⊲ 16: Transients (B)

Pie ewise steady

state inputs
Sinusoidal Input
Multiple
Dis ontinuities
Swit hed Cir uit
Transfer Fun tion
Transient from
Transfer Fun tion
Opamp Cir uit
Transient
Summary 16: Transients (B)

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 Pie ewise steady state inputs
16: Transients (B)
Pie ewise steady
We will onsider input signals that are sinusoidal or onstant for a parti ular
⊲ state inputs time interval and then suddenly hange in amplitude, phase or frequen y.
Sinusoidal Input
Multiple
Dis ontinuities
Output is the sum of the steady state and a transient:
Swit hed Cir uit y(t) = ySS (t) + yT r (t)
Transfer Fun tion
Transient from
Transfer Fun tion
Steady state, ySS (t), is the same frequen y as the input;
Opamp Cir uit
Transient
use phasors + nodal analysis.
Transient is always yT r (t) = Ae− τ at ea h hange.
t
[only one C or L℄
Summary

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 Sinusoidal Input
16: Transients (B)
Pie ewise steady
For t < 0: y(t) = x(t) = 0
state inputs For t ≥ 0: x = 2 sin ωt ⇒ X = −2j
⊲ Sinusoidal Input
Multiple τ = RC = 1 ms, ω = 10 krad/s
Dis ontinuities
Swit hed Cir uit
Transfer Fun tion
Steady State (for t ≥ 0)
Y 1
Transient from
Transfer Fun tion X= jωRC+1 = 0.1∠ − 84◦ 2
Opamp Cir uit Y
Transient Y =X×X = −2j × 0.1∠ − 84◦
0
Summary
ySS (t) = 0.2 cos (ωt − 174◦ )
Steady State + Transient
-2
-1 0 1 2 3
t (ms)

y(t) = 0.2 cos (ωt − 174◦ ) + Ae−t/τ 0.4

y
0.2 yTr
Transient Amplitude 0
y

y(0+) = 0.2 cos (−174◦ ) + A -0.2 ySS

= −0.198 + A -1 0 1
t (ms)
2 3

y(0+) = y(0−) = 0 ⇒ A = 0.198 ⇒ yT r (t) = 0.198e−t/τ

Complete Expression for y(t)
y(t) = 0.2 cos (ωt − 174◦ ) + 0.198e−t/τ

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 Multiple Dis ontinuities

For 0 ≤ t < 0.2π ms: X = −2j , ω1 = 10 k, τ = 1 ms

prev page ⇒ y(t) = 0.2 cos (ωt − 174◦ ) + 0.198e−t/τ
Steady State (for t ≥ 0.0002π = 0.63 ms)
X = −3j , ω2 = 5 k
Y 1
X = jω2 RC+1 = 0.2∠ − 79◦
Y
Y =X×X = −3j × 0.2∠ − 79◦
ySS (t) = 0.59 cos (ω2 t − 169◦ )
Steady State + Transient (for t ≥ 0.63 ms)
y = 0.59 cos (ω2 t − 169◦ ) + Be−(t−0.00063)/τ
Transient Amplitude (at t = 0.63 ms)
y(0.00063+) = 0.59 cos (0.00063ω2 − 169◦ ) + B
= 0.577 + B

y(0.00063−) = 0.2 cos (0.00063ω1 − 174◦ ) + 0.198e−0.00063/τ = −0.092

⇒ 0.577 + B = −0.092 ⇒ B = −0.67 ⇒ yT r = −0.67e−(t−0.00063)/τ
Complete Expression for y(t) (for t ≥ 0.63 ms)
y(t) = 0.59 cos (ω2 t − 169◦ ) − 0.67e−(t−0.00063)/τ
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 Swit hed Cir uit
16: Transients (B)
Pie ewise steady
Operating the swit h hanges τ :
state inputs Closed: τC = (1 k || 9 k) × C = 0.9 ms
Sinusoidal Input
Multiple Open: τO = 9 k × C = 9 ms
Dis ontinuities
⊲ Swit hed Cir uit
Swit h losed at t = 0.
Transfer Fun tion
9
Transient from
Transfer Fun tion
ySS = 10 × 10 = 9V
Opamp Cir uit
Transient
y(t) = 9 − 9e−t/τC
Summary y(2−) = 9 − 9e−2/0.9 = 8.02
Swit h opened at t = 2.
ySS = 0 V
y(t) = 0 + Ae−(t−2)/τO
y(2+) = A = y(2−) = 8.02
y(20) = 8.02e−(20−2)/9 = 1.09

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 Transfer Fun tion

Phasor nodal analysis:

jω
Y 5R 10jωRC+1 p +1
X = 15R+ 10R = 30jωRC+5 = 0.2 jω
1+10jωRC q +1

Corner freqen ies: p = 10RC

1
, q = 6RC
1
, HF gain = 1
3
Thévenin Equivalent driving C :
VT h = 52 X , RT h = 10R||15R = 6R, τ = 6RC
V = 25 X × 1
= 52 X × jωτ1+1
6jωRC+1
Denominator is always (jωτ + 1)
Linearity: Y = aX + bV
KCL  supernode: (Y +V )−X
10R +

Y
5R =0 ⇒ 3Y + V −X =0
5jωτ +3
Y = 31 X − 13 V = 31 X − 15
2
X 1
jωτ +1 = X
15 jωτ +1
Denominator of bV is un hanged by adding aX
(1) Denominator orner frequen y is always 1
τ for any transfer fun tion in the ir uit.
(2) V = 0 at ω = ∞, so sin e Y = aX + bV , a = X
Y
ω=∞
(= HF-gain)
V is never dis ontinuous so ∆Y dis ontinuity = HF-gain×∆X dis ontinuity

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 Transient from Transfer Fun tion

Cal ulate Transfer Fun tion

KCL  V: V4R−X V
+ 8R + jωCV + V −Y
2R =0
KCL  Y: Y2R−V
+ Y6R
−X
=0
→ Transfer Fun tion: Y 8jωRC+13
X = 32jωRC+16
DC gain: 16 ,
13
HF gain: 32
8
= 41 , τ = 32RC
16 = 2RC
Steady State
t < 0: ySS (t) = 13
16 x(t) = 13
16 × −4 = −3 14
t ≥ 0: ySS (t) = 13
16 x(t) = 13
16 × +4 = +3 14
Steady State + Transient (for t > 0)
t ≥ 0: y = 3 14 + Ae−t/τ
Dis ontinuity Gain (= HF Gain  ω = ∞)
1 1
∆y = y(0+) − y(0−) = 4 ∆x = 4 ×8=2
3 14 + A − −3 41 = 2 ⇒ A = −4 12

Complete Expression
t ≥ 0: y(t) = 3 14 − 4 12 e−t/2RC

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 Opamp Cir uit Transient

Cal ulate Transfer Fun tion (Inverting Amplier)

4R(4R+ jωC
1
) 4jωRC+1
Y
= − ZRF = − R1 × 4R+(
= −4 8jωRC+1
X 1
4R+ jωC )
DC gain: −4, HF gain: −2, τ = 8RC
Steady State
t < 0: ySS (t) = −4v(t) = 0 1

t ≥ 0: ySS (t) = −4v(t) = −4 × 1 = −4 0.5

Steady State + Transient 0

0 5RC 10RC 15RC 20RC
t ≥ 0: y = −4 + Ae−t/τ t

Dis ontinuity Gain (= HF Gain) 2 yTr

0
y(0+) − y(0−) = −2 (x(0+) − x(0−)) = −2 -2 y
(−4 + A) − (0) = −2 ⇒ A = 2 -4 ySS
0 5RC 10RC 15RC 20RC
Complete Expression t

t ≥ 0: y(t) = −4 + 2e−t/8RC

For opamp ir uits get τ from the transfer fun tion be ause RT h is di ult to work out.

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 Summary
16: Transients (B)
Pie ewise steady
• 1st order transients: ir uits with only one C or L
state inputs
Sinusoidal Input • Transients arise from abrupt hanges in the frequen y, phase or
Multiple
Dis ontinuities amplitude of the input signal or else a swit h hanging
Swit hed Cir uit
Transfer Fun tion
Transient from
• Output is steady state + transient
Transfer Fun tion
Opamp Cir uit
Transient
• Steady state: nodal analysis → transfer fun tion
⊲ Summary
• Transient: Ae−t/τ where:
◦ Two methods to nd τ :
⊲ Thévenin seen by L or C : τ = RT h C or L
RT h
⊲ Transfer fun tion denominator: (ajω + b) ⇒ τ = 1
ωc = a
b

◦ Two methods to nd A:

⊲ Continuity: ∆VC = 0 or ∆IL = 0
⊲ Dis ontinuity gain: ∆output = HF gain ×∆input

For further details see Hayt Ch 8 or Irwin Ch 7.

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