NAME:…………………………………………………………………CLASS:…………………………..

GIANT MOLECULE
FIRST TERM E – LEARNING NOTES
SUBJECT: COMMERCE CLASS: SS1

SCHEME OF WORK

WEEK TOPIC

1. Introduction to commerce (a)Meaning(B)Scope(C)Functions

2. Introduction to commerce(d)Characteristics of commerce(e) e commerce-(i)Meaning
(ii)Functions
3. History of commerce(a)Historical background(b)Factors affecting the growth of
commerce(c)The barter system
4. Occupation:(a)Meaning of occupation(b)Classification of occupation(i)industrial
occupation(ii)commercial occupation(iii)services occupation
5. Occupation:(a)Factors that determine types of occupation and employment1
6. Production, Division of Labour, Specialization and Exchange(a) Meaning(i)production and
Division of labour(ii)Specialization(iii)Exchange
7. Production, Division of Labour, Specialisation and Exchange(b)Classification of
production(i)Primary-industry,extractive,manufacturing,construction;(ii)Secondary-
Trade,Aids to trade(iii)Tertiary-Direct and direct.
8. Trade(a)Types of trade(i)Home trade(ii)Foreign trade(iii)Entre pot Trade.(b)Relationship
between/among the different, types of trade.
9. Home Trade:(a) Meaning of Home trade(b) Characteristics and functions of retail trade.
10. Home Trade(c)Factors to be considered in setting up retail trade(d)Discuss small scale
retailers, mobile shops, etc
11. Revision
12. Examination.

WEEK 1
SUBJECT:COMMERCE
CLASS:SS1
DATE:……………………..
TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO COMMMERCE
CONTENT:(a)Meaning of Commerce
(b)Scope of Commerce
(c)Functions of Commerce
SUB-TOPIC 1: MEANING OF COMMERCE

MEANING OF COMMERCE
Commerce simply refers to all the activities involved in the distribution and exchange of goods and
services. Put in another way, commerce is a branch of production which is concerned with the
distribution ,exchange of goods and services and all the activities which facilitate or promote trade,
e.g. banking, insurance, Transportation, communication, tourism etc. Commerce can also be
referred to as the process of buying, selling, and distributing goods and services.

DEFINITION OF COMMERCE

Commerce is concerned with the change of ownership of goods from the time they leave the
producer till they reach the consumer. It comprises the trading of something of economic value
such as goods, services, information or money between two or more entities, Commerce as such
is the driving force behind the process of exchange.

Commerce is situated between producers (who make goods) and consumers (who buy goods). So,
we can say that Commerce consists of the businesses that exist between the producers and
consumers. The position of Commerce can be shown in a simple diagram.

Producers --------> Commerce -----------> Consumer

EVALUATION

1(a).Define the term ‘commerce’

(b) Commerce is concerned with the change of ownership of goods ’Explain the statement’.

2. What is the position of Commerce in the chain of supply?

SUB-TOPIC 2: SCOPE OF COMMERCE

The scope of commerce may be seen as embracing the totality of all the activities which ensure the
distribution and exchange of goods and services for the satisfaction of the people. In all
ramifications, commerce embraces trade and the auxiliaries or aids to trade.

The scope of commerce can therefore be referred to, as the different activities engaged in by
people in commercial occupation. These activities include;

(i) Trading
(ii) Transporting
(Iii) Warehousing
(iv) Banking

(v) Insurance

(vi) Advertising

(vii) Communication

(viii) Tourism

The scope of Commerce can also be illustrated with a diagram as shown below

Commerce

Trade Aids to trade

Home Foreign
n
Communicatio

warehousing
Insurance

Transport

Banking
Tourism

Advertising

Retail Wholesale Export Import Entreport

Commerce is sometimes referred to as tertiary production, because in a way it is a form of
production. Even services have to be ‘produced’ because when goods leave the producers, they do
not usually pass directly to the consumer, they have to be stored (warehousing) transported,
insured, advertised and sold by traders. These and many other commercial activities that make up
tertiary production assist in the change in ownership of goods from the producer to the consumer.
Tertiary production is also sometimes called the service industry, but more often, it is referred to
as commerce and direct services. Aids to trade include all the commercial activities that facilitate
buying and selling.

EVALUATION

1a.With the aid of a diagram, illustrate the scope of commerce

b. Explain four commercial activities that/which facilitate buying and selling.
2. Commerce sometimes referred to as ‘tertiary production’ explain.

SUB-TOPIC 3: FUNCTIONS OF COMMERCE

FUNCTIONS OF COMMERCE

(i) Mass production of goods and services: Commerce facilitates mass production thereby
enabling people all over the world to enjoy goods and services produced both within
and outside their countries
(ii) Raising of capital: It makes available the necessary fund for individual needs and
investment through the services of banks and other financial institutions.
(iii) Employment opportunities: It offers employment opportunities to a large number of
people such as traders, bankers, insurance brokers, etc.
(iv) Warehousing: Commerce facilitate the storage of goods until they are needed, thus
bridging the gap between demand and supply in the market.
(v) Exchange of goods and services: It facilitate the exchange of goods and services through
transportation (road, rail, sea, air) and telecommunication.
(vi) Improvement in standard of living: The availability of variety of goods and services
leads to improvement in the standard of living and the quality of life.
(vii) Linkage of buyers and sellers: Commerce through communication links buyers and
sellers together to do business without physical contact.
 (viii) Risk bearing: The availability of insurance companies encourages entrepreneur to
venture into various business activities.
(ix) Transport: Commerce assist in moving people, raw material and finished goods from
production points to consumption points through transport.
(x) Unity among nations: It fosters unity among nations thus, nations become
interdependent as they engage in trading activities.
(xi) Creation of wealth for nations: Commerce helps to create wealth for nations, as duties
are charged on goods and service either imported or exported.
(xii) Creation of public awareness: It makes the public aware of the availability of goods and
services through advertising.

EVALUATION

1. Explain five functions of commerce in an economy.

2. State in a single sentence, what you see as the main function of commerce.

GENERAL EVALUATION

OBJECTIVE TEST

1. Which of the following is an example of someone employed in aids to trade?

a. Engineer
b. Miner
c. Travel Agent
d. Farmer
2. Which of the following is not a service to trade?
a. Transport
b. Banking
c. Insurance
d. Retailing
3. Which of the following is not a commercial service?
a. Insurance Agent
b. Factory worker
c. Shop Assistant
 d. Warehouse Clerk
4. Which of the following best describes the function of Commerce?
a. acting as an intermediary
b. manufacturing
c. paying for goods
d. mass production
5. Commerce is sometimes referred to as-------
a. tertiary production
b. primary production
c. secondary production
d. information production

ESSAY QUESTIONS:

1. (a) With the aid of a diagram, illustrate the scope of commerce

(b) Explain four commercial activities that facilitate buying and selling.
2. Why is Commerce referred to as ‘tertiary production?
3. ‘The Scope of Commerce is wide. ‘Explain this state

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

Read Essential Commerce for Senior Secondary School by O.A.LONGE pages 1-4

Read Complete Commerce for Senior Secondary School by Alan Whitcomb and Adekoya Fatai

Olusegun pages 2-5

PRE – READING ASSIGNMENT

Read about the Characteristics of Commerce and e-Commerce

WEEKEND ACTIVITY

1. Write a short note on the types of e-commerce

2. Mention five characteristics of commerce.

REFERENCE TEXTS
1. Essential Commerce for Senior Secondary School by O.A.LONGE
2. Complete Commerce for Senior Secondary School by Alan Whitcomb and Adekoya Fatai
Olusegun
3. Comprehensive Commerce for Senior Secondary School by Johnson Anyaele.

WEEK 2

SUBJECT: COMMERCE
CLASS: SS1
DATE: ……………………..
TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO COMMMERCE
CONTENT: 1. Characteristics of commerce.

2. e-Commerce (I)Meaning (ii)Functions

SUB TOPIC 2: CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMERCE

The main characteristic of Commerce includes;
1. Commerce is regarded as a social science subject like Government, Economics, sociology etc which study
human beings and their unpredictable behavior within their social, political and legal environment.
2. Commerce entails only the exchange of goods and services which is trade and aids to trade.
3. Commerce involves creation of time and place utility for goods. The goods produced may not be
consumed at the place of production. They will be needed in other places. Commerce takes them
to the places where they are needed through transportation.
4. The scope of Commerce centers on distribution and exchange to ensure equitable supply of goods and
services.
5. Commerce is regarded as an advanced stage of trade but an integral part of business activities.
6. Commerce is concerned with the enhancement of man’s survival and the growth of a nation through
various commercial activities.

EVALUATION

1. List and briefly explain each of the characteristics of commerce.

SUB TOPIC II: MEANING E-COMMERCE

E commerce (electronic Commerce or EC) is the buying and selling of goods and services on the
internet, especially on the World Wide Web. In practice e- commerce and a newer term e business
is often used interchangeably.

DEFINITION OF E-COMMERCE
E –commerce can be defined as an activity of buying and selling, marketing, delivery, servicing and
paying for products and services over the medium of internet. The idea of e-commerce came into
being due to the fact that the world has been experiencing globalization and technological
advancement.

FUNCTIONS OF E-COMMERCE

1. Provision of cost effective business: One of the most tangible function of e commerce is the
lowered cost of production, it does not require employees, advertisement etc. A part of the
lowered cost comes to the consumer as discount.

2. Absence of geographical limitation: A physical store at a particular location is limited to the

geographical area. With e –commerce website, the whole world is your playground.

3. Quick location of product: On e-commerce website customers can locate their desired product
quickly by using the search box.

4. It eliminates travel time and cost: With the advent of e-commerce, customers are allowed to
visit the same store virtually with a mouse.

5. It allows for comparison shopping: E –commerce provides for comparison, shopping

opportunities due to the fact that there are several on-line services.

6. It provides accession information: E- commerce makes it possible for customers to obtain

information about product which may not be easily obtained from the physical store.

7. Provide all the time services: E –commerce website can run all the times. From the customer’s
point of view an ‘always open’ store is more convenient

8. E-Commerce enables business and customers to make sales and purchases through the global
market.

TYPES OF E-COMMERCE

There are basically five types of e-commerce

1. Business to consumer commerce (B2C): It is a pattern of e-commerce in which manufacturers or
marketers sell their products to the retailers who in turn sell them to the consumer.

2. Business to business commerce (B2B): This is one of the high level businesses involving heavy
capital. Under this form of e-commerce, the buying and selling takes place between two businesses
or companies without involving the consumer.

3. Consumer to consumer commerce (C2C): This is a very simple transaction which takes place
between two consumers. C2C is commonly used in the present day business transaction whereby
consumers can directly make purchases on line and have the goods shipped down.

4. Peer to peer commerce (P2P): This form of e-commerce does not involve the exchange of
tangible goods, but it involves the transfer of information in terms of electronic files e.g movies,
music etc

5. Mobile commerce (M-commerce): This is also a very effective way of transferring information or
even conducting a business transaction. It involves downloading an application on the mobile
phone. Almost all service providers offer m- commerce transaction such as mobile banking, airline
booking, transportation etc.
EVALUATION

1. What is e commerce?

2. Why do you think e-commerce has become an important aspect of modern commerce?

3. Outline the types of e- commerce.

GENERAL EVALUATION

OBJECTIVE TEST

1. In practice e- commerce and a newer term --------------- is often used interchangeably.

a. e business
b. e mail
c. e buying
d. e finance
2. The idea of e-commerce came into being due to

a. trade
b. globalization
c. e finance
d. advertising

3. WWW means ------------in e commerce

a. web wide world

b. world wide web
c. world ware web
d. Web world wide

4. What does the ‘e’ in e Commerce stand for?

a. element
b. electronic
c. e mail
d. entreport
5. E-Commerce allows for --------- comparison
a. information
b. shopping
c. trade
d. shop

ESSAY QUESTIONS

1. List and briefly explain each of the characteristics of commerce.

2. What is e commerce?
3. Why do you think e -commerce has become an important aspect of modern commerce?

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Read Extension modern Commerce for Senior Secondary School by Bello.A.A ,Echegile. G.B,
Mohammed B.A pages 12-17
 2. Read Complete Commerce for Senior Secondary School by Alan Whitcomb and Adekoya
Fatai Olusegun page 5

PRE – READING ASSIGNMENT

Read about the history of Commerce in Nigeria and the problems of trade by barter

WEEKEND ACTIVITY

1. Identify the kind of things that have been used as ‘money substitute’
2. Give a brief history of commerce in Nigeria

REFERENCE TEXTS

1. Extension modern Commerce for Senior Secondary School by Bello.A.A ,Echegile. G.B,
2. Mohammed B.A
3. Complete Commerce for Senior Secondary School by Alan Whitcomb and Adekoya Fatai
Olusegun

WEEK 3

SUBJECT: COMMERCE
CLASS: SS1
DATE: ……………………..
TOPIC: HISTORY OF COMMERCE
CONTENT: (a) Historical background of Commerce
(b) Factors affecting the growth of commerce in West Africa.
(c)The barter system
SUB-TOPIC1: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
In the olden days, people engaged in subsistence production. This means they were producing
goods for themselves and their family. Later they started interacting with one another because it
was difficult for them to meet their entire daily requirement. The system of exchanging goods for
goods, called trade by barter then came into existence. This is the genesis of exchange and
perhaps the beginning of commercial activities the world over. Trading activities were however
limited to internal trade only.
The first form of foreign trade in Nigeria was the Trans Sahara trade in which camels were used as
means of transportation. The development of caravan routes across the desert linked Nigeria with
the North African Traders. The Arab merchants brought goods like salt, cowries, copper, cloth,
books, etc which were exchanged for kola nuts, slaves, gold, hides, etc. important town like Kano,
Borno ,Zaria, kastina played crucial role during this period.
Afterwards, another contact was made with the Europeans and that actually boosted commercial
activities in Nigeria. This started in the 15 th century when the missionary came to Africa. The
European traders brought weapons, books, cloths etc and exchanged them for slaves and palm oil.
The initial commercial towns that served as important trading routes to the sea were Badagry,
Bonny, Opobo and calabar. King Jaja of Opobo played a great role in the development of
commerce in Nigeria.
After the abolition of slave trade by the British Government, the first breakthrough in commercial
activities in Nigeria was the establishment of United African Company (UAC) and Royal Niger
Company. By 1960, Nigeria had become a force to be reckoned with in the export of palm oil,
cocoa, groundnut and later crude oil.
Also, in 1960 the exploration of crude oil brought businessmen from all over the world to Nigeria.
The process of exploration changed the face of commercial activities in Nigeria. Huge revenue was
generated to develop the infrastructural facilities, e.g. communication system, roads, flyovers,
railways airport, modern seaports, etc.
At present, commercial activities have reached a crucial stage in Nigeria with the introduction of
sophisticated modern technology such as computer, e-mail, internet, etc to facilitate trade. Many
commercial centers have developed in many cities and towns like Lagos, Ibadan, Kano, Port
Harcourt, Warri, Kaduna, and IIorin among others.
EVALUATION
1. Trace the history of Commerce in Nigeria.
2. List towns that are commercial centers in Nigeria
SUB-TOPIC2: FACTORS AFFECTING THE GROWTH OF COMMERCE IN WEST AFRICA
1. Insufficient Capital: African countries lack sufficient capital to cope with the expanding nature of
business activities, the level of capital formation is also low.
2. Political instability: constant change of government and war has hindered investment in West
Africa. Foreign investors are afraid to invest in the sub-region.
 3. Low saving: The culture of savings is very low in West Africa as a whole; hence there is no money
for commercial transaction.
4. Low Per Capita Income: Per Capita Income is very low. Majority of people in this region are living
below the poverty line. The low level of income leads to low purchasing power the people.
5. Lack of Adequate Commercial facilities: The various aids to trade. Such as banks, insurance,
warehouse, tourism are not well developed and this has greatly hindered commerce.
6. Predominance of primary production: Majority of people in this region engage in primary
agricultural production which does not favor speedy commercial growth.
7. Poor transportation and communication system: The region has very poor road network as well
as poor communication systems. Most of the people have no access to telephone or internet
services.
8. Low level of education and illiteracy: The high level of illiteracy in this region has affected the
growth of commerce. Many of the people are not educated and consequently cannot interact with
foreign traders in a business transaction.
9. Absence of well developed market: Markets in West Africa are not well developed to
accommodate large scale commercial activities.
EVALUATION
1. Explain five factors that have affected the growth of Commerce in Nigeria.
SUB-TOPIC3: TRADE BY BARTER
MEANING OF TRADE BY BARTER

Trade by barter simply refer to a form of trading in which goods are exchanged directly for other
goods without the use of money as a medium of exchange. For example someone has beans and is
in need of garri, must locate someone who has garri and is in need of beans.

PROBLEMS OR DISADVANTAGES OF TRADE BY BARTER

1. Problem of double coincidence of wants: This involves looking for someone who is in need of what you
have and at the same time has what you need. To do this amounts to a very serious problem.
2. No fixed rate of exchange: There is the problem of exchange rate determination between two products.
Different exchange rate has to be determined to cover every transaction before it can take place e.g
how much of garri will exchange for beans.
3. Wastage of time and effort: Trade by Barter leads to waste of time and energy because one has to
search for someone to exchange the goods with.
4. Problem of indivisibility: Many goods cannot be divided into small convenient units because they are
heavy and indivisible so it does not encourage divisibility.
5. Bulkiness of some goods: some of the goods to be exchanged are so bulk that one finds it difficult to
carry them about.
6. No room for deferred payment: In trade by barter, one cannot collect certain goods and hope to pay
another day. It requires immediate settlement.
7. It discourages borrowing and lending: Borrowing and lending is practically impossible under trade by
barter as there is no standard unit of measurement.
8. It discourages large scale production: As a result of the difficulty in the system of exchange by barter, it
therefore leads to people producing goods only for themselves and that of the immediate family. In
other words, trade by barter encourages self sufficiency hence it limits specialisation of the labour.
9. Difficulty of storing wealth: The barter system unlike money, does not encourage storage of wealth or,
especially where perishable goods are involved

EVALUATION

1a.what is trade by barter?

b. List and explain five problems of trade by barter

GENERAL EVALUATION

OBJECTIVE TEST

1. Double coincidence of wants refers to

a. buying what you want

b. selling what you have

c. getting what you need with money

d. using what you have to get what you need

2. Trade by barter was the earliest form of ;

a. buying
 b. trading
c. selling
d. farming
3. Which of the following is the odd one out in relation to barter
a. money was necessary
b. an exchange rate has to be negotiated
c. it was difficult to divide some goods
d. it acted as a substitute
4. In the olden days, people engaged in --------------------production
a. mass
b. subsistence
c .commercial
d. primary
5. The first form of foreign trade in Nigeria was the---------------
a. Trans Sahara trade
b. subsistent trade
c. entreport trade
d. commercial trade

ESSAY QUESTIONS

1a.why does barter needs a ‘double coincidence of wants?

b. List and explain five problems of trade by barter
2. Trace the history of Commerce in Nigeria

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

Read Essential Commerce for Senior Secondary School by O.A.LONGE pages 5-7
Read Complete Commerce for Senior Secondary School by Alan Whitcomb and Adekoya
Fatai Olusegun page 7-9

PRE – READING ASSIGNMENT

Read the definition of occupation and the classification of occupation

WEEKEND ACTIVITY

1. List four different commercial occupations

2. Give three contrasting examples of industrial occupation

REFERENCE TEXTS

1. Extension modern Commerce for Senior Secondary School by Bello.A.A ,Echegile. G.B, Mohammed B.A.
2. Complete Commerce for Senior Secondary School by Alan Whitcomb and Adekoya Fatai Olusegun.
3. Essential Commerce for Senior Secondary School by O.A.LONGE

WEEK 4

SUBJECT: COMMERCE
CLASS: SS1
DATE: ……………………..
TOPIC: OCCUPATION
CONTENT: (a) Meaning of occupation

(b) Classification of Occupation

SUB TOPIC 1: MEANING OF OCCUPATION

The term Occupation refers to what someone does for a living i.e the work people do, example
include teaching, barbing, trading etc.

Definition of Occupation

The word Occupation has received different definition from scholars.

Occupation was defined by an author as any legal, Economic and Commercial activities engaged in
by people of legal age in order to earn a living and satisfy their needs. Another author defined
Occupation as any economic or productive activities which people engage in to create and procure
goods and services in order to make a living.

People engage in different occupation ranging from primary, secondary and tertiary occupation
such as banking, medical services, teaching, factory occupation, mining, farming etc. Occupation
 can be categorised into industrial, commercial and services as it is diagrammatically presented
below;

DIAGRAM SHOWING CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPATION.

Occupations

Industrial Commercial Services

Extractive Constructive Trade Aids to trade Direct Indirect

Manufacturing
Retailing
Wholesaling
Exporting

Importing

Mail

Steward

Barbing

Police

Government doctors

Solders
Quarrying
Mining
Fishing
Farming

Plumbing

Brick making

Road making
Bridge making
Welding

Ware housing

Advertising
Insurance

Tourism
Transportation
Communication

Banking
Industrial work

Bag making

Textile

Food production

EVALUATION
1a. define occupation
b. Show with the aid of a diagram the classification of occupation.

SUB TOPIC 2: CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPATION

There are various ways of classifying (grouping) occupations. Businesses are classified according to
the nature of the work involved. Therefore occupation can be classified into three main groups,
namely: Industrial occupation, Commercial occupation and Services.
INDUSTRIAL OCCUPATION

Industrial occupation is used to describe all activities concerned with the production of goods.
These are people that engage in extracting raw materials from the sea or soil and changing them
into finished components.

TYPES OF INDUSTRIAL OCCUPATION

1. Extractive occupation: The extractive industries are those who engage in obtaining raw materials
and natural resources from the soil or sea. They include all kinds of farming, fishing, mining,
quarrying, forestry and hunting. It is referred to as the primary stage of production.

2. Manufacturing occupation: Manufacturing occupation are concerned with the activities of

those who engage in processing and turning raw materials produced in the primary industry into
finished products e.g food processing, textile, plastic making etc

3. Constructive occupation: Constructive occupation is concerned with all activities of those who
engage in assembling of goods manufactured into usable form. They convert manufactured into
various uses e.g. bricklayer, road builder, and goldsmith, carpenter etc

COMMERCIAL OCCUPATION

Commercial occupation includes all occupation that are concerned with trade and other activities that will
ensure effective and efficient distribution of goods and services. These services are referred to as auxiliaries
to trade and they are transportation, insurance, advertising, banking and tourism. Those who belong to this
category help to distribute goods and services produced by the industries.

TYPES OF COMMERCIAL OCCUPATION

1. Trading: trading is concerned with the activities of all the people who engage in the act of buying and
selling of goods and services. For home trade it involves wholesalers and retailers while foreign trade
involves import and export.
2. Insurance: Insurance is concerned with the activities of people who undertake to protect individuals or
business against risk. Examples of people in this occupation are the insurance brokers, underwriters and
Agents.
3. Banking: Banking as a commercial occupation includes people who assist others to have money for their
daily needs. They also provide capital for embarking on business e.g bankers.
4. Advertising: adverting involves the business of providing information about the existence of products to
the potential buyer. They create awareness for the product e.g advertising agent.
 5. Transportation: Transportation is concerned with the movement of goods and services to where they are
needed. Those who engage in this occupation are drivers, pilot, sailors etc.
6. Warehousing: Those who engage in this occupation are concerned with ensuring that goods produced are
stored until they are needed for consumption. The people involved include warehouse managers, clerks etc.
7. Tourism: Tourism is concerned with all the activities of those who engage in creating tourist attraction in
different tourist centres e.g guides in national park.
8. Communication: Communication includes all activities which promote rapid transmission of messages
between senders and receivers e.g courier service producers, telephone operator.

SERVICES
Service occupations are sometimes classified as tertiary occupation. These are occupations that render
services to the people. The people pay for the services directly or indirectly.

TYPES OF SERVICE OCCUPATION

1. Direct service: Direct service includes personal services rendered for direct consumption and are paid for
directly by those who enjoy the services. Those who engage in this form of occupation are barbers,
stewards, family doctors, housemaid, lawyers etc.
2.Indirect service: Indirect services includes service includes services rendered to the general public but they
are not paid for by the member of the public directly e.g doctor working in the public hospital, police,
soldiers, custom officers civil servants, law makers etc.

EVALUATION

1a.Define the term ‘industry’

b. Explain five types of commercial occupation and three industrial occupations.

GENERAL EVALUATION

OBJECTIVE TEST

1. A hairdresser is an example of an occupation within the category of

a. direct service
b. industry
c. commercial services
d. indirect services
2. A fisherman is involved in ------occupation
a. retailing
b. direct services
c. extractive industry
d. manufacturing
3. Which of the following is not a commercial occupation?
 a. shop keeper
b. truck driver
c. miner
d. banker
4. The industrial occupation applicable to a farmer would be
a. trade
b. extractive
c. commercial
d. constructive
5. Which of the following activities would be most likely to involve the occupation of
teaching?
a. oil production
b. retailing
c. manufacturing
d. direct services

ESSAY QUESTIONS:

1a.Define the term ‘Occupation’

b. show the classification of occupation with the aid of a diagram
2. Describe five types of commercial occupation
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Read Essential Commerce for Senior Secondary School by O.A.LONGE pages 8-9
2. Read Complete Commerce for Senior Secondary School by Alan Whitcomb and Adekoya
Fatai Olusegun page11-14

PRE – READING ASSIGNMENT

1. Read about the factors that determine employment and the factors that influence the type
of occupation people engage in

WEEKEND ACTIVITY:

1. State two factors that influence employment.

2. Describe four factors that influence the availability of labour

REFERENCE TEXTS
1. Extension modern Commerce for Senior Secondary School by Bello.A.A ,Echegile. G.B, Mohammed B.A
2. Complete Commerce for Senior Secondary School by Alan Whitcomb and Adekoya Fatai Olusegun
3. Essential Commerce for Senior Secondary School by O.A.LONGE

WEEK 5

SUBJECT: COMMERCE
CLASS: SS1
DATE:……………………..
TOPIC: OCCUPATION
CONTENT: (a) Factors that determine types of occupation

(b) Factors that determine employment

SUB TOPIC 1: FACTORS THAT DETERMINE TYPES OF OCCUPATION

1. Climatic and weather condition: The climatic and weather condition will determine the type of
occupation people engage in. e.g fishermen in riverine area.
2. Natural resources: The availability of natural resources affects the choice of employment e.g
miners
3. Education and skill: The Education and skill an individual acquire will influence the type of
occupation he is involved in. e.g doctors
4. Salary and Wages: The remuneration and condition of service will affect the choice of
occupation.
5. Industrial hazards: The risk of a job also determines people’s involvement in the job.
6. Other factors are interest, policies of the government etc.

EVALUATION
1a. Enumerate any four factors affecting employment.
b. Explain two of the factors listed above

SUB TOPIC 2: FACTORS THAT DETERMINE EMPLOYMENT

Two broad factors that influence employment are
1. Demand for Labour
2. Supply of Labour (Availability of labour and the quality of labour)
DEMAND FOR LABOUR
The demand for labour comes from the employer and the employer of labour will be influenced by;

(i) Labour intensive: The extent to which labour is used in the production of goods and services will
determine the demand for labour. Where labour is relatively cheap compared to capital, firms will
prefer to employ labour in the production of goods and services.

(ii)Wage rate: The wage rate that a business needs to pay for each additional worker employed will
influence how many workers the business will demand. If the wage rate is high, it will be more
costly to hire extra worker and as such it will affect the demand for labour.

(iii) Economic climate: A general improvement in the economic climate of the country will have
effect on industrial output, causing a need for more labour.

(iv) Technology: Technological advancement tends to reduce demand for labour. So if a business
uses more of technological equipment, the demand for labour will decrease.

2. SUPPLY OF LABOUR

The availability of labour (labour supply) is influenced by many factors which include;

(i).The size and structure of the population: A large population will provide a greater supply of
labour.

(ii)The number of women at work: The economic situation in the country, wages paid to women
and attitude towards working mothers will affect the supply of labour.

(iii)Hours of work: Shorter working hours will affect the supply of labour because workers will
prefer working for fewer hours.

(iv)Quality of the labour force: If the required skills are not available, this will affect the supply of
labour.

(v).Adequacy of health: It is important to provide adequate health care to keep the population
healthy.

(vi).Mobility of labour: The ability and willingness of workers to move to new jobs and new areas
will affect the supply of labour.
(vii).Government policies: Government commitment to education and training will influence the
supply of labour.

EVALUATION

1. Explain the following terms;

(i)Demand for labour

(ii)Supply of labour

2. Mention two factors that affect the supply of labour

GENERAL EVALUATON

OBJECTIVE TEST

1. Technological advancement tend to----------

a. increase the demand for labour

b. reduce the supply of labour
c. reduce the demand for labour
d. increase production.

2. Example of occupation affected by natural resources is

a. retailing
b. mining
c. barbing
d. banking

3. Which of the following does not determine the type of occupation?

a. salary and wages

b. education and skills
c. government policies
d. purchases

4. The industrial occupation applicable to a farmer would be

 a. trade
b. extractive
c. commercial
d. constructive

5. Which of the following activities would be most likely to involve the occupation of teaching?

a. oil production
b. retailing
c. manufacturing
d. direct services

ESSAY QUESTIONS:

1. Discuss five factors that can affect the supply of labour

2. Itemise two factors that affect the Demand for labour

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

Read Essential Commerce for Senior Secondary School by O.A.LONGE page 6-8

Read Complete Commerce for Senior Secondary School by Alan Whitcomb and Adekoya Fatai
Olusegun pages 12-13

PRE – READING ASSIGNMENT

Read the definition of production by different authors and the classification of production

WEEKEND ACTIVITY

1. State one way that secondary production helps to meet the basic needs of people

2. Describe three ways that tertiary production helps both consumers and producers.

REFERENCE TEXTS
1. Extension modern Commerce for Senior Secondary School by Bello.A.A ,Echegile. G.B, Mohammed B.A
2. Complete Commerce for Senior Secondary School by Alan Whitcomb and Adekoya Fatai Olusegun
3. Essential Commerce for Senior Secondary School by O.A.LONGE

WEEK 6
SUBJECT: COMMERCE
CLASS: SS1
DATE:……………………..
TOPIC: PRODDUCTION
CONTENT: (i) Meaning of Production

(ii) Classification of Production

SUB-TOPIC 1: MEANING OF PRODUCTION AND CLASSIFICATION PRODUCTION

The term production refers to the creation of goods and services. Production also means the transformation
of raw materials into finished goods and their distribution to the consumer to satisfy human wants. It can
also be referred to as the creation of utility. Production is not complete until the goods and services get to
the final consumer.
DIAGRAM SHOWING CLASSIFICATION OF PRODUCTION
Production

Service (tertiary)
Industry Commerce

Primary Secondary Trade Aids to trade Direct Indirect

- extraction - manufacturing - insurance
- fishing - construction - advertising
- farming - transport
- mining - tourism
-banking

Home Foreign
- import
EVALUATION - export
- entrepot
1a.What is production?
Wholesale Retail
b. With the aid of a diagram show the classification of production.

SUB TOPIC 2: CLASSIFICATION OF PRODUCTION

STAGES OR TYPES OF PRODUCTION

Production is grouped into two major categories. These are direct and indirect production.
(a)Meaning of Direct Production
Direct Production is the type of production in which an individual produces goods and
services only for the family use or consumption. The goods produced are not for sale and
 usually family labour is employed in the production process. Direct production is in small
scale.
(b)Meaning of Indirect Production
Indirect Production is the type of production in which goods and services are produced in
large scale mainly for sale or exchange for other needs. This type of production involves
the use of modern equipment and skilled labour to be able to make surplus goods and
services.
Indirect production is sub divided into three major groups. These are primary, secondary,
and tertiary production.
(i) Primary production (industry): Primary production refers to the extraction of raw
materials provided by nature. Primary production forms the basis for further production.
Examples of primary production include agriculture, mining, fishing lumbering etc.
(ii)Secondary Production (commerce): Secondary production involves the transformation or
conversion of basic raw material or semi-finished goods into final forms that are acceptable
to the consumer. Secondary production embraces all forms of manufacturing and
construction. The raw materials from the extractive sector are transformed into finished
products such as cars, food, roads, houses etc.
(iii)Tertiary production (services): Tertiary production is concerned with the provision of
commercial and professional services to people. The goods produced at the primary and
secondary production levels are distributed to the people for consumption. People involved
in this aspect of production include those in commercial services like wholesalers, retailers,
transporters etc as well as professional services like soldiers, bankers, doctors, hairdressers,
teachers, lawyers etc.
The scare resources which are used to produce the commodities we need and want to
consume are collectively called the factors of production. They are; Land, Labour, Capital
and Entrepreneur

EVALUATION

1. Write short notes on;

(i) Primary production
(ii) Secondary production
 (iii) Tertiary production

GENERAL EVALUATON

OBJECTIVE TEST

1. Which of the following is not a factor of production?

a. land
b. labour
c. food
d. capital.

2. Farmers, fishermen and miners are examples of people who work in;

a. tertiary
b. primary
c. commerce
d. secondary production

3. Which of the following workers is employed in tertiary sector?

a. builder
b. miner
c. shopkeeper
d. farmer

4. The collective name used for the scare resources used to produce commodities is

a. capital
b. factors of production
c. materials for production
d. raw material

5. Indirect production is sub divided into

a. mining, fishing, farming.

b. retailers, wholesalers, hawkers
c. primary, secondary, tertiary.
 d. commerce, services and trade

ESSAY QUESTIONS:

1. Primary production is sometimes referred to as the extractive industries. Why?

2.’Tertiary production is very different from the other forms of production, but it is just as
important’ explain this statement

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

Read Essential Commerce for Senior Secondary School by O.A.LONGE pages 9-10

Read Complete Commerce for Senior Secondary School by Alan Whitcomb and Adekoya Fatai
Olusegun pages 16-19

PRE – READING ASSIGNMENT

Read the meaning of production, division of labour, specialisation and exchange

WEEKEND ACTIVITY

1. Why do you think division of labour is sometimes referred to as specialisation?

2. Why is exchange necessary for specialisation to take place?

REFERENCE TEXTS

1. Extension modern Commerce for Senior Secondary School by Bello.A.A ,Echegile. G.B,
Mohammed B.A

2. Complete Commerce for Senior Secondary School by Alan Whitcomb and Adekoya Fatai
Olusegun

3. Essential Commerce for Senior Secondary School by O.A.LONGE

WEEK 7

SUBJECT: COMMERCE
CLASS: SS1
DATE:……………………..
TOPIC: PRODUCTION, DIVISION OF LABOUR, SPECIALIZATION AND EXCHANGE
CONTENT: (i) Meaning of Division of Labour and specialisation

(ii) Advantages and disadvantages of division of labour and Specialization

(iii) Limitation to division of labour and specialisation

(iv) Meaning of exchange and the interrelationship between production, division of

labour, specialisation and exchange.

SUB TOPIC 1: MEANING OF DIVISION OF LABOUR AND SPECIALISATION

Meaning of division of labour

Division of labour is the systematic breaking down of production processes into different stages so
that each stage is handled or undertaken by an individual or a group of people.

Definition of Division of labour

Division of labour have been defined by various people. An author defines division of labour as a
complex process mainly practised in industrialised communities where a worker specialises in the
production of a small portion of a product. Division of labour was defined by another author as the
system of breaking down the production processes into segments and tasks, which can be
performed by different individuals or machines

Meaning of Specialization

Specialization simply means the concentration of the productive effort of an individual,

organization or country towards the production of certain commodities or line of production where
it has greater comparative advantage over others.

DEFINITION OF SPECIALISATION

Specialisation can be defined as the permanent engagement of people in one aspect of the
production process or in one type of occupation resulting in better and faster production.
Specialisation can also be defined as the act of an individual or a country concentrating his/her
or its resources and efforts in the production of relatively few commodities because of training,
ability, experience or comparative locational advantages.

EVALUATION

1a.What is division of labour?

b. Define the term ‘specialisation’

2. What is comparative advantage in terms of specialization?

SUB TOPIC 2: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DIVISION OF LABOUR AND

SPECIALIZATION

1. Time saving: It helps to save time that would have been wasted in moving from one
operation to another.
2. Increase in production: Division of labour and specialisation will lead to increase in
production because the various experts work together to boost production.
3. Less fatigue: In division of labour, a worker concentrate on only a portion of production and
since he makes use of machine, he does not get tired easily
4. Increase in the skill of workers: It enables workers to develop greater skills through
repetition.
5. Leads to specialisation: It makes people to specialise in the performance of a particular job.
6. Create employment opportunities: It creates employment opportunities or people because
the production process is divided into stages.
7. Lead to innovation and invention: It enables people to discover a better way of doing things
8. Improve quality of goods: It helps in the production of quality goods.

Disadvantages or Demerit of Division of labour and specialization

1. Makes the work to be Monotonous: In division of labour and specialization a worker
performs the same job on a daily basis, the job will become monotonous and boring.
2. Decrease Craftsmanship: People no longer make use of their skill because of the use
of machine.
3. Reduces employment opportunities: It makes use of more machine than human
being.
4. Result in immobility of Labour: It makes it difficult for people to move from one
profession to another.
 5. Increase interdependence among industries: Division of labour and specialization
makes industries to depend one another; absence of a worker can distort the
production process.
6. Ineffective in agriculture: It is not very effective in agriculture.

EVALUATION:
1 List and explain five advantages of division of labour and specialisation
2. Identify five demerits of division of labour and specialization.

SUB –TOPIC 3: LIMITATION TO DIVISION OF LABOUR AND SPECIALISATION

There are factors that limit the importance of division of labour and specialization.

These factors may encourage or discourage division of labour and specialisation depending on the
prevailing situation. They include;

1. The size of the market: The size of the market will determine whether goods produced can be
absorbed or not.

2. The nature of the product: Some production process cannot be divided e.g barbing

3. The level of technology: The level of technology sets a limit to the extent of specialisation.

4. Availability of capital: The availability of capital matters a lot because provision has to be made
for workers salary.

5. Availability of labour: The availability of workers will determine the stages of to which
production is divided

6. Government policy: The policy of government can determine whether division of labour and
specialisation can operate or not.

7. The extent of development of the commercial sector: This will determine the volume of goods to
be produced

EVALUATION

1. List and explain five factors that can limit division of labour and specialisation.

SUB TOPIC 4: MEANING OF EXCHANGE AND THE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRODUCTION,

DIVISION OF LABOUR, SPECIALISATION AND EXCHANGE.
Meaning of Exchange
Exchange is the process of giving out certain valuable goods and services in order to have
something valuable in return. Exchange arises because of excess production of goods and services.
INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRODUCTION, DIVISION OF LABOUR, SPECIALISATION AND
EXCHANGE,

Production, division of labour, specialisation and exchange are interrelated, in the sense that
production is the process of creating goods and services which is enhanced by breaking processes
into stages (division of labour) and concentrating productive effort on a particular thing
(specialisation).Division of labour and specialisation leads to mass production and this necessitate
exchange.

EVALUATION

1a. briefly explain what you understand by the term

‘Exchange’

b. ‘Division of labour is limited by the market’ explain.

2. What do you understand by’ specialisation necessitates exchange’.

GENERAL EVALUATON

OBJECTIVE TEST

1. _________is the process of breaking down production process into stages.

a. specialisation

b. exchange
c. division of labour
d. production

2. The act of concentrating productive effort on the production of a particular thing is_______

a. tertiary
b. specialisation
c. commercialisation
d. Industrialisation.
3._______ necessitate exchange

a. production
b. specialisation
c. division of labour
d. trade

4._________ is the transformation of goods into finished goods

a. capital
b. production
c. exchange
d. consumption

5. Giving out something valuable to get a valuable thing in return is___

a. consumption
b. production
c. exchange
d. specialisation

ESSAY QUESTIONS:
1a.’ Specialization necessitates exchange’ Discuss
b. ‘Division of labour is limited by the market’ explain.
2. What do you understand by specialisation necessitates exchange.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Read Essential Commerce for Senior Secondary School by O.A.LONGE pages 14-16
2. Read Complete Commerce for Senior Secondary School by Alan Whitcomb and Adekoya Fatai
Olusegun pages 16-19
3. Read Comprehensive commerce for Senior Secondary School by Johnson Anyaele pages 30-31

PRE – READING ASSIGNMENT

Read the meaning of trade, types of trade.

WEEKEND ACTIVITY
1. Why do you think a firm will re-export a product already imported?
2. Why is trade important to a nation?

REFERENCE TEXTS
1. Extension modern Commerce for Senior Secondary School by Bello.A.A ,Echegile. G.B,
Mohammed B.A
2. Complete Commerce for Senior Secondary School by Alan Whitcomb and Adekoya Fatai
Olusegun
3. Essential Commerce for Senior Secondary School by O.A.LONGE
4. Comprehensive commerce for Senior Secondary School by Johnson Anyaele

WEEK 8

SUBJECT:COMMERCE
CLASS:SS1
DATE:……………………..
TOPIC: TRADE.

CONTENT: 1. Meaning of trade and types

2. Relationship between/among the different, types of trade.

SUB TOPIC 1: MEANING OF TRADE AND TYPES OF TRADE MEANING OF TRADE

Trade is the act of buying and selling of goods and services. people trade with the aim of making
profit in order to cater with their needs.

DEFINITION OF TRADE

Trade is defined as the ‘distribution and exchange of all surplus goods produced in the factories,
land or sea so that they reach the final consumer at the right time, price and in the right quantity
and condition. Another author defined trade as the exchange of goods, services and financial
securities between buyers and sellers.

DIAGRAM SHOWING THE DIVISION OF TRADE

Trade
 Home trade Foreign trade

Retail wholesale import export entre-port

TYPES OF TRADE

(1) Home /Local/Internal/Domestic Trade

(2) Foreign/external/International Trade
(3) Entre-port

1. Home /Local/Internal/Domestic Trade: This is the buying and selling of goods and services
within a country. Buying of goods and services that take place in from Lagos to Port Harcourt,
Onitsha and Aba is home trade. It is within Nigeria.

Type of Home /Local/Internal/Domestic Trade

i. Retail Trade: Retail trade is when the retailer buys goods in small quantity from the wholesaler or
the manufacturer and sells them to the final user (consumer).

ii. Wholesale Trade

This is trade in which the purchaser buys goods in bulk or large quantity from the producer or
manufacturer.

2. Foreign/external/International Trade
Foreign trade is buying and selling of goods and services involving countries of the world. Foreign
trade is the exchange, buying and selling of goods and services between two or more countries.
When Nigeria sells crude oil and gas to Japan, China or the United Kingdom, it is international
trade.

Types of Foreign/external/International Trade

i. Export trade: This is the selling of goods and services produced in one country(Say
Nigeria) to other countries.

ii. Import trade: This is when businessmen in Nigeria buy goods from foreign countries for
the purpose of selling them within the country. Whether goods are bought from
overseas by individuals, governments, schools or business organisations, import has
taken place. Items such as electronics, video games, computers, motor vehicles and
machines are imported from other countries.

3. Entre-port: This is the re-selling of imported goods by one country to another without changing
or transforming the goods. Entre-port is also known as re-exporting. For example a businessman
imports computers games from Japan to Nigeria, instead of selling them in Nigeria; he sends them
to Ghana where he is paid in foreign currency. It is called entre-port.

Relationship among home, foreign and entre-port trade.

1. Currency is the medium of exchange. May be local or foreign currency.
2.Profit is the motive behind any form of trade.
3.Revenue is earned for the government.
4.Warehouses are used to keep goods.
5.Middlemen are involved in the trading activities.
6.Trade leads to economy growth.
7. The needs or wants of consumers are met.

Difference among Home, Foreign and Entre-port trade

S/N Home Trade Foreign Trade Entre-port Trade

1 The same language is used Language used by traders as Different languages are used as
as a medium of means communication may be means of communication among
communication among the same or different. E.g. buyers and sellers. Nigeria – Ghana
traders E.g. Lagos – Aba Nigeria – USA or Nigeria – or Nigeria – Cameroon,
China or Germany
2. Trading activities are done Trading activities are done It involves reselling imported goods
in the same country between two countries or to another country.
among countries.
3. The same money or Different money or currency is Different money or currency is the
currency is the medium of the medium of exchange. E.g. medium of exchange. E.g. France
exchange. E.g. Naira and Nigeria( Naira) – USA (Dollars) (Euro)- Nigeria(Naira)-Benin
kobo Republic (West African CFA franc)
4. There are no barriers to There are many barriers to free The trader exploits the trading
free trading activities. trading activities barriers to his profit.
5 Trading activities is subjectGovernment regulation is Government regulation is restricted
to government regulation restricted to one country. to one country.
6 The climate and weather The climate and weather Climate and weather condition may
condition is the same E.g. condition is the same E.g. be the same or different
Rainy and dry season Winter, Summer, Spring and
Autumn
7. The revenue earned is in The revenue earned is in The revenue earned is in foreign
local currency foreign currency currency
8. The risk involved is minimal The risk involved is high The risk involved is high
9. The political situation is the The political situation is not the The political situation is not the
same. same. same.
10. The culture is the same The culture is different The culture is different
11 It meets the needs of the It leads to comparative The trader makes more money.
consumer. advantages for the exporting
nation.
12. Factors of production are Factors of production are not Factors of production are not freely
 freely used and sometimes freely used and restricted used and restricted based on the
moved e.g. Labour, capital, based on the Law and Law and government regulation.
and entrepreneur government regulation. e.g. e.g. Labour, capital, and
Labour, capital, and entrepreneur
entrepreneur

EVALUATION

1. Define the term trade

2. With the aid of a diagram show the division of trade

SUB TOPIC2: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN/ AMONG THE DIFFERENT, TYPES OF TRADE.

Home trade is the buying and selling of goods and services within a geographical area of a nation.
This type of trade takes place within the boundaries of the country.

Foreign trade is the exchange of goods and services between two or more countries. This type of
trade takes place outside the boundaries of the country. It is also known as international trade.

Entre-port trade is a form of international trade where goods are temporarily imported into a
country and then subsequently re-exported to other countries. It is mainly confined to
commodities like rice, sugar, coffee, copper wheat and agricultural products. This is possible with
countries that have free trade zone .The free trade zone is an area in which goods can be imported
without incurring import or custom duties.

EVALUATION

1. What is entre-port?
2. Having imported a product, why would a firm want to re-export?
3. How does home trade differ from foreign trade?

GENERAL EVALUATON

OBJECTIVE TEST

1. All of the following are aspects of trade, expect one

a. exporting
 b. importing

c. retailing

d. production

2. Which of the following is the best definition of trade

a. exchange of goods and services

b. aids to trade
c. direct services
d. Industrial output
3._______ means re-exporting goods that were imported temporarily
a. production
b. specialisation
c. foreign trade
d. entre-port
4. trade is divided into
a. home trade, export and import
b. home trade, foreign trade and entre-port
c. exchange, retail and wholesale
d. import, entre-port and home trade
5. Foreign trade is also referred to as
a. entre trade
b. international trade
c. free zone area
d. specialisation

Essay
1a. what is entreport trade?
b. Having imported a product, why would a firm want to re-export?
2. How does home trade differ from foreign trade?
3. Discuss the similaries between home foreign and entreport trade
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Read Essential Commerce for Senior Secondary School by O.A.LONGE pages 17

2. Read Complete Commerce for Senior Secondary School by Alan Whitcomb and Adekoya
Fatai Olusegun pages 22-24
3. Extension Modern commerce for Senior Secondary School by Bello A.A Echegile G.B
Mohammed B.A page 60

PRE-READING ASSIGNMENT:

Read about Home Trade, its Characteristics and its functions of retail trade.

WEEKEND ACTIVITY:

1. Define Home Trade.

2.List five characteristics of Home trade.

REFERENCE TEXTS

1. Extension modern Commerce for Senior Secondary School by Bello.A.A ,Echegile. G.B,
Mohammed B.A

2. Complete Commerce for Senior Secondary School by Alan Whitcomb and Adekoya Fatai
Olusegun

3. Essential Commerce for Senior Secondary School by O.A.LONGE

4.Comprehensive commerce for Senior Secondary School by Johnson Anyaele

WEEK 9

SUBJECT: COMMERCE
CLASS: SS1
DATE: ……………………..
TOPIC: HOME TRADE
CONTENT: 1. Meaning of Home Trade
2. Characteristics and functions of retail trade.
SUB TOPIC 1: MEANING OF HOME TRADE
Home trade is the buying and selling of goods and services within a geographical area of a nation.
This type of trade takes place within the boundaries of the country. It is also called internal or
domestic trade.

DIAGRAM OF HOME TRADE

Home Trade

Retail trade Wholesale trade

Large scale small scale Merchant Agents wholesaler

EVALUATION

1a.Define home trade

(b)With the aid of a diagram, illustrate the branch of home trade

SUB TOPIC 2 CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF RETAIL TRADE

Meaning of Retail trade

Retail trade is the business activity of selling goods and services to the final consumer. Retailing is
the final link in the chain of distribution. The person who engages in retail trade is called a retailer.
Retail activities can be classified into small scale and large scale retail trade.

CHAIN OF DISTRUBUTION

Manufacturer---Wholesaler------Retailer-----Consumer

CLASSIFICATION OF RETAIL TRADE

CHARACTERISTICS OF RETAIL TRADE

1. Retail trade buys goods in small quantity from the wholesaler or Producer and sells in smaller
unit to the final consumer.

2. Retail trade deals with variety of goods.

3. It brings the goods closer to the consumer.

4. It deals with consumer goods.

5.Retail trade deals directly with the consumer.

6.Retail trade requires small capital for its establishment.

FUNCTIONS OF RETAIL TRADE

Retail trade performs a number of functions to both wholesalers and producer. The functions
include;

1. Sells in small unit: Retail trade buys in small quantity form the wholesaler or producer and sale in
smaller quantities to the final consumer.

2. Variety of goods: A retail trade provides the consumer with variety of goods.

3. Allows credit: It sells goods on credit to its customer who is credit worthy.

4. Gives advice to both wholesaler and consumer: The retailer gives advice to the consumer and
the wholesaler.

5. Offers after sales service: The retailer sometimes offer after sales service to the consumer in
order to increase patronage.

6. Convenient time: The retailer makes goods available at convenient hour e.g opening the shop
early and closing late.

7. Advertisement: Retailers create awareness about new products and existing ones.

EVALUATION

1aList and explain two characteristics of retail trade

b. Identify five functions of retail trade

GENERAL EVALUATON

OBJECTIVE TEST

1. _________ is the final link in the chain of distribution.

a. retailing
 b. wholesaling
c. trading
d. production
2. _______ provide consumer with variety of goods
a. producers
b. traders
c. retailer
d. wholesaler
3. Retailer buy in _______quantities
a. large
b. small
c. tangible
d. moderate
4. Home trade is divided into
a. export and import
b. home trade and foreign trade
c. retail and wholesale
d. entreport and home trade
5. Another name for Home trade is
a. entre trade
b. international trade
c. internal trade
d. specialisation

ESSAY QUESTIONS

1a. What is Home trade ?

b. List and explain two characteristics of retail trade
2. Identify five functions of retail trade
3. How does home trade differ from foreign trade?

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Read Essential Commerce for Senior Secondary School by O.A.LONGE pages 18

 2. Read Complete Commerce for Senior Secondary School by Alan Whitcomb and Adekoya
Fatai Olusegun page 26
3. Extension Modern commerce for Senior Secondary School by Bello A.A Echegile G.B
Mohammed B.A pages 62

PRE – READING ASSIGNMENT

Read about the factors one should consider in setting up a retail trade and the reasons for the
survival of small scale retailers.

WEEKEND ACTIVITY

1. In view of the competition from the larger forms of retailer, how are smaller types of
retailer still able to exist

REFERENCE TEXTS

1. Extension modern Commerce for Senior Secondary School by Bello.A.A ,Echegile. G.B,
Mohammed B.A

2. Complete Commerce for Senior Secondary School by Alan Whitcomb and Adekoya Fatai
Olusegun

3. Essential Commerce for Senior Secondary School by O.A.LONGE

4. Comprehensive commerce for Senior Secondary School by Johnson Anyaele

WEEK 10

SUBJECT: COMMERCE
CLASS: SS1
DATE: ……………………..
TOPIC: HOME TRADE

CONTENT: 1. Factors to be considered in setting up a retail trade.

2. Small Scale retailers

3. Reasons for survival of small scale retailers

SUB TOPIC 1: FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN SETTING UP A RETAIL TRADE.

1. Capital: This is a very important factor that must be put into consideration before setting up a
retail trade. The amount of capital will determine the size of the business.

2. Price policy: The retailer must put into consideration the selling price of the product. The best
price policy must be determined.

3. Source of supply: The retailer must determine the source of supply so as to maintain constant
supply.

4. Type of goods: He must consider what he wants to sell. He should prepare his mind on the type
of goods to be sold.

5. Experience: The retailer must have acquired some skills on the field he wants to operate e.g
electronics business, provision etc.

6. Advertising: He must also look at the best medium of advertising his products.

7. Location of the business: The place a business is sited is very important, the retailer have to
consider the location where he wants to carry out his business.

EVALUATION

1. What are the factors to be considered in sitting a small retail shop

2. Give any five reasons why small scale retailing is common in Nigeria.

SUB TOPIC 2: SMALL SCALE RETAILING

Small scale retailing is retail trading with small coverage. Little Capital is needed in setting up this
type of retail trade. They include;

1. Hawking/itinerant/peddling.

2. Mobile shops

3. Street or roadside trading

4. Market trader or stall holder

5. Unit stores/tied shop.

6. Small stores

7. Kiosks

HAWKING/ITINERANT/PEDDLING.

This is one of the small scale retail trades. In this form of trade, goods are conveyed from one place
to another, either on head, by canoes or by charts. Hawking is the cheapest and most popular in
Africa because it requires little capital.

CHARACTERISTICS OF HAWKING

1. It is a small scale retail business.

2. Goods such as food and wears are offered for sales.

3. It provides door to door selling.

4. Hawking requires small amount of capital to be set up.

5. Different types of goods are sold to consumers in small unit.

6. It involves movement of goods from one place to another on head with trays and wheelbarrows

7. The products are sold at relatively low prices.

8. They do not pay rent.

9. It involves low cost of advertising.

ADVANTAGES OF HAWKING

1. Small amount of capital is required to set it up.

2. It provides door to door services to consumers.

3. It provides people with the opportunity to be self employed.

4. Hawking covers more ground thereby increasing sales and profit.

5. Hawking is a form of adverting.

6. Products are sold at lower prices.

7. The running cost of the business is low.

DISADVANTAGES OF HAWKING

1. Hawkers are exposed to road accidents.

2. There are limitations to the quantity that can be carried.

3. It can disturb the flow of traffic.

4. Young hawkers are exposed to bad influences especially females who are exposed to rapists.

5. Hawking can also contribute to littering and refuse problems.

MOBILE SHOP

Mobile shops are small retail shops that are moved from one place to another in Motor vans,
Lorries, wheelbarrows, bicycles, motor bike etc. A wide range of goods are arranged in them and
moved from one place to the other. Mobile shops advertise their goods by ringing bell, playing
music etc.

STREET OR ROADSIDE TRADING

Street or Roadside traders are those retail traders that display their wares along the roads, streets,
school gates etc.

FEATURES OF STREET OR ROADSIDE TRADING

1. The traders have a particular place they stay to sell their wares.

2. They sell a wide range of goods.

3. They stay on busy roads.

4. They display their ware outside.

5. They sale at low prices.

MARKET TRADER OR STALL HOLDER

This is the type of retail trade that takes place in a particular location e.g constructed sheds. They
have specific time for opening and closing.

FEATURES MARKET TRADER OR STALL HOLDER

1. They have stores in Market.

2. They have specific for opening and closing.

3. The stores are arranged according to what is been sold.

UNIT STORES/TIED SHOP

These are retail outlets that operate in urban areas and are located rented places or residence of
the retailer. The customer can easily access the trader. Tied Shop is those who are into the sale of a
particular product which is supplied by a producer.

SMALL STORES

This type of retail trade involves the sales of convenience goods in stores that are located in front
of residential houses of the retailers. EVALUATION

1. State eight features of hawking.

2. Write short notes on the following;

(a) small store

(b) Mobile shops

(c) Tied shop

SUB-TOPIC:3 REASONS FOR THE SURVIVAL OF SMALL SCALE RETAILERS

Small scale retailers still exist despite the competition faced from larger form of retailer. The
reasons include;

1. Capital :The amount of capital needed to set up a retail trade is small compared to a large scale
business.
2. Decision making: It is very easy for a small scale retailer to make quick decision that will adopt to
changing situation.

3. Combinning retail business with other work: A retail business can be combined with other job.

4. Low overhead cost:The cost of running a small scale business is low when compared to that of
large scale business.

5. Family assistance: The retailer can easily get assistance of family members.

6. Personal relationship: Customers receive personal attention from the small scale retailers and
this gives them an edge above the large scale retailers.

7. Sell in small units: Small scale retailers sell in smaller quantity to their customer as opposed to
the large scale retailers.

8. No special requirement:

The small scale retailers need no special requirement to be set up.

9. Easy re location: A small scale retailer can easily move from one place to another.

DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED BY SMALL SCALE RETAILERS

1. Competition from multiple organisation.

2. They lack the expertise in terms of the functions of retailing.

3. Small scale retailers sometimes lack capital for investment and expansion.

4. The location of a business really matters. Some small scale retail business is not located in places
where customers can exercise free choice over a wide range of goods.

EVALUATION

1. Explain five reasons why small scale retailers survive despite the dominance of large scale retail.

2. Mention some difficulties encountered by small scale retailers.

GENERAL EVALUATON
OBJECTIVE TEST

1. On which of the following should a small scale retailer place highest priority when choosing a
business site?

a. customer accessibility

b. employee convenience

c. nearness to similar business

d. closeness to banks

2. Poor shop locations lead to

a. higher rents

b. increased profits

c. poor business image

d. lower sales

3. A small ,independent retailer can compete with large stores because

a. they can more easily obtain capital

b. their store is conveniently situated

c. they can buy in bulk

d they are able to advertise widely

4. The retailer with the most limited choice for customers is a

a. mobile shop

b. street trading

c. hawking

d. tied shops
5. All except one does not belong to the group

a. Departmental stores

b. Mobile shops

c. Hawking

d. Street trading

ESSAY QUESTIONS:

1. Explain five reasons why small scale retailers survive despite the dominance of large scale retail.

2(a) Describe any four features of multiple shop

(b) Give five reasons why small scale retailing is common in Nigeria.

3. Explain five ways in which the activities of hawkers constitute a disadvantage to the economy of
Nigeria.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Read Essential Commerce for Senior Secondary School by O.A.LONGE pages 23-25
2. Read Complete Commerce for Senior Secondary School by Alan Whitcomb and Adekoya
Fatai Olusegun pages 26-28
3. Extension Modern commerce for Senior Secondary School by Bello A.A Echegile G.B
Mohammed B.A pages 60-62

PRE – READING ASSIGNMENT

Read the topic on occupation, production, trade and types of trade.

WEEKEND ACTIVITY

Answer all the SSCE past questions on occupation, production, trade and types of trade

REFERENCE TEXTS
1. Extension modern Commerce for Senior Secondary School by Bello.A.A ,Echegile. G.B,
Mohammed B.A

2. Complete Commerce for Senior Secondary School by Alan Whitcomb and Adekoya Fatai
Olusegun

3. Essential Commerce for Senior Secondary School by O.A.LONGE

4.Comprehensive commerce for Senior Secondary School by Johnson Anyaele

WEEK 11. REVISION

WEEK 12. EXAMINATION