14 Probability

Galileo an Italian mathematician was the first person to attempt at a quantitative measure of
probability while dealing with some problems related to the theory of dice in gambling.
Probability is a measure of the likelihood of an event to occur. Many events cannot be predicted
with total certainty we can predict only the total chance of an event to occur i.e., how likely they
are going to happen, using it.
Ex. (i) It will probably rain today.
(ii) India's cricket team has good chances of winning the world-cup.
Some basic concepts/terms
Experiment: An action or operation which can produce some well-defined result is known as
experiment.
Deterministic experiment: If we perform an experiment and repeat it under identical
conditions, we get almost the same result every time, such an experiment is called a deterministic
experiment.
Random experiment: An experiment is said to be a random experiment if it satisfies the
following two conditions:
(i) It has more than one possible outcome.
(ii) It is not possible to predict the outcome (result) in advance.
E.g., (i) Tossing a pair of fair coins. (ii) Rolling an unbiased die.

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Outcomes: The possible results of a random experiment are called outcomes.
Trial: When an experiment is repeated under similar conditions, and it does not give the same result
each time but may result in any one of the several possible outcomes is called a trial.
E.g., If a coin is tossed 100 times, then one toss of the coin is called a trial.
Event: The collection of all or some outcomes of a random experiment is called an event.
E.g., Suppose we toss a pair of coins simultaneously and let E be the event of getting exactly one
head. Then, the event E contains HT and TH.
E.g., Suppose we roll a die and let E be the event of getting an even number. Then the event E
contains 2, 4 and 6.

 When we toss 'n' coins simultaneously or when we toss a coin 'n' times then number of
possible outcomes are 2n.
Elementary or Simple Event: An outcome of a trial is called an elementary event.
Note: An elementary event has only one element.
E.g., Let a pair of coins is tossed simultaneously.
Then, possible outcomes of this experiment are
HH : Getting H on first and H on second (= E1)
[H = Head, T = Tail and E = event]
HT : Getting H on first and T on second (= E2)
TH : Getting T on first and H on second (= E3) and
TT : Getting T on first and T on second (= E4)
Here, E1, E2, E3 and E4 are the elementary events associated with the random experiment of tossing
of two coins.
Compound event or composite event or mixed event
An event associated to a random experiment and obtained by combining two or more simple
events associated to the same random experiment, is called a compound event.
OR
A compound event is an aggregate of some simple (elementary) event and is decomposable into
simple events.
e.g., If we throw a die, then the event E of getting an odd number is a compound event because the
event E contains three elements 1, 3 and 5, which is a compound of three simple events E1, E2 and
E3 containing 1, 3 and 5 respectively.

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Equally likely events: The outcomes of an experiment are said to be equally likely events if the
chances of their happenings are neither less nor greater than other.
In other words, a given number of events are said to be equally likely if none of them is expected
to occur in preference to the others.
E.g., In tossing a coin, getting head (H) and tail (T) are equally likely events.

Which of the following experiments have equally likely outcomes? Explain.

(i) A coin is tossed. It turns to be a head or a tail.
(ii) A monitor is nominated by the class teacher of a class. It is a boy or a girl.
Explanation
(i) Yes, it is equally likely outcome because when a coin is tossed either a head or a tail turns.
(ii) Yes, it is an equally likely outcome because when a class teacher nominates for the monitor,
the student will either be a boy or a girl.

 When we throw 'n' dice simultaneously or when we throw a dice 'n' times, then number of
possible outcomes are 6n.
Experimental (or empirical) probability
The experimental or empirical probability P(E) of an event is defined as
Number of trials in which the event happened m
P(E) = i.e., P(E) =
Total numbers of trials n
Clearly, 0  m  n
m
0 1
n
 0  P(E)  1
Probability of an event always lies from 0 to 1.

 These probabilities are based on results of an actual experiment.

 These probabilities are only 'estimates', i.e., we may get different probabilities for the
same event in various experiments.

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Theoretical (or classical) probability
The theoretical or classical probability of an event E, written as P(E), is defined as
Number of outcomes favourable to E
P(E) =
Number of all possible outcomes of the experiment
where the outcomes of the experiment are equally likely.

A die is thrown once

(i) What is the probability of getting a number greater than 4?
(ii) What is the probability of getting a number less than or equal to 4?
Explanation
The possible outcomes are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
Let E = The event of getting a number greater than 4
and F = The event of getting a number less than or equal to 4.
(i) The outcomes favourable to E are 5 and 6.
 The number of outcomes favourable to E is 2.
2 1
Therefore, P(E) = P(number greater than 4) = =
6 3
(ii) The outcomes favourable to F are 1, 2, 3, 4.
 The number of outcomes favourable to F is 4.
4 2
Therefore, P(E) = P(number less than or equal to 4) = =
6 3
Note : Events E and F are not elementary events because event E has 2 outcomes and the event F
has 4 outcomes.

Two unbiased coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of getting
(i) one head (ii) one tail (iii) two heads (iv) at least one head
(v) at most one head (vi) no head
Explanation
If two unbiased coins are tossed simultaneously, then all possible outcomes are HH, HT, TH, TT.
Total number of possible outcomes = 4.

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(i) Let A1 = The event of getting one head.
Then, favourable outcomes are HT, TH.
Number of favourable outcomes = 2.
2 1
Hence, required probability = P(getting one head) = P(A1) = =
4 2
(ii) Let A2 = The event of getting one tail.
Then, favourable outcomes are TH, HT.
Number of favourable outcomes = 2.
2 1
Hence, required probability = P(getting one tail) = P(A2) = =
4 2
(iii) Let A3 = The event of getting two heads
Then, the favourable outcome is HH
Number of favourable outcome = 1
1
Hence, required probability = P(getting two heads) = P(A3) =
4
(iv) Let A4 = The event of getting at least one head.
Then, the favourable outcomes are HT, TH, HH
Number of favourable outcomes = 3
3
Hence, required probability = P(getting at least one head) = P(A4) =
4
(v) Let A5 = The event of getting atmost one head.
Then, the favourable outcomes are TT, HT, TH.
Number of favourable outcomes = 3
3
Hence, required probability = P(getting atmost one head) = P(A5) =
4
(vi) Let A6 = The event of getting no head.
Then, the favourable outcomes is TT
Number of favourable outcome = 1
1
Hence, required probability = P(getting no head) = P(A6) =
4

If we throw two coins in the air, then find the probability of getting both tails.

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Some special events
Impossible event (or null event)
An event is said to be an impossible event when none of the outcomes is favourable to the event.
The probability of an impossible event = 0.

What is the probability of getting a number 8 in a single throw of a die?

Explanation
The possible outcomes are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
Let E = The event of getting a number 8 in a single throw of a die.
Clearly, the number of outcomes favourable to E is 0 and the total number of possible outcomes is 6.
0
Therefore, P(E) = = 0. Here, E is an impossible event.
6
Sure (or certain) event
An event is said to be a sure (or certain) event when all possible outcomes are favourable to the event.
The probability of a sure event is 1.

What is the probability of getting a number less than 7 in a single throw of a die?
Explanation
The possible outcomes are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Let F = the event of getting a number less than 7 in a
single throw of a die. Clearly, the number of outcomes favourable to F are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. i.e., the
number of outcomes favourable to F is 6.
6
Therefore, P(F) = = 1. Here, F is a sure (or certain) event.
6
Complement of an event
Corresponding to every event E associated with random experiment, there is an event 'not E',
which occurs only when E does not occur.
The event E , representing 'not E', is called the complement of the event E.
E and E are also called complementary events.
In general, P(E) + P( E ) = 1
i.e., P( E ) = 1 – P(E) or P(not E) = 1 – P(E)

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 Let E1, E2, E3, ..., En be the n elementary events associated with a random experiment
having exactly n outcomes. Then, P(E1) + P(E2) + P(E3) +...+ P(En) = 1
E.g., A bag contains 3 red balls, 4 white balls and 5 green balls. A ball is drawn at random.
Let R = The event of getting a red ball,
W = The event of getting a white ball
and G = The event of getting a green ball.
Here, total number of balls (outcomes) = 3 + 4 + 5 = 12.
3
Then, P(R) = [Number of favourable outcomes = 3]
12
4
P(W) = [Number of favourable outcomes = 4]
12
5
and P(G) = [Number of favourable outcomes = 5]
12
3 4 5 12
Clearly, + + = =1
12 12 12 12
i.e., P(R) + P(W) + P(G) = 1.

If P(E) = 0.05, what is the probability of 'not E'?

Solution
We have P(E) = 0.05
 P(not E) = 1 – P(E) = 1 – 0.05 = 0.95
Therefore, P(not E) = 0.95.

1
4

If P(E) = 0.07, then what is the probability of ‘not E’?

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Designation of playing cards
Pack
of (52)
Cards

Red Cards (26) Black Cards (26)

Diamond (13) Heart (13) Spade (13) Club (13)

(i) A deck (pack) of cards contains 52 cards, out of which there are 26 red cards and 26
black cards.
(ii) There are four suits each containing 13 cards.
(iii) The cards in each suit are ace, king, queen, jack, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 and 2.
(iv) Kings, queens and jacks are called face cards (4 + 4 + 4 = 12).
(v) Kings, queens, jacks and aces are called honour cards (4 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 16).

A card is drawn at random from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability that
the card drawn is
(i) a red card (ii) a non-ace
(iii) a king or a jack (iv) neither a king nor a queen
Explanation
If a card is drawn at random from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards, then total number of possible
outcomes = 52
(i) Let A1 = event of getting a red card.
Then, the number of favourable outcomes = 26.
26 1
Hence, required probability = P (getting a red card) = P(A1) = =
52 2
(ii) Let A2 = Event of getting a non-ace.
Then, the number of favourable outcomes = 48.
[there are 4 aces in a pack of playing cards]
48 12
Hence, required probability = P(getting a non-ace) = =
52 13

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(iii) Let A3 = Event of getting a king or a jack
There are 4 king cards and 4 jack cards.
Hence, required probability = P(A3) = P (getting a king or a jack)
4 4 8 2
= P (getting a king) + P (getting a jack) = + = =
52 52 52 13
(iv) Let A4 = Event of getting neither a king nor a queen.
There are 4 king and 4 queen cards.
Hence, required probability = P(A4) = P(getting neither a king nor a queen)
= 1 – P (getting a king or a queen) = 1 – [P (getting a king) + P (getting a queen)]
 4 4  8 44 11
= 1 –  +  = 1− = =
 52 52  52 52 13
Alternate method : Let A4 : Event of getting neither king nor queen.
There are 4 king and 4 queen cards.
 No. of favourable outcomes,
i.e., neither king nor queen cards = 52 – 8 = 44
44 11
Hence, P(A4) = =
52 13

A box contains 5 red, 4 green and 7 white balls. A ball is drawn at random from the box.
Find the probability that the ball drawn is
(i) White (ii) Neither red nor white
Explanation
Total number of balls in the box = 5 + 4 + 7 = 16.
Let A1 = Event of getting a white ball, A2 = Event of getting neither red nor white ball.
(i) There are 7 white balls in the box.
7
Hence, required probability = P(A1) = P (getting a white ball) =
16
(ii) There are 7 white and 5 red balls in the box.
Hence, required probability = P (getting neither red nor white ball) = P(A2)
= 1 – P (getting either red or white ball)
= 1 – P [(getting a red ball) + P (getting a white ball)]
 5 7  12 4 1
=1 –  +  = 1 – = =
 16 16  16 16 4
4 1
Alternate method : P(getting neither red nor white ball) = P(getting a green ball) = =
16 4

P(not E) = 0.93

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Mathematics

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 Mathematics

EXERCISE-01
Multiple Choice Questions Two unbiased coins are tossed
An unbiased die is thrown (Q. No.1 to 5) simultaneously (Q. No. 6 to 9)
6. The probability of getting one head is
1. The probability of getting a prime
1 3
(1) (2)
number is 2 4
1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4) None
6 3 4
7. The probability of getting two heads is
1 2
(3) (4) 1 1
2 3 (1) (2)
2 4
2. The probability of getting a multiple of 3 is
3
(3) (4) None
1 1 4
(1) (2)
6 3 8. The probability of getting no head is
3 4 1 3
(3) (4) (1) (2)
6 6 4 4

3. The probability of getting a number 1

(3) (4) None
2
greater than 1 is
9. The probability of getting at least one
1 2 head is
(1) (2)
6 6 1 1
(1) (2)
4 5 2 4
(3) (4)
6 6 3
(3) (4) None
4
4. The probability of getting a number
One card is drawn from a pack of 52
between 1 and 6 is
cards (Q. No. 10 to 13)
1 2 10. The probability of getting a jack card is
(1) (2)
6 6
1 2
(1) (2)
3 2 13 13
(3) (4)
4 3 3 4
(3) (4)
5. The probability of getting an odd number is 13 13
11. The probability of getting a face card is
1 2
(1) (2) 1 2
6 6 (1) (2)
13 13
4 3 4
(3) (4) None (3) (4)
6 13 13
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NCERT Basics : Class 10
12. The probability of getting a '10' of black 18. Cards each marked with one of the
suit is numbers 4, 5, 6,...., 20 are placed in a box
1 1 and mixed thoroughly. One card is drawn
(1) (2)
26 13 at random from the box. Then, the
3
(3) (4) None probability of getting an even prime
26
number is
13. The probability of getting a red and a king
(1) 0 (2) 1
card is
1
5 1 (3) (4) None
(1) (2) 2
26 13
7 19. A bag contains 5 red and 4 black balls. A
(3) (4) None
26 ball is drawn at random from the bag.
Which one of the following cannot be Then, the probability of getting a black
the probability of an event (Q. No. 14 to 15) ball is
1 11 4 4
14. (1) (2) (1) (2)
3 36 5 9
−2 1 1
(3) (4) 1 (3) (4)
3 5 4
2 20. A bag contains 4 red balls and 3 green
15. (1) (2) 0
7
balls. A ball is drawn at random. The
13 5
(3) (4) probability of drawing a green ball is
29 2
1 2
Choose the correct alternative for each (1) (2)
7 7
of the following (Q. No. 16 to 22)
3 4
16. Probability of an impossible event is (3) (4)
7 7
equal to
2
(1) 1 (2) 0 21. If A be the event such that P(A) = , then
5
1
(3) (4) None P(not A) is equal to
2
3 4
1 1 1 (1) (2)
17. If P(E1) = , P(E2) = , P(E3) = , where 5 5
6 3 6
1
E1, E2, E3 and E4 are elementary events of (3) (4) None
5
a random experiment, then P(E4) is equal to
22. P(E) + P( E ) is equal to
1 2
(1) (2)
2 3 1
(1) 0 (2)
1 2
(3) (4) None
3 (3) 1 (4) None

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23. There are 25 tickets numbered as 1, 2, 3, Crossword puzzle
9
4, ...., 25 respectively. One ticket is drawn
7

at random. What is the probability that 3 6

the number on the ticket is a multiple of 4

3 or 5 ? 1 2

2 11
(1) (2)
5 25 5

12 13
(3) (4) 8
25 25
24. Two friends where born in the year 2000. Across
1. Measure of degree of certainty of
What is the probability that they have the
occurrence of event.
same birthday ? 3. Getting a 6 in a throw of a die.
1 1 5. The plural of die.
(1) (2)
365 366 8. Probability of getting an even number
when a die is thrown.
2 1
(3) (4) Down
365 183
2. Drawing a card from a deck of well-
25. What is the probability that two friends shuffled cards.
have different birthdays in an ordinary 4. Probability of an impossible event.
6. Number of face cards.
year ?
7. Colour of heart and diamond cards.
1 2 9. What is the probability of getting a sure
(1) (2)
365 365 event ?
364 363
(3) (4)
365 365

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ANSWER KEY
Multiple choice questions

Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Answer 3 2 4 4 4 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 4 3 4
Question 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Answer 2 3 1 2 3 1 3 3 2 3

Crossword Puzzle
9
O
7
R N
3 6
E V E N T
4
Z D W
E E
1 2
P R O B A B I L I T Y
O V R
5
D I C E I
A
8
H A L F

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EXERCISE-02
Exercise-02
1. Find the probability of getting a tail when (ii) A child has a die whose six faces
a coin is tossed once. show the letters as given below
2. (i) Two unbiased coins are tossed A B B D E A
The die is thrown once. What is the
simultaneously. Find the probability
probability of getting (a) B (b) E?
of getting 6. A die is numbered in such a way that its
(a) exactly one head faces show the numbers 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 6. It is
(b) exactly one tail thrown two times and the total score in
(c) two tails two throws is noted. Complete the
following table which gives a few values
(d) at least one tail
of the total score on the two throws.
(e) at most one tail
Number in first throw
(f) no tail. + 1 2 2 3 3 6
(ii) Harpreet tosses two different coins
Number in second throw 1 2 3 3 4 4 7
simultaneously. What is the
2 3 4 4 5 5 8
probability that she gets at least one
2 5
head?
3
3. Three unbiased coins are tossed together.
3 5 9
Find the probability of getting
6 7 8 8 9 9 12
(a) (i) one tail (ii) two tails
(iii) all tails (iv) at least two tails
7. Match the following :
(b) (i) at most two tails A black die and a white die are thrown at
(ii) at most two heads. the same time. Find the probability of
4. Which of the following experiments have getting :
1
not equally likely outcomes? Explain. (i) a total of 9 (a)
6
(i) Kushagra appears in an interview.
5
He is selected or not selected. (ii) a total of 10 (b)
36
(ii) A die is thrown. It turns to be an even 1
(iii) a total of more than 9 (c)
or an odd number. 12
1
5. (i) A die is thrown once. Find the (iv) sum of two numbers is 8 (d)
9
probability of getting
8. A die is thrown twice. What is the
(a) a multiple of 2 probability that
(b) a number lying between 1 and 5 (i) 3 will not come up either time?
(c) an odd number. (ii) 6 will come up at least once?

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9. A pair of dice is thrown simultaneously. 13. (i) From a pack of 52 playing cards
Find the probability of getting jacks, queens, kings and aces of red
(i) a multiple of 3 on both dice. colour are removed. From a

(ii) sum of the numbers on two dice is remaining, a card is drawn at

random. Find the probability that
always less than 7.
the card drawn is
(iii) an odd number on the first die and a
(a) a black queen
prime number on the other.
(b) a red card
10. Two dice, one blue and green are thrown
(c) a ten
at the same time. What is the probability (d) a picture card [jacks, queens and
that sum of the two numbers appearing kings are picture cards]
on the top of the dice is (ii) All cards of ace, jack and queen are
(i) 9 removed from a deck of playing
(ii) greater than 10 cards. One card is drawn at random
(iii) less than or equal to 11 from the remaining cards. Find the
probability that the card drawn is
11. (i) The probability that it will rain
(a) a face card
tomorrow is 0.85. What is the
(b) not a face card
probability that it will not rain
14. Five cards - the ten, jack, queen, king and
tomorrow?
ace of diamonds are well-shuffled with
(ii) If the probability of winning a game their face downwards. One card is then
is 0.6, what is the probability of picked up at random.
losing it? (i) What is the probability that the card
12. One card is drawn from a well-shuffled is jack?
deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of (ii) If the king is drawn and put aside,
getting what is the probability that the

(i) (a) a king of red colour second card picked up is

(a) a queen
(b) a face card
(b) a ten
(c) a red face card
15. (i) A bag contains 7 red, 5 white and 3
(d) a jack of hearts
black balls. A ball is drawn at
(ii) (a) a spade random from the bag. Find the
(b) the queen of diamonds probability that the drawn ball is
(c) neither a red card nor a queen. (a) red or white
(iii) (a) a non-face card (b) not black
(b) a black king or a red queen (c) neither white nor black

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(ii) (a) A bag contains 5 white balls, 7 red (iii) Poonam buys a fish from a shop for
balls, 4 black balls and 2 blue balls. her aquarium. The shopkeeper takes
One ball is drawn at random from out one fish at random from a tank
the bag. What is the probability that containing 5 male fish and 8 female

the ball drawn is fish. What is the probability that the

(1) white or blue fish taken out is a male fish?

16. A box contains 12 balls out of which x are
(2) red or black
black. If one ball is drawn at random from
(3) not white
the box, what is the probability that it will
(4) neither white nor black
be a black ball? If 6 more black balls are
(b) A bag contains 6 red balls, 8 white
put in the box, the probability of drawing
balls, 5 green balls and 3 black balls.
a black ball is now doubled of what it was
One ball is drawn at random from
before, find x.
the bag. Find the probability that the
17. (i) A box contains 3 blue, 2 white and 4
ball drawn is red marbles. If a marble is drawn at
(1) white random from the box. What is the
(2) red or black probability that it will be
(3) not green (a) white
(4) neither white nor black (b) blue
(c) A bag contains a red ball, a blue ball (c) red?
and a yellow ball, all the balls being (ii) A bag contains 5 red, 8 green and 7
of the same size. Kritika takes out a white balls. One ball is drawn at
ball from the bag without looking random from the bag, find the

into it. What is the probability that probability of getting

(a) a white ball or a green ball
she takes out the
(b) neither a green ball nor a red ball
(1) yellow ball
18. (i) A box contains 20 balls bearing
(2) red ball
numbers 1, 2, 3,……, 20 respectively.
(3) blue ball
A ball is drawn at random from the
(d) A box contains 7 red balls, 8 green
box what is the probability that the
balls and 5 white balls. A ball is
number on the ball is
drawn at random from the box. Find
(a) an odd number
the probability the ball drawn is (b) divisible by 2 or 3
(1) white (c) a prime number
(2) neither red nor white. (d) not divisible by 10
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NCERT Basics : Class 10
(ii) Find the probability that a number 22. What is the probability that a non leap
selected at random from the year has exactly 52 Sundays?
numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,……, 34, 35 is a 23. A carton consists of 100 shirts of which 88
(a) prime number are good, 8 have minor defects and 4 have
(b) multiple of 7 major defects. Jimmy, a trader, will only
(c) multiple of 3 or 5 accept the shirts which are good, but
Sujata, another trader, will only reject the
(iii) Cards bearing numbers 3 to 19 are
shirts which have major defects. One shirt
put in a box and mixed thoroughly. A
is drawn at random from the carton. What
card is drawn from the box at
is the probability that
random. Find the probability that
(i) it is acceptable to Jimmy?
the number on the card drawn is
(ii) it is acceptable to Sujata?
(a) even 24. It is given that in a group of 3 students, the
(b) a prime probability of 2 students not having the
(c) divisible by 2 and 3 both. same birthday is 0.992. What is the
19. Fifteen cards numbered 1, 2, 3, 4,.....,14, 15 probability that the 2 students have the
are put in a box and mixed thoroughly. A same birthday?
man draws a card at random from the 25. The probability of selecting a green
box. Find the probability that the number marble at random from a jar that contains
on the card is only green, white and yellow marbles is
(i) an odd number 1
. The probability of selecting a white
(ii) a multiple of 4 4
1
(iii) divisible by 5 marble at random from the same jar is .
3
(iv) divisible by 2 and 3
If this jar contains 10 yellow marbles,
(v) less than or equal to 10.
what is the total number of marbles in the
20. There are 30 cards numbered from 1 to
jar.
30. One card is drawn at random. Find the 26. What is the probability that a leap year
probability that the number of the has 53 Sundays?
selected card is not divisible by 3. 27. Suppose you drop a die at random on the
21. A box contains 50 discs which are rectangular region shown in figure. What
numbered from 1 to 50. If one disc is is the probability that it will land inside
drawn at random from the box, find the the circle with diameter 2 m?
probability that it bears
(i) a two-digit number less than 30 2m
(ii) a prime number
(iii) a number divisible by 3 3m

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 Mathematics
28. A purse contains 10 five hundred rupees 30. There are 44 students in class X of a
note, 20 hundred rupee note, 30 fifty school of whom 32 are boys and 12 are
rupee note and 40 ten rupee note. If it is girls. The class teacher has to select one
likely that one of the notes will fall out
student as a class representative. He
when the purse turns upside. What is the
writes the name of each student on a
probability that the note
(i) Will be a fifty rupee note separate card, the cards being identical.

(ii) Will not be a five hundred rupee Then he puts cards in a bag and stir them
note. thoroughly. He then draws one card from
29. In a musical chair game, the person the bag. What is the probability that the
playing the music has been advised to name written on the card is the name of
stop playing the music at any time within
(i) a girl
three minutes after she starts playing.
(ii) a boy?
What is the probability that the music will
stop within the first half minute after
starting?

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NCERT Basics : Class 10

ANSWER KEY
1
1.
2
1 1 1 3
2. (i) (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 4 4
3 1
(e) (f)
4 4
3
(ii)
4
3 3 1 1
3. (a) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
8 8 8 2
7 7
(b) (i) (ii)
8 8
4. (i) because selection depends on number of factors.
1 1 1
5. (i) (a) (b) (c)
2 2 2
1 1
(ii) (a) (b)
3 6
6.
+ 1 2 2 3 3 6
1 2 3 3 4 4 7
2 3 4 4 5 5 8
2 3 4 4 5 5 8
3 4 5 5 6 6 9
3 4 5 5 6 6 9
6 7 8 8 9 9 12

7. (i) → (d), (ii) → (c), (iii) → (a), (iv) → (b)

25 11
8. (i) (ii)
36 36
1 5 1
9. (i) (ii) (iii)
9 12 4
1 1 35
10. (i) (ii) (iii)
9 12 36
11. (i) 0.15 (ii) 0.4

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 Mathematics
1 3 3 1
12. (i) (a) (b) (c) (d)
26 13 26 52
1 1 6
(ii) (a) (b) (c)
4 52 13
10 1
(iii) (a) (b)
13 13
1 9 1 3
13. (i) (a) (b) (c) (d)
22 22 11 22
1 9
(ii) (a) (b)
10 10
1 1 1
14. (i) (ii) (a) (b)
5 4 4
4 4 7
15. (i) (a) (b) (c)
5 5 15
7 11 13 1
(ii) (a) (1) (2) (3) (4)
18 18 18 2
4 9 17 1
(b) (1) (2) (3) (4)
11 22 22 2
1 1 1
(c) (1) (2) (3)
3 3 3
1 2 5
(d) (1) (2) (iii) 16. x = 3
4 5 13
2 1 4
17. (i) (a) (b) (c)
9 3 9
3 7
(ii) (a) (b)
4 20
1 13 2 9
18. (i) (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 20 5 10
11 1 16
(ii) (a) (b) (c)
35 7 35
8 7 3
(iii) (a) (b) (c)
17 17 17
8 1 1 2
19. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
15 5 5 15
2 2
(v) 20.
3 3
2 3 8 6
21. (i) (ii) (iii) 22.
5 10 25 7
23. (i) 0.88, (ii) 0.96 24. 0.008 25. 24
2  3 9
26. 27. 28. (i) (ii)
7 24 10 10
1 3 8
29. 30. (i) (ii)
6 11 11

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NCERT Basics : Class 10

Exercise-01 Solution

1. Option (3)
S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
Let E = Prime number
Then E = {2, 3, 5}
favourable outcomes 3 1
 P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 6 2
2. Option (2)
Let E = getting a multiple of 3
Than E = {3, 6}
favourable outcomes 2 1
 P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 6 3
3. Option (4)
Let E = getting number greater than 1
Then E = {2,3,4,5,6}
favourable outcomes 5
 P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 6
4. Option (4)
Let E = getting number between 1 and 6
Then E = {2,3,4,5}
favourable outcomes 4 2
 P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 6 3
5. Option (4)
Let E = getting a odd number.
Then E = {1,3,5}
favourable outcomes 3 1
 P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 6 2
Two unbiased coins are tossed simultaneously (Q. No. 6 to 9)
When two coins are tossed simultaneously sample space
S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
 n(s) = 4

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 Mathematics
6. Option (1)
Let E = getting one head (HT, TH)
n(E) = 2
favourable outcomes 2 1
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 4 2
7. Option (2)
Let E = getting 2 head (HH)
N(E) = 1
favourable outcomes 1
P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 4
8. Option (1)
Let E = getting no head (TT)
n(E) = 1
favourable outcomes 1
P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 4
9. Option (3)
Let E = getting at least one head (HT, TH, HH)
n(E) = 3
favourable outcomes 3
P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 4
One card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards (Q. No. 10 to 13)
S = sample space of all possible outcome = 52 cards
n(s) = 52
10. Option (1)
Let E = getting jack card
n(E) = 4
favourable outcomes 4 1
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 52 13
11. Option (3)
Let E = getting face card
n(E) = 12
favourable outcomes 12 3
p(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 52 13

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NCERT Basics : Class 10
12. Option (1)
Let E = getting a '10' of black suit
n(E) = 2
favourable outcomes 2 1
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 52 26
13. Option (4)
Let E = getting red & a king card.
n(E) = 2
favourable outcomes 2 1
p(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 52 26
Which one of the following cannot be the probability of an event (Q. No. 14 to 15)
0  P ( E)  1
14. Option (3)
Probability of an event cannot be negative.
15. Option (4)
Probability of an event can't be more than 1.
Choose the correct alternative for each of the following and justify your answer.
(Q. No. 16 to 22)
16. Option (2)
Probability of impossible event is always zero.
17. Option (3)
1 1 1
P(E1) = ; P(E2) = ; P(E3) = ;
6 3 6
P(E4) = 1 – [P(E1) + P(E2) + P(E3)]
1 1 1 
=1–  + + 
6 3 6 
1 + 2 + 1 
=1–  
 6 
2 1
= 1− =
3 3
18. Option (1)
S = sample space numbers from 4 to 20
n(s) = 17
Let E = getting an even, prime number.
n(E) = 0
favourable outcomes 0
P(E) = = =0
Total no. of outcomes 17

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 Mathematics
19. Option (2)
Total number of balls in a bag = 5 + 4 = 9
n(s) = 9
Let E = getting black balls
n(E) = 4
favourable outcomes 4
P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 9
20. Option (3)
S = total number of balls red + green balls = 4 + 3 = 7
n(s) = 7
Let E = getting a green ball
n(E) = 3
favourable outcomes 3
P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 7
21. Option (1)
2
P(A) =
5
As we know P(A) + P(not A) = 1
P(not A) = 1 – P(A)
2
= 1−
5
5−2
=
5
3
=
5
22. Option (3)
As we know P(E) + P (E) = 1
23. Option (3)
S = sample space from 1 to 25
n(s) = 25
Let E = getting multiple of 3 or 5
(3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 5, 10, 20, 25)
n(E) = 12
favourable outcomes 12
P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 25

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NCERT Basics : Class 10
24. Option (2)
year 2000 is a leap year.
 no. of days = 366 days
Now, let they have the same birthday.
366 1
P(E) = =
366  366 366
25. Option (3)
No. of days in a year = 365 days ; Let E = they have same birthday
Let E = they have different birthday.
P ( E ) = 1 − P(E)

1 365 − 1 364
= 1− = =
365 365 365

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 Mathematics

Exercise-02 Solution

1. S-Sample space (H, T)

n(S) = 2
Let E = getting tail when coin is tossed once.
n(E) = 1
1
P(E) =
2
2. (i) S = sample space (HH, HT, TH, TT)
n(s) = 4
(a) Let E = Exactly one head. (HT, TH)
n(E) = 2
favourable outcomes 2 1
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 4 2
(b) Let E = Exactly one fail (HT, TH)
n(E) = 2
favourable outcomes 2 1
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 4 2
(c) Let E = two tails (TT)
n(E) = 1
favourable outcomes 1
P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 4
(d) Let E = at least one tail
n(E) = 3(HT, TH, TT)
favourable outcomes 3
P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 4
(e) Let E = At most one tail
n(E) = 3 (HT, TH, HH)
favourable outcomes 3
P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 4
(f) Let E = no tail
n(E) = 1 (HH)
favourable outcomes 1
P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 4

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NCERT Basics : Class 10
(ii) S = sample space (HH, HT, TH, TT)
n(s) = 4
Let E = getting at least one head (HH, HT, TH)
n(E) = 3
favourable outcomes 3
P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 4
3. S = Sample space (HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, THT, HTT, TTT)
n(s) = 8
(a) (i) Let E = geting one tail (HHT, HTH, THH)
n(E) = 3
favourable outcomes 3
P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 8
(ii) Let E = getting two tails (TTH, THT, HTT)
n(E) = 3
favourable outcomes 3
P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 8
(iii) Let E = getting all tails (TTT)
n(E) = 1
favourable outcomes 1
P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 8
(iv) Let E = getting atleast two tails (TTH, THT, HTT, TTT)
n(E) = 4
favourable outcomes 4 1
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 8 2
(b) (i) Let E = getting at most two tails (TTH, HTT, THT, THH, HTH, HHT, HHH)
n(E) = 7
favourable outcomes 7
P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 8
(ii) Let E = getting at most two heads (HHT, THH, HTH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT)
n(E) = 7
favourable outcomes 7
P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 8

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 Mathematics
4. (i) Selection in an interview depends on many factors. So appearance of Kushagra in an
interview is not equally likely event.
(ii) A die is thrown. Sample space = S(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
In this case even no.(E) = 2,4,6
odd no.s (E) = 1,3,5
3 1
 P(E) = =
6 2
3 1
& P(E) = =
6 2
So, the two outcomes are equally likely.
5. (i) S = Sample space (1,2,3,4,5,6)
n(s) = 6
(a) Let E = getting multiple of 2 (2,4,6)
n(E) = 3
favourable outcomes 3 1
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 6 2
(b) Let E = no. s lying between 1 and 5. (2,3,4)
n(E) = 3
favourable outcomes 3 1
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 6 2
(c) Let E = an odd number (1,3,5)
n(E) = 3
favourable outcomes 3 1
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 6 2
(ii) S = sample space (A, B, C, D, E, A) = 6
n(S) = 6
(a) E = getting B
n(E) = 2
favourable outcomes 2 1
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 6 3
(b) E = getting E
n(E) = 1
favourable outcomes 1
P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 6

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NCERT Basics : Class 10
6.
Number in first throw
+ 1 2 2 3 3 6
1 2 3 3 4 4 7
Number
2 3 4 4 5 5 8
in
2 3 4 4 5 5 8
second
3 4 5 5 6 6 8
throw
3 4 5 5 6 6 9
6 7 8 8 9 9 12

7. (i) S = sample space [(3, 6)(4, 5)(5, 4)(6, 3)]

favourable outcomes 4 1
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 36 9
(ii) S = sample space [(4, 6)(5, 5)(6, 4)]
favourable outcomes 3 1
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 36 12
(iii) S = sample space [(4, 6)(5, 5)(5, 6)(6, 4)(6, 5)(6, 6)]
favourable outcomes 6 1
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 36 6
(iv) S = sample space [(2, 6)(3, 5)(4, 4)(5, 3)(6, 2)]
favourable outcomes 5
P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 36
8. When a dice is thrown twice, the possible 36 outcomes.
(i) 3 will not come up either time, when pair of outcomes are anything except
(1, 3), (3, 1), (3, 3), (2, 3), (3, 2), (3, 6), (6, 3) (4, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (5, 3)
36 − 11 25
Probability that 3 will not come up either time = =
36 36
(ii) 6 will come up at least once, when pair of outcomes are
(1, 6), (6, 1), (6, 2), (2, 6), (3, 6), (6, 3), (4, 6), (6, 4), (6, 5), (5, 6), (6, 6)
11
Probability that 6 will come up at least once =
36
9. S = sample space [(1, 1) (1, 2).........(6, 6)]
n(S) = 36
(i) Let E = a multiple of 3 on both dice [(3, 3), (3, 6),(6, 3),(6, 6)]
n(E) = 4
favourable outcomes 4 1
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 36 9

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 Mathematics
(ii) Let E = Sum of the number on two dice is always less than 7
n(E) = 15
favourable outcomes 15 5
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 36 12
(iii) Let E = an odd no. on the first die & a prime no. on the other
n(E) = 4
favourable outcomes 9 1
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 36 4
10. Two dice, can be thrown in 36 ways
n(s) = 36
(i) Let E = getting sum of the two number is 9 (6, 3), (5, 4) (4, 5) (3, 6)
n(E) = 4
favourable outcomes 4 1
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 36 9
(ii) Let E = getting sum of the two no. greater than 10 [(6 ,5) (5, 6) (6, 6)]
n(E) = 3
favourable outcomes 3 1
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 36 12
(iii) Let E = getting sum of the two no. less than or equal to 11 [(1, 1) (2, 1) (1, 2).......(6, 5)
(5, 6)]
n(E) = 35
favourable outcomes 35
P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 36
11. (i) P (It will rain tomorrow) = 0.85 = P(E)
P(It will not rain tomorrow) = P(E) = 1 – P(E)
= 1 – 0.85
= 0.15
(b) P(winning a game) = 0.6 = P(E)
P(losing a game) = P(E) = 1 – P(E)
= 1 – 0.6
= 0.4
12. S = A card can be drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 playing cards in 52 different ways.
n(s) = 52
(i) Let E = getting a king of red colour
(a) n(E) = 2
favourable outcomes 2 1
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 52 26
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NCERT Basics : Class 10
(b) E = no. of face cards
n(E) = 12
favourable outcomes 12 3
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 52 13
(c) E = a red face card
n(E) = 6
favourable outcomes 6 3
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 52 26
(d) E = a jack of hearts
n(E) = 1
favourable outcomes 1
P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 52
(ii) (a) E = a spade
n(E) = 13
favourable outcomes 13 1
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 52 4
(b) E = A queen of diamonds
n(E) = 1
favourable outcomes 1
P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 52
(c) E = neither a red card nor a queen
n(E) = (26 – 2) = 24
favourable outcomes 24 12 6
P(E) = = = =
Total no. of outcomes 52 26 13
(iii) (a) E = a non face card
n(E) = 52 – 12 = 40
favourable outcomes 40 10
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 52 13
(b) E = a black king or a red green
n(E) = 2 + 2 = 4
favourable outcomes 4 1
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 52 13

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 Mathematics
13. (i) S = from a pack of 52 playing cards jacks, queens, king & aces of red color are removed.
n(S) = 52 – 8 = 44
(a) E = a black queen
n(E) = 2
favourable outcomes 2 1
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 44 22
(b) E = a red card
n(E) = 26 – 8 = 18
favourable outcomes 18 9
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 44 22
(c) E = a ten
n(E) = 4
favourable outcomes 4 1
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 44 11
(d) E = A picture card
n(E) = 6
(ii) S = All cards of ace, jack and queen are removed from the duck of playing cards.
n(s) = 52 – 12 = 40
(a) E = a face card
n(E) = 4
favourable outcomes 4 1
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 40 10
(b) E = not a face card
n(E) = 40 – 4 = 36
favourable outcomes 36 9
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 40 10
14. S = five cards - then ten, jack, queen, king & ace of diamond
n(S) = 5
(i) E = getting a jack
n(E) = 1
favourable outcomes 1
P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 5
(ii) If a king is drawn & put aside
Now n(S) = 4

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NCERT Basics : Class 10
(a) E = getting a queen
n(E) = 1
favourable outcomes 1
P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 4
(b) E = getting a ten
n(E) = 1
favourable outcomes 1
P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 4
15. (i) S = A bag contains 7 red, 5 white & 3 black balls
n(s) = 7 + 5 + 3 = 15
(a) E = getting red or white
n(E) = 12
favourable outcomes 12 4
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 15 5
(b) E = getting not black
n(E) = 12
favourable outcomes 12 4
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 15 5
(c) E = getting neither white nor black
n(E) = 7
favourable outcomes 7
P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 15
(ii) (a) S = A bag contains 5 white, 7 red, 4 black & 2 blue balls.
n(S) = 18
(1) E = getting white or blue
n(E) = 7
favourable outcomes 7
P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 18
(2) E = getting red or black
n(E) = 11
favourable outcomes 11
P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 18
(3) E = not getting white
n(E)= 13
favourable outcomes 13
P(E) = P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 18

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 Mathematics
(4) E = getting neither white nor black
n(E) = 9
favourable outcomes 9 1
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 18 2
(b) S = A bag contains 6 red balls, 8 white balls, 5 green balls and 3 black balls.
n(s) = 22
(1) E = getting white balls
n(E) = 8
favourable outcomes 8 4
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 22 11
(2) E = red or black
n(E) = 9
favourable outcomes 9
P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 22
(3) E = not getting green
n(E) = 17
favourable outcomes 17
P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 22
(4) E = getting neither white or black
n(E) = 11
favourable outcomes 11 1
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 22 2
(c) S = A bag contains a red ball, a blue, a yellow ball
n(S) = 3
(1) E = getting yellow ball
n(E) = 1
favourable outcomes 1
P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 3
(2) E = getting red ball
n(E) = 1
favourable outcomes 1
P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 3
(3) E = getting blue ball
n(E) = 1
favourable outcomes 1
P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 3

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NCERT Basics : Class 10
(d) S = A box contains 7 red balls, 8 green balls & 5 white balls
n(S) = 20
(1) E = getting white
n(E) = 5
favourable outcomes 5 1
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 20 4
(2) E = getting neither red nor white
n(E) = 8
favourable outcomes 8 2
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 20 5
(iii) S = 5 male fish and 8 female fish
n(S) = 13
E = getting male fish
n(E) = 5
favourable outcomes 5
P(E) = =
Total no. of outcomes 13
16. No. of balls = 12
No. of black balls = x
x
 P(getting black balls) =
12
Now no. of balls = 12 + 6 = 18
No. of black balls = x + 6
x +6
P(getting black balls) =
18
x +6  x 
ATQ, = 2 
18  12 
x +6
=x
3
x + 6 = 3x
2x = 6
x=3
Blue + white + Red
17. (i) No. of all possible outcomes =
3 + 2 + 4 =9
(a) No. of while marbles = 2
2
 P (no. of white marbles) =
9
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 Mathematics
(b) No. of blue marbles = 3
3 1
P (No. of blue marbles) = =
9 3
(c) No. of red marbles = 4
4
P(No. of red marbles) =
9
(ii) No. of all possible outcomes = 5 red + 8 green + 7 white = 20
(a) No. of white balls and green balls = 15
15 3
P (white ball or green ball) = =
20 4
(b) neither a green ball nor a red ball = 7
7
P (neither a green ball nor a red ball) =
20
18. (i) (a) No. of balls in a box = 20 (numbered 1 to 20)
No. of balls having odd no. s = 10 (1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19)
10 1
P(an odd number) = =
20 2
(b) Numbers which are divisible by 2 or 3 = 13 (2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20)
13
P(divisible by 2 or 3) =
20
(c) Numbers which are prime no. = 8 (2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19)
8 2
P(a Prime number) = =
20 5
(d) No.s which are not divisible by 10 (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11,12,13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19)
18 9
P (not divisible by 10) = =
20 10
(ii) Total number = 1, 2, 3 ........ 35 = 35
(a) No. of prime numbers = 11 (2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31)
11
P (prime number) =
35
(b) No. of multiple of 7 = 5 (7, 14, 21, 28, 35)
5 1
P (multiple of 7) = =
35 7
(c) No. of multiple of 3 or 5 = 16 (3,5,6,9,10,12, 15,18, 20, 21, 24, 25, 27, 30, 33, 35)
16
P(multiple of 3 or 5) =
35

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NCERT Basics : Class 10
(iii) No. of cards bearing numbers 3 to 19 = 17
(a) No. of even numbers = 8 (4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18)
8
P(even no.s) =
17
7
(b) No. of prime numbers = 7(3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19) P(Prime no.) =
17
(c) No. divisible by 2 and 3 both = 3(6, 12, 18)
3
P(divisible by 2 & 3 both) =
17
19. No. of cards numbered 1, 2, 3.........15 = 15
(i) No of odd no. cards = 8 (1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15)
8
P(odd no.) =
15
(ii) No. of multiple of 4 = 3 (4, 8, 12)
3 1
P(multiple of 4) = =
15 5
(iii) No. divisible by 5 = 3 (5, 10, 15)
3 1
P (divisible by 5) = =
15 5
(iv) No. divisible by 2 and 3 = 2(6, 12)
2
P (divisible by 2 and 3) =
15
(v) No. less than or equal to 10 = 10(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)
10 2
P(less than or equal to 10) = =
15 3
20. Total no. of cards from (1 to 30) = 30
No. of cards is not divisible by 3 (1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26,
28, 29) = 20
20 2
P(not divisible by 3) = =
30 3
21. A box contains 50 discs numbered 1 to 50 = 50
(i) No. of two digit no. less than 30(10 to 29) = 20
20 2
P(two digit no. less than 30) = =
50 5
(ii) No. of prime no. = 15(2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31,37, 41, 43, 47)
15 3
P(Prime no.s) = =
50 10

[28]
 Mathematics
(iii) No. divisible by 3
No. divisible by 3 = 16(3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 42, 45, 48)
16 8
P(divisible by 3) = =
50 25
22. A non-leap year has 365 days A year has 52 weeks.
Hence there will be 52 Sundays for sure.
52 weeks = 52 × 7 = 364 days.
365 – 364 = 1day extra.
In a non – leap year there will be 52 Sundays and 1day will be left.
This 1 day can be Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday,
Sunday.
Of these total 7 outcomes, the favorable outcomes are 1.
1
Hence the probability of getting 53 Sundays = .
7
1 6
 Probability of getting 52 Sundays = 1 – = .
7 7
23. No. of shirts in a carton = 100
No. of good shirts = 88
No. of minor defect shirts = 8
No. of major defect shirt = 4
No. of shirt Jimmy have = 88
No. of shirt sujata have = 96
88
(i) P(Shirt acceptable to Jimmy) = = 0.88
100
96
(ii) P(Shirt acceptable to sujata) = = 0.96
100
24. No. of students = 3
P(2 students not having the same birthday) = 0.992 = P(E)
 P(2students have same birthday) = 1 – P(E)
= 1 – 0.992
= 0.008

[29]
NCERT Basics : Class 10
25. Let No. of green, white & yellow marbles = S
No. of yellow marbles = 10
1
P(green) = =P(G)
4
1
P(white) = = P(W)
3
P(yellow) = 1 – [P(G) + P(W)]

1 1
=1–  + 
 4 3
7 5
= 1− =
12 12
5 10
 =  S = 24
12 S
 Total no. of marbles is 24.
26. No. of days in a leap year = 366
366 2
No. of weeks in a leap year = = 52
7 7
 52 weeks & 2 days
 52 weeks mean 52 sundays
2 days can be (SM, MT, TW, WTh, ThF, FSa, SaS)
2
 P(53 sunday) =
7

27.
1m
2m

3m

Total area (rectangle) = 3 × 2 = 6m2

2
1 
Area of circle = r2 =    =
2 4
 
P(land in circle) = =
6  4 24

[30]
 Mathematics
28. S = No. of notes
(Rs.500)10, (Rs 100)20, (Rs 50)30, (Rs 10)40
n(s) = 100
(i) E = note will be Rs. 50
n(E) = 30
favourable outcomes 30 3
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 100 10
(ii) E = will not be Rs. 500
n(E) = 90
favourable outcomes 90 9
P(E) = = =
Total no. of outcomes 100 10
29. Music has to be stopped in 3 minutes = 3 × 60 = 180 sec
Music is stopped within first half minute i.e 30 sec
30 1
P(music will stop in first half min) = =
180 6
30. Total no. of cards/students = 44
No. of boys cards = 32
No. of girls cards = 12
12 3
(i) P (girl card) = =
44 11
32 8
(ii) P (Boys card) = =
44 11

[31]
 Probability
TEST
Time - 45 minutes Maximum Marks - 20
Important Instructions
• This test contains 15 questions.
• Each question has FOUR options (1), (2), (3) and (4). ONLY ONE of these four options
are correct.
• For each question, marks will be awarded in one of the following categories.
Full Marks: +1 : If only correct answer is given.
Zero Mark: 0 : If no answer is given.
Negative Marks : There is no negative marking.
1. Cards are marked with numbers 1 to 25 are placed in the box and mixed thoroughly. One card is
drawn at random from the box. What is the probability of getting an even number?
12 13
(1) 1 (2) 0 (3) (4)
25 25
2. A box contains 3 blue, 2 white and 5 red marble. If a marble is drawn at random from the box.
What is the probability that the marble will be red or blue?
4 1 2
(1) 1 (2) (3) (4)
5 5 5
3. One card is drawn from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find probability of getting a black face
card.
1 2 1 3
(1) (2) (3) (4)
26 13 13 26
4. An unbiased die is thrown. What is the probability of getting a number greater than 2 divisible
by 3?
1 4 2 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
3 3 3 4
5. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. What is the probability of getting different numbers on
both dice?
31 30 15 18
(1) (2) (3) (4)
36 36 36 36
6. Two coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of getting exactly one tail.
1 1 3
(1) (2) (3) (4) 1
4 2 4

[1]
NCERT Basics : Class-10

7. A letter is chosen at random from the letters of the word 'MATHEMATICS'. Find the probability
that the letter chosen is 'M'.
2 4 7 8
(1) (2) (3) (4)
11 11 11 11
8. A child's game has 8 triangles of which 3 are blue and rest are red and 10 squares of which 6 are
blue and rest are red. One piece is lost at random. Find the probability that it is a square of blue
colour.
1 1 1
(1) (2) 1 (3) (4)
2 3 4
9. Three coins are tossed together. What is the probability of getting at least one tail.
1 5 7
(1) (2) (3) (4) 1
8 8 8
10. There are 1000 sealed envelopes in a box, 10 of them contain a cash prize of Rs. 100 each, 100
of them contain a cash prize of Rs. 50 each and 200 of them contain a cash prize of Rs. 10 each
and rest do not contain any cash prize. If they are well shuffled and an envelops is picked up,
what is the probability that it contains no cash prize?
(1) 0.63 (2) 0.69 (3) 0.70 (4) 0.65
11. The probability of getting a bad egg in a lot of 400 is 0.035. The number of bad eggs in the lot is
(1) 7 (2) 14 (3) 21 (4) 28
12. A school has five house A, B, C, D & E. A class has 23 students, 4 from house A, 8 from house B, 5
from house C, 2 from house D and rest from house E. A single student is selected at random to
be the class monitor. The probability that the selected is not from A, B, C and D is
4 6 8 17
(1) (2) (3) (4)
23 23 23 23
13. A ticket is drawn at random from a bag containing tickets numbered from 1 to 40. The
probability that the selected ticket has a number which is a multiple of 5 is
3 1 1 4
(1) (2) (3) (4)
5 5 3 5
14. A man is known to speak truth 5 out of 7 times. He throws a die and a number other than 6 comes
up. Find the probability that he reports it is a six
1 2 5 4
(1) (2) (3) (4)
7 7 7 7
15. The probability that a prime number selected at random from the numbers (1, 2, 3, ……, 35) is
12 11 13
(1) (2) (3) (4) None of these
35 35 35

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NCERT Basics : Class-10

Answer Key

Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Answer 3 2 4 1 2 2 1 3 3 2
Question 11 12 13 14 15
Answer 2 1 2 2 2

Test Solutions

1. Option (3)
Total outcomes = 25
Favourable outcomes = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 = 12
12
Probability (getting an even number) =
25
2. Option (2)
Total outcomes = 3 + 2 + 5 = 10
Favourable outcomes = Red balls + Blue balls
=5+3=8
8 4
Probability (getting an even number) = =
10 5
3. Option (4)
Total cards = 52
Total face cards of black colour = 6
6 3
Probability (Black face card) = =
52 26
4. Option (1)
Total outcomes = 6
Favourable outcomes = 3, 6 = 2
2 1
Probability (getting a number greater than 2 divisible by 3) = =
6 3
5. Option (2)
Total outcomes = 36
(1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)
(2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
(3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
(4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
(5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
(6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)

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NCERT Basics : Class-10

Outcomes with same number on each die = (1, 1) (2, 2) (3, 3) (4, 4) (5, 5) (6, 6) = 6
Outcomes with different numbers on each die = 36 – 6 = 30
Favourable outcomes = 30
30
Probability (getting different numbers on both the dice) =
36
6. Option (2)
Total outcomes = TT, TH, HT, HH = 4
Favourable outcomes = TH, HT = 2
2 1
Probability (getting exactly 1 head) = =
4 2
7. Option (1)
Total letters = 11
Favourable outcomes = 2
2
Probability (getting M) =
11
8. Option (3)
Total shapes = 8 triangles + 10 squares = 18
Number of Blue shapes = 3△ + 6

Number of Red shapes = 5△ + 4

Favourable outcomes = 6
6 1
Probability (loosing square of blue colour) = =
18 3
9. Option (3)
Possible Outcomes = HHH THH HTH
HHT TTH THT
HTT TTT
Favourable outcomes = Total outcomes – Outcomes with no Tail
8–1=7
7
Probability (getting at least one tail) =
8
10. Option (2)
Total envelop = 1000
Envelops with cash prize in them = 10 + 100 + 200 = 310
Envelops with no cash prize = 1000 – 310 = 690
690 69
Probability (Envelop without any cash prize) = = = 0.69
1000 100

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NCERT Basics : Class-10

11. Option (2)

Numberof Badeggs
Probability (Bad eggs) =
Totalnumberof eggs
Numberof Badeggs
0.035 =
400
Number of bad eggs = 0.035 × 400
35
  400 = 14
1000
12. Option (1)
Total students in the class = 23
Students in houses (A + B + C + D) = 4 + 8 + 5 + 2 = 19
Number of students in house E = 23 – 19 = 4
4
Probability (Student is not from A, B, C and D) = Probability (Student is from E) =
23
13. Option (2)
Total tickets = 40
Tickets with multiple of 5 = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 = 8 tickets
8 1
Probability (selected ticket having multiple of 5) = =
40 5
14. Option (2)
The men haven't got a 6 but he is reporting that he has got a 6. That means he is lying
5
Probability (He will tell a truth) =
7
5 2
Probability (He will tell a lie) = 1 – =
7 7
2
so, probability (he will report that he got a 6) =
7
15. Option (2)
Prime numbers from 1 to 35
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31 = 11 numbers
11
Probability (selecting a prime number) =
35

[5]
NCERT Basics : Class-10

Probability DPP-01

Multiple choice questions

1. In a single throw of die, find the probability of getting less than 7.
1 1
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) (4)
4 2
2. A bag contains 8 red, 2 black and 5 white balls. One ball is drawn at random. The probability that
the ball drawn is not white is:
1 2 1 2
(1) (2) (3) (4)
2 3 4 5
Direction (Q.3 to Q.5) Two dices are thrown together. Find the probability of getting
3. A sum of 7.
1 1
(1) 0 (2) (3) (4) 1
6 18
4. A sum of 11.
1 1 1
(1) 0 (2) (3) (4)
6 18 4
5. A sum of 13.
1 1
(1) 0 (2) (3) (4) 1
6 18
Subjective Questions
6. The probability that it will rain today is 0.76. What is the probability that it will not rain today?
7. In a lottery there are 9 prizes and 16 blanks. What is the probability of getting a prize?
8. Chikoo and Gulu are friends. Find the probability that both of them have (a) same birthday (b)
different birthdays. (Ignore a leap year).
9. Find the probability that a number selected at random from the numbers 1 to 25 is not a prime
number when each of the given number is equally likely to be selected.
10. 1000 tickets of a lottery were sold and there are 5 prizes on these tickets. If John has purchased
one lottery ticket, what is the probability of winning a prize ?
11. In a single throw of a die, find the probability of getting a number :
(i) greater than 2 (ii) less than or equal to 2 (iii) not greater than 2

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NCERT Basics : Class-10

12. A die is thrown once. Find the probability of getting :

(i) an odd number (ii) a number greater than 4 (iii) a number between 2 and 6
13. Three identical coins are tossed together. What is the probability of obtaining :
(i) all heads (ii) exactly two heads (iii) exactly one head
14. Three identical coins are tossed together. What is the probability of obtaining at least two head
15. Two dice are rolled simultaneously. Find the probability of :
(i) obtaining a total of at least 9.
(ii) getting a multiple of 2 on one die and a multiple of 3 on the other die.
(iii) getting a multiple of 3 as the sum

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NCERT Basics : Class-10

SOLUTIONS DPP-01
1. Option (2)
We know that,
n(E)
P(E) =
n(S)
where, P(E) is the probability of an event “E”
n(E) is the number of favourable outcomes and
n(S) is the total number of events in the sample space
Let, E be the event of getting a number less than 7
Here, E = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} = S
Thus, n(E) = 6 and n(S) = 6
n(E) 6
∴ P(E)= = =1
n(S) 6
Therefore the probability is 1.
2. Option (2)
Total number of balls in the bag = 8 + 2 + 5 = 15.
Number of non-white balls = 8 + 2 = 10.
10 2
P(getting a non-white ball) = = .
15 3
3. Option (2)
Two dice are rolled simultaneously, then
Total outcomes = 6 × 6 =36
Sum as 7= (1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1) = 6
Therefore,
(Favourable outcomes)
Probability P(E)=
(Total outcomes)
6 1
= =
36 6
4. Option (3)
Total number of outcomes when two dice are rolled = 36
Favourable outcomes are: (5, 6), (6, 5)
(Favourable outcomes)
P (sum is 11) =
(Total outcomes)
2 1
= =
36 18

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NCERT Basics : Class-10

5. Option (1)
Maximum value on a dice is 6.
If two dice are thrown together maximum sum that both dice can attain is 6 + 6 = 12
 There is no possibility of getting sum = 13

∴ Probability of getting the sum 13 is 0.

6. P(not rain) = 1 – P(will rain) = 1 – 0.76 = 0.24
7. Let S be the sample space. Then, n (S) = 9 + 16 = 25
Let E be the event of getting a prize. Then, n(E) = 9
Numberof favourableoutcomes 9
 Required probability P(E) = =
Totalnumberof posiibleoutcomes 25
8. (i) Both can have same birthday on any one day of the year.
1
thus P(Same birthday) =
365
1 364
(ii) P (different birthdays) = 1 – p(same birthdays) = 1 – =
365 365
9. Total number (1, 2, 3,4,... 25) = 25.
Out of 25 numbers prime numbers = 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23 = 9 prime numbers.
So, remaining not a prime number are 25 – 9 = 16
Total number of possible outcomes = 25
and number of favourable outcomes = 16
Numberof favourableoutcomes
P=
Totalnumberof posiibleoutcomes
16
P (not a prime) =
25
10. Total number of lottery tickets = 1000
Total number of possible outcomes = 1000
Number of prizes on these tickets = 5
Number of such favourable outcomes = 5
Numberof favourableoutcomes 5
P(winning a prize) = = = 0.005
Totalnumberof posiibleoutcomes 1000
11. In a single throw of a die, the total possible outcomes are 6 (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6).
(i) Out of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6; the numbers greater than 2 are 3, 3, 5 and 6.
 Total number of favourable outcomes = 4(3, 4, 5 and 6)
Numberof favourable outcomes 4 2
 P(getting a number greater than 2) = = =
Total number of possible outcomes 6 3

[4]
NCERT Basics : Class-10

(ii) Out of all possible outcomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, the numbers less than or equal to 2 are 1 and 2.
 Total number of favourable outcomes = 2
2 1
 P(getting a number less than or equal to 2) = =
3 3
(iii) Out of all possible outcomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, the numbers not greater than 2 are 1 and 2
only.
 Total number of favourable outcomes = 2
2 1
 P(getting a number less than or equal to 2) = =
6 3
12. In throwing a die once, the total possible outcomes are six i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
(i) When an odd number is required i.e. number required on the upper face is 1, 3 or 5. The
total number of favourable cases is 3. [Any of 1, 3 and 5]
Numberof favourable outcomes 3 1
 Probability of getting an odd number = = =
Total number of possible outcomes 6 2
(ii) When a number greater than 4 is required i.e. number required on the upper face is 5 or 6.
The total number of favourable cases is 2. [Any o 5 and 6]
Numberof favourable outcomes 2 1
 Probability of getting an odd number 4 = = =
Total number of possible outcomes 6 3
2 1
In short, P(getting a number greater than 4) = =
6 3
(iii) When a number between 2 and 6 is required i.e. number required on the upper face is 3, 4
or 5.
The total number of favourable cases = 3
Numberof favourable outcomes 3 1
 P(getting a number between 2 and 6) = = =
Total number of possible outcomes 6 2
13. When three coins are tossed together (or, a single coin is tossed three times); the possible
outcomes are : HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH and TTT
i.e. the total number of possible outcomes = 8
For the favourable outcomes, we can form a table as shown below :
Favourable outcomes No. of favourable outcomes
(i) All heads : HHH 1
(ii) Exactly two heads : HHT, HTH, THH 3
(iii) Exactly one heads : HTT, THT, TTH 3
1
(i) P (all heads) =
8
3
(ii) P (exactly two heads) =
8
3
(iii) P (exactly one head) =
8

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NCERT Basics : Class-10

14. When three coins are tossed together (or, a single coin is tossed three times); the possible
outcomes are : HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH and TTT
i.e. the total number of possible outcomes = 8
outcomes for at least two heads : HHT, HTH, THH, HHH
4 1
P (at least two head) = =
8 2
15. When two dice are rolled simultaneously; the total number of possible outcomes = 6  6 = 36
(i) For obtaining a total of at least 9; the favourable outcomes are :
(3. 6). (4. 5). (4. 6), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5) and (6, 6)
 Number of favourable outcomes = 10
10 5
 Required probability = =
36 18
(ii) For getting a multiple of 2 on one die and a multiple of 3 on the other die; the favourable
outcomes are :
(2, 3), (2, 6), (4, 3), (4, 6). (6. 3). (6. 6), (6, 4), (6, 2), (3, 6), (3, 4) and (3, 2)
 Number of favourable outcomes = 11
11
 Required probability =
36
(iii) For getting multiple of 3 as the sum i.e. to get the sum of numbers on both the dice as 3, 6,
9 or 12.
Clearly, favourable outcomes are : (1, 2), (1, 5), (2, 1), (2, 4), (3, 3), (3, 6), (4, 2), (4, 5),
(5, 1), (5, 4), (6, 3) and (6, 6)
 Number of favourable outcomes = 12
12 1
 Required probability = =
36 3

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NCERT Basics : Class-10

Probability DPP-02

Multiple choice questions

1. Which of the following cannot be the probability of an event?
2 3
(1) (2) 15% (3) (4) 0.0001
3 2
2. If a letter is chosen at random from the letter of English alphabet, then the probability that it is
a letter of the word ‘DELHI’ is
5 1 1 21
(1) (2) (3) (4)
26 5 26 26
Direction (Q.3 to Q.6) Passage: From a pack of well shuffled deck of 52 playing cards, a card is
drawn at random.
3. Find the probability of getting a face card of heart.
3 3
(1) (2) (3) 1 (4) None of these
13 52
4. Find the probability of getting a spade.
3 2 1
(1) 2 (2) (3) (4)
13 3 4
5. Find the probability of getting a face card.
2 6 3 8
(1) (2) (3) (4)
3 13 13 13
6. Find the probability of getting an honour card.
4 3
(1) (2) (3) 0 (4) 1
13 13
Direction (Q.7 & Q.9) The king, queen and jack of clubs are removed from a deck of 52 playing
well shuffled cards. One card is selected from the remaining cards.
7. Find the probability of getting a club.
13 1 10 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
49 4 49 49
8. Find the probability of getting the ’10’ of hearts.
13 1 10 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
49 4 49 49

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NCERT Basics : Class-10

9. An event is very unlikely to happen. Its probability is closest to

(1) 0.0001 (2) 0.001 (3) 0.01 (4) 0.1
2
10. There is a chance of rain today. What are the odds against its raining today?
5
(1) 2 : 3 (2) 3 : 5 (3) 3 : 2 (4) 2 : 5
Subjective Questions:
11. One card is drawn at random from a shuffled standard deck of 52 cards. Find the probability that
the card selected is not a king.
12. From a well – shuffled deck of 52 cards, one card is drawn. Find the probability that the card
drawn will not be a face card.
13. From a well shuffled deck of 52 playing cards, a card is drawn at random. Find the probability
that the card drawn is :
(i) an ace (ii) a black king (iii) a black face card
(iv) a spade (v) a face card of heart
14. One card is drawn at random from a well – shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of
drawing :
(i) a ‘8’ of spades (ii) a ‘5’ of a black suit
(iii) a ‘9’ of a red suit (iv) a red queen
(v) a diamond (vi) a black ace
15. A card is drawn at random from a well – shuffled deck of 52 cards, Find the probability that the
card drawn is :
(i) neither a jack nor a king (ii) either a king or a queen

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NCERT Basics : Class-10

SOLUTIONS DPP-02
1. Option (3)
3
The probability of an event cannot be greater than 1 in any case, thus = 1.5 cannot be the
2
probability of an event. The probability of happening of an event always lies between 0 to 1,
i.e., 0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1.
2. Option (1)
The English alphabet has 26 letters in all.
The word 'DELHI' has 5 letters, so the number of favourable outcomes = 5.
5
Thus, probability =
26
3. Option (2)
Total number of cards = 52
Total number of face card of heart = 3
3
P(getting a face card of heart) =
52
4. Option (4)
Total number of cards = 52
Total number of Spade cards = 13
13 1
P(getting a Spade card) = =
52 4
5. Option (3)
Total number of cards = 52
Total number of face card = 12
12 3
P(getting a Face card) = =
52 13
6. Option (1)
Total number of cards = 52
Total number of honour card = 16
16 4
P (getting an honour card) = =
52 13
7. Option (3)
After removing king, queen and jack of clubs from a deck of 52 playing cards.
There are 49 cards left in in the deck. Out of these 49 cards. one card can he chosen in 49 ways
 Total number of elementary events = 49
Number of club cards = 10
10
Hence (P getting a Club) =
49

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NCERT Basics : Class-10

8. Option (4)
After removing king, queen either, or and jack of clubs from a deck of 52 playing cards.
There are 49 cards left in in the deck. Out of these 49 cards. one card can he chosen in 49 ways
 Total number of elementary events = 49
There is only one ‘10’ of hearts.
1
Hence, P(getting the ‘10’ of hearts) =
49
9. Option (1)
If an event is unlikely to happen then its probability is closest to zero. Correct option will be
0.0001.
10. Option (3)
Let E be the event that rain will happen
2 2 3
P(E) = , P(E) = 1 − 
5 5 5
3
P(E) 5 3
Odd against = = =
P(E) 2 2
5
11. There are 52 different possible outcomes. There are 4 kings in deck, so the other 48 cards are
not kings, and these are the favorable outcomes. Hence, the probability that the card selected is
48
not a king is .
52
Alternate Solution :
4 1
The probability of selecting a king is or . Therefore, the probability that the selected card
52 13
1 12
is not a king is P (not King) = 1 – =
13 13
12. Since one card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards, the total number of all possible
outcomes = 52.
Since total number of cards in a deck = 52 and number of face cards = 12
 The number of cards which are not face cards = 52 – 12 = 40
 The total number of outcomes = 52 and the total number of favorable outcomes = 40
The number of cards which are not face cards = 52 – 12 = 40
40 10
 P(card drawn is not a face card) = =
52 13

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NCERT Basics : Class-10

13. (i) No. of aces = 4.

4 1
 P(an ace) = =
52 13
2 1
(ii) No. of black kings = 2, P(a black king) = =
52 26
6 3
(iii) No. of black face cards = 6, P(a black face card) = =
52 26
13 1
(iv) No. of spades = 13, P(a spade) = =
52 4
3
(v) No. of face cards of heart = 3, P(a face card of heart) =
52
14. (i) No. of a ‘8’ of spades = 1.
1
 P(an ‘8’ spades) =
52
(ii) No. of a ‘5’ of black suit = 2.
2 1
 P(a ‘5’ black suit) = =
52 26
(iii) No. of a ‘9’ of red suit = 2.
2 1
 P(a ‘9’ red suit) = =
52 26
(iv) No. of red queen = 2.
2 1
 P(a red queen) = =
52 26
(v) No. of diamond = 13.
13 1
 P(a diamond) = =
52 4
(vi) No. of a black ace = 2.
2 1
 P(a black ace) = =
52 26
15. (i) Probability of the card drawn is neither a jack nor a king
Total jacks = 4
Total Kings = 4
4 + 4 11
Probability of the card drawn is neither a jack nor a king: 1 − =
52 13
(ii) Probability of the card drawn is either a king or a queen
Total jacks = 4
Total Kings = 4
4+4 2
Probability of the card drawn is either a king or queen: =
52 13

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