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Database Languages

The document introduces the concept of database systems, detailing various types of database users, including application programmers, specialized users, sophisticated users, and naive users. It explains the role of a database administrator and outlines the functions of relational databases and database languages, specifically data-definition and data-manipulation languages. Key points include the distinction between procedural and declarative DMLs, and the definition of a query as a request for information retrieval.

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11 views24 pages

Database Languages

The document introduces the concept of database systems, detailing various types of database users, including application programmers, specialized users, sophisticated users, and naive users. It explains the role of a database administrator and outlines the functions of relational databases and database languages, specifically data-definition and data-manipulation languages. Key points include the distinction between procedural and declarative DMLs, and the definition of a query as a request for information retrieval.

Uploaded by

harshkalundkaar
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Unit-1

Introduction to Database system


(Database Users, Database Languages)
Dr. Virendra Singh Kushwah
Senior Assistant Professor
School of Computing Science and Engineering
[email protected]
Database Users
• Users are differentiated by the way they expect to interact with
the system.
1. Application programmers: interact with system through DML calls.
2. Specialized users: write specialized database applications that do
not fit into the traditional data processing framework
3. Sophisticated users: form requests in a database query language.
4. Naive users: invoke one of the permanent application programs
that have been written previously
Database Administrator
• Coordinates all the activities of the database system; the
database administrator has a good understanding of the
enterprise’s information resources and needs. Database
administrator’s duties include:
1. Schema definition
2. Storage structure and access method definition
3. Schema and physical organization modification
4. Granting user authority to access the database
5. Specifying integrity constraints
6. Acting as liaison with users
7. Monitoring performance and responding to changes in requirements
What is a Relational Database?
• A relational database is a type of database that stores and
provides access to data points that are related to one
another.
• Relational databases are based on the relational model, an
intuitive, straightforward way of representing data in tables.
• In a relational database, each row in the table is a record
with a unique ID called the key. The columns of the table
hold attributes of the data, and each record usually has a
value for each attribute, making it easy to establish the
relationships among data points.
Database Languages
• A database system provides a data definition language to
specify the database schema and a data manipulation
language to express database queries and updates.

• In practice, the data definition and data manipulation


languages are not two separate languages; instead they
simply form parts of a single database language, such as the
widely used SQL language.
Data-Definition Language
• We specify a database schema by a set of definitions expressed by a
special language called a data-definition language (DDL).

• Create
• Alter
• Drop
• Rename
Data-Manipulation Language
• Data manipulation is
1. The retrieval of information stored in the database
2. The insertion of new information into the database
3. The deletion of information from the database
4. The modification of information stored in the database

• Insert
• Update
• Delete
• Merge
• A data-manipulation language (DML) is a language that enables users to
access or manipulate data as organized by the appropriate data model.
There are basically two types:

• Procedural DMLs require a user to specify what data are needed and how to
get those data.

• Declarative DMLs (also referred to as nonprocedural DMLs) require a user to


specify what data are needed without specifying how to get those data.
Point to be remember
• A query is a statement requesting the retrieval of
information. The portion of a DML that involves information
retrieval is called a query language.

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