"Hello\"", "bytes_version"]
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["can", "be", "changed"]
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["=", "bytearray(b\"Hi\")", "ba[0]"]
["bytearray(b\"Hi\")", "ba[0]", "="]
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["\u2713", "What", "Is"]
["What", "Is", "Unix?"]
["Is", "Unix?", "Why"]
["Unix?", "Why", "Does"]
["Why", "Does", "It"]
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["It", "Matter?", "\u2022"]
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["\u2022", "Unix", "is"]
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["is", "an", "older"]
["an", "older", "operating"]
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["operating", "system.", "Modern"]
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["like", "Linux", "and"]
["Linux", "and", "macOS"]
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["So", "some", "os"]
["some", "os", "functions"]
["os", "functions", "work"]
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["differently", "on", "Windows"]
["on", "Windows", "vs"]
["Windows", "vs", "Linux/macOS"]
["vs", "Linux/macOS", "For"]
["Linux/macOS", "For", "example:"]
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["example:", "import", "os"]
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["if", "os.name", "=="]
["os.name", "==", "\"posix\":"]
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["print(\"Unix/Linux/macOS", "system\")", "elif"]
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["os.name", "==", "\"nt\":"]
["==", "\"nt\":", "print(\"Windows"]
["\"nt\":", "print(\"Windows", "system\")"]
["print(\"Windows", "system\")", "\u2713"]
["system\")", "\u2713", "What"]
["\u2713", "What", "Are"]
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["\u2022", "A", "path"]
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["folder", "in", "your"]
["in", "your", "computer"]
["your", "computer", "There"]
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["address", "from", "the"]
["from", "the", "root"]
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["root", "Example:", "/home/user/file.txt"]
["Example:", "/home/user/file.txt", "(Linux/mac)"]
["/home/user/file.txt", "(Linux/mac)", "or"]
["(Linux/mac)", "or", "C:\\Users\\Me\\file.txt"]
["or", "C:\\Users\\Me\\file.txt", "(Windows)"]
["C:\\Users\\Me\\file.txt", "(Windows)", "Relative"]
["(Windows)", "Relative", "path"]
["Relative", "path", "="]
["path", "=", "from"]
["=", "from", "where"]
["from", "where", "your"]
["where", "your", "Python"]
["your", "Python", "file"]
["Python", "file", "is"]
["file", "is", "running"]
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["running", "Example:", "../file.txt"]
["Example:", "../file.txt", "means"]
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["\u2713", "What", "Are"]
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["Are", "Permissions?", "\u2022"]
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["\u2022", "Permissions", "control"]
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["run", "a", "file"]
["a", "file", "In"]
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["=", "open(\"notes.txt\",", "\"r\")"]
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["file", "here", "\u2713"]
["here", "\u2713", "Tips"]
["\u2713", "Tips", "\u2022"]
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["\u2022", "Use", "os.getcwd()"]
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["you", "are", "\u2022"]
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["\u2022", "Use", "os.chdir()"]
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["\u2022", "Paths", "must"]
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["raise", "a", "FileNotFoundError"]
["a", "FileNotFoundError", "Let"]
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["if", "you're", "ready"]
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["the", "next", "part:"]
["next", "part:", "\u2713"]
["part:", "\u2713", "Creating"]
["\u2713", "Creating", "Folders"]
["Creating", "Folders", "with"]
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["with", "os.mkdir()", "and"]
["os.mkdir()", "and", "os.makedirs(),"]
["and", "os.makedirs(),", "or"]
["os.makedirs(),", "or", "if"]
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["if", "you", "want"]
["you", "want", "to"]
["want", "to", "pause"]
["to", "pause", "or"]
["pause", "or", "ask"]
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["anything!", "You", "said:"]
["You", "said:", "No,just"]
["said:", "No,just", "the"]
["No,just", "the", "basics"]
["the", "basics", "ChatGPT"]
["basics", "ChatGPT", "said:"]
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["said:", "Got", "it!"]
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["it!", "You", "want"]
["You", "want", "to"]
["want", "to", "stick"]
["to", "stick", "to"]
["stick", "to", "the"]
["to", "the", "basic"]
["the", "basic", "concepts"]
["basic", "concepts", "you"]
["concepts", "you", "need"]
["you", "need", "to"]
["need", "to", "understand"]
["to", "understand", "the"]
["understand", "the", "os"]
["the", "os", "module"]
["os", "module", "\u2014"]
["module", "\u2014", "not"]
["\u2014", "not", "the"]
["not", "the", "functions"]
["the", "functions", "yet."]
["functions", "yet.", "Let's"]
["yet.", "Let's", "continue"]
["Let's", "continue", "building"]
["continue", "building", "your"]
["building", "your", "foundation"]
["your", "foundation", "with"]
["foundation", "with", "more"]
["with", "more", "key"]
["more", "key", "concepts"]
["key", "concepts", "that"]
["concepts", "that", "often"]
["that", "often", "confuse"]
["often", "confuse", "people."]
["confuse", "people.", "These"]
["people.", "These", "are"]
["These", "are", "words"]
["are", "words", "that"]
["words", "that", "pop"]
["that", "pop", "up"]
["pop", "up", "in"]
["up", "in", "the"]
["in", "the", "Python"]
["the", "Python", "docs"]
["Python", "docs", "but"]
["docs", "but", "aren't"]
["but", "aren't", "explained"]
["aren't", "explained", "clearly."]
["explained", "clearly.", "\ud83c\udf31"]
["clearly.", "\ud83c\udf31", "More"]
["\ud83c\udf31", "More", "OS"]
["More", "OS", "Module"]
["OS", "Module", "Basics"]
["Module", "Basics", "\u2014"]
["Basics", "\u2014", "Baby-Level"]
["\u2014", "Baby-Level", "Explanations"]
["Baby-Level", "Explanations", "\u2713"]
["Explanations", "\u2713", "What"]
["\u2713", "What", "Is"]
["What", "Is", "a"]
["Is", "a", "Process?"]
["a", "Process?", "\u2022"]
["Process?", "\u2022", "A"]
["\u2022", "A", "process"]
["A", "process", "is"]
["process", "is", "just"]
["is", "just", "a"]
["just", "a", "program"]
["a", "program", "that\u2019s"]
["program", "that\u2019s", "currently"]
["that\u2019s", "currently", "running"]
["currently", "running", "When"]
["running", "When", "you"]
["When", "you", "open"]
["you", "open", "Chrome,"]
["open", "Chrome,", "that\u2019s"]
["Chrome,", "that\u2019s", "one"]
["that\u2019s", "one", "process"]
["one", "process", "When"]
["process", "When", "you"]
["When", "you", "run"]
["you", "run", "a"]
["run", "a", "Python"]
["a", "Python", "script,"]
["Python", "script,", "that\u2019s"]
["script,", "that\u2019s", "another"]
["that\u2019s", "another", "process"]
["another", "process", "Your"]
["process", "Your", "OS"]
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["OS", "keeps", "track"]
["keeps", "track", "of"]
["track", "of", "them"]
["of", "them", "using"]
["them", "using", "a"]
["using", "a", "number"]
["a", "number", "called"]
["number", "called", "PID"]
["called", "PID", "(Process"]
["PID", "(Process", "ID)"]
["(Process", "ID)", "In"]
["ID)", "In", "the"]
["In", "the", "os"]
["the", "os", "module,"]
["os", "module,", "you"]
["module,", "you", "can"]
["you", "can", "get"]
["can", "get", "the"]
["get", "the", "current"]
["the", "current", "Python"]
["current", "Python", "process"]
["Python", "process", "ID"]
["process", "ID", "using:"]
["ID", "using:", "import"]
["using:", "import", "os"]
["import", "os", "print(os.getpid())"]
["os", "print(os.getpid())", "#"]
["print(os.getpid())", "#", "This"]
["#", "This", "is"]
["This", "is", "your"]
["is", "your", "Python"]
["your", "Python", "program's"]
["Python", "program's", "ID"]
["program's", "ID", "number"]
["ID", "number", "\u2713"]
["number", "\u2713", "What"]
["\u2713", "What", "Is"]
["What", "Is", "a"]
["Is", "a", "Thread?"]
["a", "Thread?", "(Just"]
["Thread?", "(Just", "for"]
["(Just", "for", "Awareness)"]
["for", "Awareness)", "\u2022"]
["Awareness)", "\u2022", "A"]
["\u2022", "A", "thread"]
["A", "thread", "is"]
["thread", "is", "a"]
["is", "a", "tiny"]
["a", "tiny", "task"]
["tiny", "task", "inside"]
["task", "inside", "a"]
["inside", "a", "process"]
["a", "process", "Example:"]
["process", "Example:", "If"]
["Example:", "If", "Chrome"]
["If", "Chrome", "is"]
["Chrome", "is", "one"]
["is", "one", "process,"]
["one", "process,", "then:"]
["process,", "then:", "Loading"]
["then:", "Loading", "tabs"]
["Loading", "tabs", "="]
["tabs", "=", "one"]
["=", "one", "thread"]
["one", "thread", "Playing"]
["thread", "Playing", "a"]
["Playing", "a", "YouTube"]
["a", "YouTube", "video"]
["YouTube", "video", "="]
["video", "=", "another"]
["=", "another", "thread"]
["another", "thread", "\ud83d\udca1"]
["thread", "\ud83d\udca1", "In"]
["\ud83d\udca1", "In", "basic"]
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["basic", "os", "usage,"]
["os", "usage,", "we"]
["usage,", "we", "usually"]
["we", "usually", "care"]
["usually", "care", "about"]
["care", "about", "processes,"]
["about", "processes,", "not"]
["processes,", "not", "threads."]
["not", "threads.", "\u2713"]
["threads.", "\u2713", "What"]
["\u2713", "What", "Are"]
["What", "Are", "Environment"]
["Are", "Environment", "Variables?"]
["Environment", "Variables?", "\u2022"]
["Variables?", "\u2022", "They"]
["\u2022", "They", "are"]
["They", "are", "secret"]
["are", "secret", "values"]
["secret", "values", "or"]
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["or", "settings", "saved"]
["settings", "saved", "by"]
["saved", "by", "your"]
["by", "your", "computer"]
["your", "computer", "Examples:"]
["computer", "Examples:", "Your"]
["Examples:", "Your", "username"]
["Your", "username", "Your"]
["username", "Your", "system\u2019s"]
["Your", "system\u2019s", "language"]
["system\u2019s", "language", "Paths"]
["language", "Paths", "to"]
["Paths", "to", "important"]
["to", "important", "folders"]
["important", "folders", "Python"]
["folders", "Python", "can"]
["Python", "can", "access"]
["can", "access", "them"]
["access", "them", "using"]
["them", "using", "os.environ"]
["using", "os.environ", "import"]
["os.environ", "import", "os"]
["import", "os", "print(os.environ[\"HOME\"])"]
["os", "print(os.environ[\"HOME\"])", "#"]
["print(os.environ[\"HOME\"])", "#", "On"]
["#", "On", "Linux/macOS"]
["On", "Linux/macOS", "#"]
["Linux/macOS", "#", "print(os.environ[\"USERPROFILE\"])"]
["#", "print(os.environ[\"USERPROFILE\"])", "#"]
["print(os.environ[\"USERPROFILE\"])", "#", "On"]
["#", "On", "Windows"]
["On", "Windows", "\u2713"]
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["\u2713", "What", "Is"]
["What", "Is", "a"]
["Is", "a", "Shell?"]
["a", "Shell?", "\u2022"]
["Shell?", "\u2022", "A"]
["\u2022", "A", "shell"]
["A", "shell", "is"]
["shell", "is", "the"]
["is", "the", "tool"]
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["(like", "Termux,", "Command"]
["Termux,", "Command", "Prompt,"]
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["Prompt,", "or", "Terminal)"]
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["Terminal)", "When", "you"]
["When", "you", "use"]
["you", "use", "os.system()"]
["use", "os.system()", "or"]
["os.system()", "or", "os.popen(),"]
["or", "os.popen(),", "you\u2019re"]
["os.popen(),", "you\u2019re", "asking"]
["you\u2019re", "asking", "Python"]
["asking", "Python", "to"]
["Python", "to", "run"]
["to", "run", "a"]
["run", "a", "command"]
["a", "command", "in"]
["command", "in", "the"]
["in", "the", "shell"]
["the", "shell", "\u2014"]
["shell", "\u2014", "like"]
["\u2014", "like", "ls,"]
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["ls,", "mkdir,", "or"]
["mkdir,", "or", "ping."]
["or", "ping.", "\u2713"]
["ping.", "\u2713", "What"]
["\u2713", "What", "Is"]
["What", "Is", "the"]
["Is", "the", "Difference"]
["the", "Difference", "Between"]
["Difference", "Between", "os.path"]
["Between", "os.path", "and"]
["os.path", "and", "os?"]
["and", "os?", "\u2022"]
["os?", "\u2022", "os.path"]
["\u2022", "os.path", "is"]
["os.path", "is", "a"]
["is", "a", "mini"]
["a", "mini", "module"]
["mini", "module", "inside"]
["module", "inside", "os"]
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["It", "focuses", "only"]
["focuses", "only", "on"]
["only", "on", "working"]
["on", "working", "with"]
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["file", "paths", "(like"]
["paths", "(like", "checking"]
["(like", "checking", "if"]
["checking", "if", "a"]
["if", "a", "file"]
["a", "file", "exists,"]
["file", "exists,", "joining"]
["exists,", "joining", "folders,"]
["joining", "folders,", "etc.)"]
["folders,", "etc.)", "Example:"]
["etc.)", "Example:", "import"]
["Example:", "import", "os"]
["import", "os", "print(os.path.exists(\"myfile.txt\"))"]
["os", "print(os.path.exists(\"myfile.txt\"))", "#"]
["print(os.path.exists(\"myfile.txt\"))", "#", "Checks"]
["#", "Checks", "if"]
["Checks", "if", "the"]
["if", "the", "file"]
["the", "file", "exists"]
["file", "exists", "We'll"]
["exists", "We'll", "learn"]
["We'll", "learn", "this"]
["learn", "this", "in"]
["this", "in", "detail"]
["in", "detail", "later"]
["detail", "later", "\u2014"]
["later", "\u2014", "but"]
["\u2014", "but", "just"]
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["just", "remember:", "\ud83d\udfe2"]
["remember:", "\ud83d\udfe2", "os"]
["\ud83d\udfe2", "os", "="]
["os", "=", "talks"]
["=", "talks", "to"]
["talks", "to", "the"]
["to", "the", "system"]
["the", "system", "\ud83d\udfe2"]
["system", "\ud83d\udfe2", "os.path"]
["\ud83d\udfe2", "os.path", "="]
["os.path", "=", "helps"]
["=", "helps", "with"]
["helps", "with", "file"]
["with", "file", "and"]
["file", "and", "folder"]
["and", "folder", "paths"]
["folder", "paths", "\u2713"]
["paths", "\u2713", "What"]
["\u2713", "What", "Are"]
["What", "Are", "Permissions"]
["Are", "Permissions", "(Again,"]
["Permissions", "(Again,", "But"]
["(Again,", "But", "Simpler)?"]
["But", "Simpler)?", "Let\u2019s"]
["Simpler)?", "Let\u2019s", "say"]
["Let\u2019s", "say", "you"]
["say", "you", "have"]
["you", "have", "a"]
["have", "a", "file."]
["a", "file.", "There"]
["file.", "There", "are"]
["There", "are", "3"]
["are", "3", "things"]
["3", "things", "you"]
["things", "you", "can"]
["you", "can", "do:"]
["can", "do:", "Read"]
["do:", "Read", "it"]
["Read", "it", "(look"]
["it", "(look", "at"]
["(look", "at", "it)"]
["at", "it)", "Write"]
["it)", "Write", "it"]
["Write", "it", "(change"]
["it", "(change", "it)"]
["(change", "it)", "Execute"]
["it)", "Execute", "it"]
["Execute", "it", "(run"]
["it", "(run", "it"]
["(run", "it", "like"]
["it", "like", "a"]
["like", "a", "program)"]
["a", "program)", "On"]
["program)", "On", "Unix/Linux,"]
["On", "Unix/Linux,", "these"]
["Unix/Linux,", "these", "are"]
["these", "are", "controlled"]
["are", "controlled", "with"]
["controlled", "with", "codes"]
["with", "codes", "like"]
["codes", "like", "rwxr--r--."]
["like", "rwxr--r--.", "On"]
["rwxr--r--.", "On", "Windows,"]
["On", "Windows,", "it"]
["Windows,", "it", "works"]
["it", "works", "differently,"]
["works", "differently,", "but"]
["differently,", "but", "the"]
["but", "the", "idea"]
["the", "idea", "is"]
["idea", "is", "the"]
["is", "the", "same."]
["the", "same.", "Python"]
["same.", "Python", "can"]
["Python", "can", "change"]
["can", "change", "file"]
["change", "file", "permissions"]
["file", "permissions", "using:"]
["permissions", "using:", "os.chmod(\"myfile.txt\","]
["using:", "os.chmod(\"myfile.txt\",", "0o777)"]
["os.chmod(\"myfile.txt\",", "0o777)", "#"]
["0o777)", "#", "Full"]
["#", "Full", "read/write/execute"]
["Full", "read/write/execute", "permission"]
["read/write/execute", "permission", "Don\u2019t"]
["permission", "Don\u2019t", "worry"]
["Don\u2019t", "worry", "\u2014"]
["worry", "\u2014", "we\u2019ll"]
["\u2014", "we\u2019ll", "explain"]
["we\u2019ll", "explain", "this"]
["explain", "this", "deeply"]
["this", "deeply", "later."]
["deeply", "later.", "\u2713"]
["later.", "\u2713", "What"]
["\u2713", "What", "Is"]
["What", "Is", "a"]
["Is", "a", "Buffer?"]
["a", "Buffer?", "\u2022"]
["Buffer?", "\u2022", "Buffering"]
["\u2022", "Buffering", "is"]
["Buffering", "is", "like"]
["is", "like", "a"]
["like", "a", "temporary"]
["a", "temporary", "storage"]
["temporary", "storage", "space"]
["storage", "space", "in"]
["space", "in", "memory"]
["in", "memory", "Imagine"]
["memory", "Imagine", "you're"]
["Imagine", "you're", "writing"]
["you're", "writing", "a"]
["writing", "a", "letter"]
["a", "letter", "and"]
["letter", "and", "you"]
["and", "you", "store"]
["you", "store", "it"]
["store", "it", "in"]
["it", "in", "a"]
["in", "a", "drawer"]
["a", "drawer", "before"]
["drawer", "before", "mailing"]
["before", "mailing", "it."]
["mailing", "it.", "That"]
["it.", "That", "drawer"]
["That", "drawer", "is"]
["drawer", "is", "your"]
["is", "your", "buffer."]
["your", "buffer.", "Python"]
["buffer.", "Python", "sometimes"]
["Python", "sometimes", "waits"]
["sometimes", "waits", "to"]
["waits", "to", "write"]
["to", "write", "things"]
["write", "things", "to"]
["things", "to", "disk"]
["to", "disk", "to"]
["disk", "to", "make"]
["to", "make", "it"]
["make", "it", "faster"]
["it", "faster", "You"]
["faster", "You", "can"]
["You", "can", "force"]
["can", "force", "it"]
["force", "it", "to"]
["it", "to", "save"]
["to", "save", "immediately"]
["save", "immediately", "using"]
["immediately", "using", ".flush()"]
["using", ".flush()", "or"]
[".flush()", "or", ".close()"]
["or", ".close()", "f"]
[".close()", "f", "="]
["f", "=", "open(\"data.txt\","]
["=", "open(\"data.txt\",", "\"w\","]
["open(\"data.txt\",", "\"w\",", "buffering=1)"]
["\"w\",", "buffering=1)", "#"]
["buffering=1)", "#", "Buffered"]
["#", "Buffered", "f.write(\"Hello\\n\")"]
["Buffered", "f.write(\"Hello\\n\")", "f.flush()"]
["f.write(\"Hello\\n\")", "f.flush()", "#"]
["f.flush()", "#", "Force"]
["#", "Force", "write"]
["Force", "write", "to"]
["write", "to", "file"]
["to", "file", "now"]
["file", "now", "f.close()"]
["now", "f.close()", "\u2713"]
["f.close()", "\u2713", "Summary"]
["\u2713", "Summary", "of"]
["Summary", "of", "Basics"]
["of", "Basics", "So"]
["Basics", "So", "Far"]
["So", "Far", "Term"]
["Far", "Term", "Baby"]
["Term", "Baby", "Explanation"]
["Baby", "Explanation", "File"]
["Explanation", "File", "descriptor"]
["File", "descriptor", "A"]
["descriptor", "A", "number"]
["A", "number", "that"]
["number", "that", "represents"]
["that", "represents", "an"]
["represents", "an", "open"]
["an", "open", "file"]
["open", "file", "File"]
["file", "File", "modes"]
["File", "modes", "Tell"]
["modes", "Tell", "Python"]
["Tell", "Python", "how"]
["Python", "how", "to"]
["how", "to", "use"]
["to", "use", "the"]
["use", "the", "file"]
["the", "file", "(read/write)"]
["file", "(read/write)", "Bytes/Bytearrays"]
["(read/write)", "Bytes/Bytearrays", "Raw"]
["Bytes/Bytearrays", "Raw", "data"]
["Raw", "data", "like"]
["data", "like", "images"]
["like", "images", "or"]
["images", "or", "music"]
["or", "music", "Unix"]
["music", "Unix", "vs"]
["Unix", "vs", "Windows"]
["vs", "Windows", "Different"]
["Windows", "Different", "OSes;"]
["Different", "OSes;", "some"]
["OSes;", "some", "behavior"]
["some", "behavior", "differs"]
["behavior", "differs", "Paths"]
["differs", "Paths", "Folder"]
["Paths", "Folder", "or"]
["Folder", "or", "file"]
["or", "file", "locations"]
["file", "locations", "Permissions"]
["locations", "Permissions", "Who"]
["Permissions", "Who", "can"]
["Who", "can", "read/write/run"]
["can", "read/write/run", "a"]
["read/write/run", "a", "file"]
["a", "file", "Buffering"]
["file", "Buffering", "Temporary"]
["Buffering", "Temporary", "storage"]
["Temporary", "storage", "before"]
["storage", "before", "writing"]
["before", "writing", "to"]
["writing", "to", "disk"]
["to", "disk", "Environment"]
["disk", "Environment", "vars"]
["Environment", "vars", "Settings"]
["vars", "Settings", "like"]
["Settings", "like", "HOME,"]
["like", "HOME,", "USER,"]
["HOME,", "USER,", "PATH"]
["USER,", "PATH", "Process"]
["PATH", "Process", "A"]
["Process", "A", "program"]
["A", "program", "that"]
["program", "that", "is"]
["that", "is", "running"]
["is", "running", "PID"]
["running", "PID", "ID"]
["PID", "ID", "number"]
["ID", "number", "of"]
["number", "of", "a"]
["of", "a", "process"]
["a", "process", "Shell"]
["process", "Shell", "Where"]
["Shell", "Where", "we"]
["Where", "we", "type"]
["we", "type", "commands"]
["type", "commands", "os.path"]
["commands", "os.path", "Mini"]
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["text", "\u2022", "bytearray"]
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["bytes", "and", "can"]
["and", "can", "be"]
["can", "be", "changed"]
["be", "changed", "ba"]
["changed", "ba", "="]
["ba", "=", "bytearray(b\"Hi\")"]
["=", "bytearray(b\"Hi\")", "ba[0]"]
["bytearray(b\"Hi\")", "ba[0]", "="]
["ba[0]", "=", "72"]
["=", "72", "#"]
["72", "#", "Change"]
["#", "Change", "first"]
["Change", "first", "letter"]
["first", "letter", "to"]
["letter", "to", "'H'"]
["to", "'H'", "print(ba)"]
["'H'", "print(ba)", "#"]
["print(ba)", "#", "bytearray(b'Hi')"]
["#", "bytearray(b'Hi')", "\u2713"]
["bytearray(b'Hi')", "\u2713", "What"]
["\u2713", "What", "Is"]
["What", "Is", "Unix?"]
["Is", "Unix?", "Why"]
["Unix?", "Why", "Does"]
["Why", "Does", "It"]
["Does", "It", "Matter?"]
["It", "Matter?", "\u2022"]
["Matter?", "\u2022", "Unix"]
["\u2022", "Unix", "is"]
["Unix", "is", "an"]
["is", "an", "older"]
["an", "older", "operating"]
["older", "operating", "system."]
["operating", "system.", "Modern"]
["system.", "Modern", "systems"]
["Modern", "systems", "like"]
["systems", "like", "Linux"]
["like", "Linux", "and"]
["Linux", "and", "macOS"]
["and", "macOS", "are"]
["macOS", "are", "based"]
["are", "based", "on"]
["based", "on", "it"]
["on", "it", "Python"]
["it", "Python", "was"]
["Python", "was", "first"]
["was", "first", "made"]
["first", "made", "for"]
["made", "for", "Unix-style"]
["for", "Unix-style", "systems"]
["Unix-style", "systems", "So"]
["systems", "So", "some"]
["So", "some", "os"]
["some", "os", "functions"]
["os", "functions", "work"]
["functions", "work", "slightly"]
["work", "slightly", "differently"]
["slightly", "differently", "on"]
["differently", "on", "Windows"]
["on", "Windows", "vs"]
["Windows", "vs", "Linux/macOS"]
["vs", "Linux/macOS", "For"]
["Linux/macOS", "For", "example:"]
["For", "example:", "import"]
["example:", "import", "os"]
["import", "os", "if"]
["os", "if", "os.name"]
["if", "os.name", "=="]
["os.name", "==", "\"posix\":"]
["==", "\"posix\":", "print(\"Unix/Linux/macOS"]
["\"posix\":", "print(\"Unix/Linux/macOS", "system\")"]
["print(\"Unix/Linux/macOS", "system\")", "elif"]
["system\")", "elif", "os.name"]
["elif", "os.name", "=="]
["os.name", "==", "\"nt\":"]
["==", "\"nt\":", "print(\"Windows"]
["\"nt\":", "print(\"Windows", "system\")"]
["print(\"Windows", "system\")", "\u2713"]
["system\")", "\u2713", "What"]
["\u2713", "What", "Are"]
["What", "Are", "Paths?"]
["Are", "Paths?", "\u2022"]
["Paths?", "\u2022", "A"]
["\u2022", "A", "path"]
["A", "path", "is"]
["path", "is", "just"]
["is", "just", "the"]
["just", "the", "location"]
["the", "location", "of"]
["location", "of", "a"]
["of", "a", "file"]
["a", "file", "or"]
["file", "or", "folder"]
["or", "folder", "in"]
["folder", "in", "your"]
["in", "your", "computer"]
["your", "computer", "There"]
["computer", "There", "are"]
["There", "are", "2"]
["are", "2", "main"]
["2", "main", "types:"]
["main", "types:", "Absolute"]
["types:", "Absolute", "path"]
["Absolute", "path", "="]
["path", "=", "full"]
["=", "full", "address"]
["full", "address", "from"]
["address", "from", "the"]
["from", "the", "root"]
["the", "root", "Example:"]
["root", "Example:", "/home/user/file.txt"]
["Example:", "/home/user/file.txt", "(Linux/mac)"]
["/home/user/file.txt", "(Linux/mac)", "or"]
["(Linux/mac)", "or", "C:\\Users\\Me\\file.txt"]
["or", "C:\\Users\\Me\\file.txt", "(Windows)"]
["C:\\Users\\Me\\file.txt", "(Windows)", "Relative"]
["(Windows)", "Relative", "path"]
["Relative", "path", "="]
["path", "=", "from"]
["=", "from", "where"]
["from", "where", "your"]
["where", "your", "Python"]
["your", "Python", "file"]
["Python", "file", "is"]
["file", "is", "running"]
["is", "running", "Example:"]
["running", "Example:", "../file.txt"]
["Example:", "../file.txt", "means"]
["../file.txt", "means", "go"]
["means", "go", "one"]
["go", "one", "folder"]
["one", "folder", "up"]
["folder", "up", "\u2713"]
["up", "\u2713", "What"]
["\u2713", "What", "Are"]
["What", "Are", "Permissions?"]
["Are", "Permissions?", "\u2022"]
["Permissions?", "\u2022", "Permissions"]
["\u2022", "Permissions", "control"]
["Permissions", "control", "who"]
["control", "who", "can"]
["who", "can", "read,"]
["can", "read,", "write,"]
["read,", "write,", "or"]
["write,", "or", "run"]
["or", "run", "a"]
["run", "a", "file"]
["a", "file", "In"]
["file", "In", "Unix/Linux:"]
["In", "Unix/Linux:", "Permission"]
["Unix/Linux:", "Permission", "Symbol"]
["Permission", "Symbol", "Meaning"]
["Symbol", "Meaning", "Read"]
["Meaning", "Read", "r"]
["Read", "r", "Can"]
["r", "Can", "view"]
["Can", "view", "the"]
["view", "the", "file"]
["the", "file", "Write"]
["file", "Write", "w"]
["Write", "w", "Can"]
["w", "Can", "change"]
["Can", "change", "it"]
["change", "it", "Execute"]
["it", "Execute", "x"]
["Execute", "x", "Can"]
["x", "Can", "run"]
["Can", "run", "it"]
["run", "it", "For"]
["it", "For", "example:"]
["For", "example:", "-rw-r--r--"]
["example:", "-rw-r--r--", "means:"]
["-rw-r--r--", "means:", "Owner"]
["means:", "Owner", "can"]
["Owner", "can", "read/write"]
["can", "read/write", "Group"]
["read/write", "Group", "can"]
["Group", "can", "read"]
["can", "read", "Others"]
["read", "Others", "can"]
["Others", "can", "read"]
["can", "read", "Python"]
["read", "Python", "can"]
["Python", "can", "change"]
["can", "change", "file"]
["change", "file", "permissions"]
["file", "permissions", "with"]
["permissions", "with", "os.chmod()."]
["with", "os.chmod().", "\u2713"]
["os.chmod().", "\u2713", "What"]
["\u2713", "What", "Is"]
["What", "Is", "Buffering?"]
["Is", "Buffering?", "\u2022"]
["Buffering?", "\u2022", "Buffering"]
["\u2022", "Buffering", "is"]
["Buffering", "is", "how"]
["is", "how", "Python"]
["how", "Python", "stores"]
["Python", "stores", "some"]
["stores", "some", "data"]
["some", "data", "temporarily"]
["data", "temporarily", "before"]
["temporarily", "before", "saving"]
["before", "saving", "it"]
["saving", "it", "to"]
["it", "to", "a"]
["to", "a", "file"]
["a", "file", "Helps"]
["file", "Helps", "speed"]
["Helps", "speed", "things"]
["speed", "things", "up"]
["things", "up", "But"]
["up", "But", "if"]
["But", "if", "the"]
["if", "the", "computer"]
["the", "computer", "crashes"]
["computer", "crashes", "before"]
["crashes", "before", "it's"]
["before", "it's", "saved,"]
["it's", "saved,", "the"]
["saved,", "the", "data"]
["the", "data", "could"]
["data", "could", "be"]
["could", "be", "lost"]
["be", "lost", "That\u2019s"]
["lost", "That\u2019s", "why"]
["That\u2019s", "why", "we"]
["why", "we", "use"]
["we", "use", ".flush()"]
["use", ".flush()", "or"]
[".flush()", "or", ".close()"]
["or", ".close()", "to"]
[".close()", "to", "force"]
["to", "force", "saving"]
["force", "saving", "the"]
["saving", "the", "data"]
["the", "data", "file"]
["data", "file", "="]
["file", "=", "open(\"data.txt\","]
["=", "open(\"data.txt\",", "\"w\","]
["open(\"data.txt\",", "\"w\",", "buffering=1)"]
["\"w\",", "buffering=1)", "#"]
["buffering=1)", "#", "line"]
["#", "line", "buffering"]
["line", "buffering", "file.write(\"Saved\\n\")"]
["buffering", "file.write(\"Saved\\n\")", "file.flush()"]
["file.write(\"Saved\\n\")", "file.flush()", "#"]
["file.flush()", "#", "forces"]
["#", "forces", "write"]
["forces", "write", "to"]
["write", "to", "disk"]
["to", "disk", "file.close()"]
["disk", "file.close()", "\u2713"]
["file.close()", "\u2713", "What"]
["\u2713", "What", "Is"]
["What", "Is", "an"]
["Is", "an", "Environment"]
["an", "Environment", "Variable?"]
["Environment", "Variable?", "\u2022"]
["Variable?", "\u2022", "A"]
["\u2022", "A", "small"]
["A", "small", "piece"]
["small", "piece", "of"]
["piece", "of", "information"]
["of", "information", "the"]
["information", "the", "OS"]
["the", "OS", "uses"]
["OS", "uses", "\u2014"]
["uses", "\u2014", "like"]
["\u2014", "like", "your"]
["like", "your", "username,"]
["your", "username,", "language,"]
["username,", "language,", "or"]
["language,", "or", "system"]
["or", "system", "path"]
["system", "path", "You"]
["path", "You", "can"]
["You", "can", "read"]
["can", "read", "it"]
["read", "it", "like"]
["it", "like", "this:"]
["like", "this:", "import"]
["this:", "import", "os"]
["import", "os", "print(os.environ[\"HOME\"])"]
["os", "print(os.environ[\"HOME\"])", "#"]
["print(os.environ[\"HOME\"])", "#", "Shows"]
["#", "Shows", "your"]
["Shows", "your", "home"]
["your", "home", "directory"]
["home", "directory", "On"]
["directory", "On", "Windows,"]
["On", "Windows,", "use"]
["Windows,", "use", "\"USERPROFILE\""]
["use", "\"USERPROFILE\"", "instead"]
["\"USERPROFILE\"", "instead", "of"]
["instead", "of", "\"HOME\"."]
["of", "\"HOME\".", "Let"]
["\"HOME\".", "Let", "me"]
["Let", "me", "know"]
["me", "know", "when"]
["know", "when", "you're"]
["when", "you're", "ready"]
["you're", "ready", "and"]
["ready", "and", "I\u2019ll"]
["and", "I\u2019ll", "move"]
["I\u2019ll", "move", "on"]
["move", "on", "to"]
["on", "to", "start"]
["to", "start", "the"]
["start", "the", "first"]
["the", "first", "real"]
["first", "real", "topic"]
["real", "topic", "of"]
["topic", "of", "the"]
["of", "the", "os"]
["the", "os", "module"]
["os", "module", "(like"]
["module", "(like", "working"]
["(like", "working", "with"]
["working", "with", "files"]