rnment Polytechnic, Mu

G
ove nge

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DEPARTMENT OF FIRE TECH. & SAFETY ENGINEERING
STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

AUTOMATED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM WITH ALARM

Submitted to the Department of Fire Tech. & Safety Engineering
Of

SBTE

by
ANKIT KUMAR - 511374822019

Supervised by,
Md. ABDUL HUSSAIN

…………………………………. …………………………..
Signature of Supervisor Signature Of HOD
 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, MUNGER
HAVELI KHARAGPUR (MUNGER) 811213, BIHAR, INDIA
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that research work titled "Automated Fire extinguishing System
with Alarm" is our own work. The work has not been presented elsewhere for
assessment. We develop the new method where material has been used from other
sources it has been
properly referred.

Signature:______________________

Name: Ankit Kumar

Roll No.: 511374822019
Date:_______________

Supervisor’s Signature: _____________________

Name: Md. Abdul Hussain

Designation: HOD of F.T.S.

Mob: 08271319308
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, We would like to thanks Md Abdul Hussain , Professor, Fire Tech.

& Safety, Govt. Polytechnic Munger for his guideline and feedback.
Secondly we pledge our gratitude towards G.P. Munger for providing
necessary resources.

Lastly, I acknowledge the support provided by Government

Polytechnic, Munger.

Thank you,
Ankit Kumar
511374822019
Diploma in F.T.S.
Government Polytechnic, Munger
[Date]
CONTENTS
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Life safety
4. Important documents and materials safety
5. Environment protection
6. Motivation
7. Project Overview
8. Software Design
9. Summary of the following chapters
10. Fire detection
11. Fire pixel
12. Fire pixel detection
13. Video weaving
14. Efficient fluid mechanism
15. Model ready for manufacture
16. Efficient use of wires
17. Modem
18. Outdoor durability
19. Assessments
20. Cost
21. Safety
22. Objective and implementation
23. Conclusion
 Abstract
This paper demonstrates the requirements, specifications, design problems and
solutions for the fire extinguishing system project fulfilling the requirements. Fire
fighting is an important and hazardous job. A fire fighter can be able to extinguish fire
quickly, averting the damages and reduce losses. Technology has joined the gap
between firefighting and machines using some effective method. The purpose of this
thesis is to establish a system that can detect fire and extinguish it in the shortest time
subject to a few effective factors. In this case, the system aims to put out the fire before
it spreads increasing the security of home, laboratory, office, factory and building that
is important to human life. We develop an intelligent sensor and camera system
security system that contains a fire extinguishing capacities in our daily life. The name
of the system is "AUTOMATED FIRE
EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM WITH ALARM". The IEEE SOUTHEASTCON 2003 Hardware
Competition tests the minds of college students all over the nation with the challenge
of extinguishing a fire located in a simulated house autonomously. To any one
unfamiliar with robotics, for a robot to be autonomous means the robot must operate
On its own independent of any human. This system can detect abnormal and dangerous
situation and notify us this paper establishes the necessities, conditions, design
problems, solutions and future plans for the firefighting system. First, we design a
system with extinguisher . This system includes structure, avoidance obstacle, software
development system, fire detection and others. We implement some computer
program to detect only fire. We implement the system and if fire accident is true, the
fire extinguisher system can find out the fire source by the proposed method and move
to fire source to fight the fire using extinguisher.
 1. INTRODUCTION
Home can provide safety, convenience, and efficiency for people in the 21 st century. An
intelligent home system is integrated by many function and systems. One of the most
important systems is the fire detection function in an intelligent home. The fire event
may involve dangerous in life. There have been many deaths around the world because
of fires [1] [2] [3]. The deaths are especially rising as last year more than five hundred
people were killed because of fires in Pakistan and Bangladesh[1][3]. The deaths in the
other countries might be less but it is still a worrying factor because as well as lives the
amount of product which is lost due to fire. There are not many buildings that have fire
detectors because of their price and installation. Even if there are detectors installed
the primitive technology that is used in the devices make them unreliable as because
of false alarms and those which are free or are reliable they are priced at a very high
range which is why they are often avoided . The fire detection device is fixed on the wall
or ceiling . It is not very convenient that uses many fire detection modules in the home.
In the paper, we design a fire extinguishing system to detect fire event, and use
extinguisher to fight the fire source and the transmit fire information to us. In the recent
years there have been studies and work done to ensure a better fire detection and fire
extinguishing system [4][5] among them this system is only for fighting fire.

In the past literatures, many experts research in the service robot. Some research
addressed in developing target-tracking system of service robot such as Hisato
Kobayashi et al. proposed a method to detect human being by an autonomous mobile
guard robot [13].Yoichi Shimosasa et al. developed Autonomous Guard robot which
integrate the security and service system to an Autonomous Guard robot, the robot
can guide visitors in daytime and patrol in the night. D.A Ciccimaro developed the
autonomous security robot "ROBOT Ill" which equipped with the non-lethal-response
weapon .Moreover , some research addressed in the robot has the capability of
extinguishing the fire .There are some products that have been published for security
robot. Such as, SECON and SOC in Japanese and International Robotics in USA, and
Chung Cheng # 1 in Taiwan [20] .Wang et al developed a multisensory fire detection
algorithm using neural network. One temperature and one smoke density sensor signal
are fused for ship fire alarm system. Healy et al. Presents a real time fire detection
system using color video input. The spectral, spatial and temporal properties of fire
were used to derive the fire- detection algorithm. Neubauer apply genetic algorithms

1
to an automatic fire detection system. The on-line identification of stochastic signal
models for measured fire signals was presented. Ruser and Magori described the fire
detection with a combination of ultrasonic and microwave Doppler sensor. Luo and Su
use two smoke sensors, two temperature sensors and two flame sensors to detect fire
event, and diagnosis which sensor is failure using adaptive fusion method.

What we have designed is not a robot but an automatic fire fighting system that detects
and puts out the fire form a mounted position in a room. By mounting it and making it
into a fire monitoring system we can target only the fire and decrease the chance of
collateral damage. Thus we ensure we don't have to worry about the fire becoming so
intense and out of control that it can causes damage to life or the surrounding
environment not only that also notifying and alerting the employees about the fire.
The firefighting robot is designed to search for a fire in a small floor plan of a house,
extinguish the fire (by placing a cup over the LEDs), and then return to the front of the
house. This mission is divided into smaller tasks, and each task is implemented in the
most efficient manner. The navigation of the robot throughout the house is achieved
by data provided by a line tracker and ultrasound transducers. The target acquisition is
achieved by data provided by a camera. The deployment of the extinguishing device is
implemented with a custom arm controlled by servos. Along with these crucial tasks
were other design constraints, such as the size, speed, and supply of power. Each
defining characteristic of the system is described in more detail in this document.

2
Life safety
This system can play a vital role in life safety. Automated Fire Extinguishing systems are
the most effective means of fire controlling. When properly installed this system can be
highly effective safe-guard against loss of life and property.

According to a recent article on Hotellnteractive.com, a leading web portal for hotel

professionals, an estimated 3,900 fires occur each year in hotels and motels. Annually,
these fires result in $76 million in property loss.

According to a recent report by the U.S. Fire Administration, 46 percent of hotel and
motel fires are caused by cooking, with electrical malfunctions and heating each
causing an additional 7 percent of fires. These fires occur primarily in the evening,
between 6
p.m. and 9 p.m. While 73 percent of fires are confined to the object of origin, 18
percent are confined to the room of fire origin and the remaining 9 percent of fires
extend beyond the room of origin.

With 73 % of these fires confined to the object of origin, it is easy to see the absolutely
critical role that fire extinguishers play in keeping the guests in hotels safe.
Extrapolating the prominent studies, this indicated more than 20 fires everyday are put
out by fire extinguishers in hotels.

There is lots of extinguisher that works for our life safety and also save our property.

Water fire extinguishers are good for putting out flames on carpets and soft
furnishings, but are dangerous when used on flammable liquids or cooking fats. This
is a good device to have in the bedroom and living room, especially if you are a smoker,
but not useful for the kitchen.
Foam extinguishers are effective on woods and flammable liquids, petrol and spirits but
not for kitchen or electrical fires, making this a handy device to keep in the garage.

Carbon-di-oxide (C02) is effective on flammable liquids and electrical fires, but not
suitable for cooking fats or soft furnishings.

3
Dry powder can be used on the widest range of fires in the home. It is safe to use on
textiles, wood, flammable liquids/gases and electrical fires. However it cannot be
used on kitchen fires involving cooking fats and oils. It's a good device for garages and
living areas, but you will still need a separate device for the kitchen.

Wet chemical is safe to use on soft furnishings and cooking fat fires, yet hazardous
when brought into contact with electrical or flammable gases and liquids. It is good
for the living room and kitchen but unsuitable for the garage.

Fire blanket is a handy item to have in cooking areas and can stop small pan fires from
spreading. They are mounted on the wall and easily accessible: using a fire blanket is
the best and quickest way to extinguish a pan fire. They can also be used to wrap
around people when their clothing has caught fire.

The best thing to do is to make an assessment of the places in your home where you
see the greatest potential risks of fires occurring and keep the appropriate devices in
an easily accessible place nearby. Afire blanket and wet chemical extinguisher in the
kitchen and dry powder device in the garage could prove invaluable tools in saving your
home and your life in case of a house fire.

4
Important documents and materials safety:

The most prevalent threat faced by all cultural institutions is FIRE. No institution is
immune from fire. Until the owners/trustees of these institutions develop plans for
dealing with the fire threat, they place the building and its occupants, visitors, and
collections at risk. The complexity of these plans may vary from a simple evacuation
plan, to a fire prevention program, to a more complex plan that includes passive
and automatic fire protection systems.

Property damaged by floods can often be dried out and restored. Structural damage
from an earthquake might be repaired. Stolen property always has a chance of being
recovered. Damage from fire, however, is usually permanent and irreparable.
Historical buildings or contents, once reduced to ash, can never be restored. Fire is
more cunning and less discriminating than a thief. It can travel (spread) through very
small openings and concealed spaces to reach other parts of a building, deprive
occupants of a life supporting environment, and cause partial to total destruction of
property.

There exists a cavalier attitude in this country that "fire won't happen to me," that"
it is someone else's problem." Americans also place a lot of blind faith in their local
fire department to save them and their property from any fire that may occur, and
believe insurance will cover the rest. Reality is very different, and our daily fire
statistics bear this out

At the very least, every institution should have an emergency self-protection plan that
spells out how to report a fire and safely evacuate the premises.

To provide some additional insight, a 2010 White Paper from Worcester Polytechnic
Institute reported on the use of fire extinguishers to combat real fires in academic
settings. According to their research, fire extinguishers are used approximately 15,000
times each year in schools, colleges, universities, dormitories, fraternities, sororities
and barracks.

5
Environment protection:
Fire extinguishers also play a critical role in protecting the environment by controlling
fires at their very early stages.

From a safety as well as from an environmental and carbon release perspective, the
management of a fire with a fire extinguisher when it is in its very early stages is a
best case scenario.

Green Collar Research sums up the beneficial role that fire extinguishers, and
particularly electronically monitored fire extinguishers like those offered by en-Gauge,
in the following manner.

Fire and fire protection plays a significant role in releasing greenhouse gases into the
atmosphere. Fire extinguishers play a crucial role in protecting the environment due
to their proven ability to fight fires while they are at their very early stages. The
availability of accessible and working fire extinguishers assures that the highest
possible percentage of fires will be controlled with the minimal environmental impact
possible.

Replacing the inefficient and carbon-intensive manual extinguisher inspection

methodology with electronically monitored extinguishers will have significant
positive impacts on the environment, including:

•Fewer carbon emissions from fire incidents in which a missing, blocked or

nonfunctioning fire extinguisher is a contributing factor
Reduced embodied carbon generated via the manufacture of replacement
building materials necessary to repair fire damage
Reduced carbon emission from the burning of fossil fuels for transportation
necessary for the manual inspection of extinguishers
Reduced water use required to fight fires
Reduced levels of persistent pollutants associated with fires and waste water
run-off

6
Motivation
The motivation towards working on this research and development program was
originated from the view of massive fire occurrence in Bangladesh and it is increasing
rapidly day by day. The existing fire extinguishing system is working according to our
needs but we wanted to establish an innovative idea and make more feasible and
reliable system . Thus we can reduce losses than before and protect human life and
property.

Project Overview
Our project is divided into two parts —
Software
Hardware part

The fire detection and camera controlling is the software part and
implementation ,integration and application is the hardware part .As we are making a
monitoring system we choose the non-thermal detection technique type that uses
purely color based system to detect fire [T5] [T6] [T7] [T8] [T9] [Tl 0] [Till and for this
purpose we have chosen a IR camera . We used RGB and HSV and the color threshold
technique [8] to isolate the fire pixels thus making us capable of detecting fire using a
simple method. Because of its simplicity this method of approach can be used in any
number of ways on any type of camera.

Software Design
The software for the robot was coded in MAT LAB, because of compiler availability,
our familiarity with the language, as well as the greater control of the system offered
as compared to other higher languages. While our Microcontroller supports assembly,
it was avoided because it's a difficult to maintain, and varies greatly from processor
to processor. MAT LAB allowed us to easily break apart the components of software
design so that different members of the team could code the system. The software
design had four major components, including interfacing its peripherals and image
7
processing, control of its motors and servos, navigation, and target acquisition. In
fire detection section, we used three types of MATLAB format and in smoke
detection section, we used gas sensor.

Summary of the Followinq Chapters

In the next chapter of the paper, the existing designs of fire extinguishing system Are
clarified; also, the feasibility of the proposed system and the scope for improvement
Are studied.
Then we discussed the software portion at first including fire and smoke detection
process and formats (RGB, YUV and HSV).We discussed the isolating fire pixel process
and its classification.
The development and comparison of control algorithms; and three different
techniques for implementing these algorithms are also discussed in next part.
Corresponding to each of these techniques, three extensional circuits were designed
and tested. We discussed the instruments and materials that were used in our project
(DC motors, Servo motor, Arduino Shield, Solenoid valve etc.) and the implementation
process and camera controlling.

Fire detection

There are multiple sources that can detect fire in a room but these devises are not that
fast active or that much accurate. As fire can spread to the entire room in nothing more
than two minutes [7] or it cannot be approachable in less than one minute [8] it
becomes unavoidable that we need a much more modern and effective system that
can detect fire between smoke and other obstacles. Thus the best way to determine
where the fire
Fire pixel
The fire pixels are pixels that actually represent the fire. Meaning that in a image the
pixels that make the fire are those we can call fire pixels but to identify a pixel as a fire
pixel is tough as we can see from fig 4 that different fires have different RGB values
meaning that there can be a big difference in color and shape as those two are almost
never the same.

Fig 4: Different types of fire

Fire pixel detection
Thus instead of taking a single point of RGB value like many companies gives the values
of fire like (170, 66, 3) are the values of red, green and blue respectively [10]. This
creates problems because as we mentioned above that different fires have different
fire values as such they have different color values. This hampers the idea that only one
value will work on all the types of fire. So to work around this problem what we do is
instead of taking just one value we take a range of values. By doing that we get much
more capable result and we don't have to worry about not isolating it. The range that
we picked for the thesis is
i. R= greater than 250 (iv)
ii.
G=greater than 190 (v)
iii.
B=greater than 165 (vi)
And we also apply the theory that R>G>B. So the range 250 to 255 for R 190 t0255 for
G and 165 to 255 gets us fire but this range was selected because in the normal
household fires and basically the normal fires the color of the fire is not fully reddish
but there is a white part to it and that is the part that we want to isolate. If we take
only the pixels that are in the range and meet the condition we get images like in fig 5
Video weavinq
From the first we have been saying that our device is going to be detecting fire using a
camera and cameras give us video output. Videos are actually a long stream of still
images that are placed one after another. So what we do is we take frames from this
video at a rate of 10 frames per second and converted them to still images. Thus we
can apply the above mention techniques to separate the fire pixels and can get the
places where there is fire. This is also where we apply the blob analysis. As our camera
is getting a image and we are going to apply the system in common household or
factories we can account that there could be some fire that would be acceptable (i.e.
for cooking). So this is where we apply blob analysis to determine the limiter to how
much fire or at what level the fire has to be for the device to actually pick up the fire.
We came to a conclusion that a area of 80 pixels is the lower limit meaning that if the
fire has a area of 80 pixel in the image then the system will detect it otherwise it will
not be detected and it will not detect as fire. After applying the blob analysis we get
the final image but that is only a very small part as that is only the first frame. Thus we
take the next frame and run the process again and again and converting the final image
to frame

Efficient fluid mechanism:

The cause of fire may be different so the destruction of fire may be different. By a
research we can see that for different type of application we need different types of
agents. This means that to extinguish fire, different types of extinguisher are needed
for different kinds of things. For an example FM 200 is used for Electronics, medical
equipment, production equipment, libraries, data centers, oil pumping stations, switch
rooms, control rooms, FE 13 is used for Police evidence freezers, inerting natural gas
pumping stations or trains/trucks/cranes operating in cold weather, wet chemical is
used for commercial kitchen, ABC dry chemical is used for Paint booths, dip tanks,
coating operations, flammable liquid storage areas, paint mixing areas, exhaust ducts
etc. in our fire fighting system we used foam as our fire extinguisher, but only foam
cannot be able to save all products. As a result we want to make such a system that will
contain almost all types of fluid mechanism so that it can be used in anywhere to save
any kind of product.

Model ready for manufacture:

In future we want to manufacture our fire fighting system so that it will be more
beneficial.

Efficient use of wires:

First of all our models outlook is too complicated and it is difficult to carry because of
the excessive use of wires. So we want to make a manufacturable model by decreasing
the use of wires. It will give the system an attractive outlook and also make it easy to
build, carry and use.
Modem
Our further task will be making such a system that when our fire fighter system can
detect any fire, it will throw fire extinguisher fluid to the fire so that it can save an object
initially. At the same time it will send a signal to the Modem. So after getting the signal
modem will sent text SMS to the mobile phone of the authority so that they can be alert
about the fire and can take necessary statements. Not only that but also the Modem
will create an alarm so that each and every person can hear the alarm and can go to a
safe place to protect themselves. The SMS sending process will be differ depending on
the amount of the fire. For an example, if the system will use for an office area then
only few people of that authority will get the SMS when the amount of fire will be low,
but when the amount of the fire will be too high then all the person of that local
authority will get the SMS. By this every person can protect themselves and also protect
their necessary and valuable things.

Outdoor durability:
Our next aim is to set our system not only for indoor system but also for outdoor service. Our
system cannot differentiate the sunlight with fire. That is the main problem for using the
system for outdoor purpose. To overcome this problem we have to modify the code used for
running the system, so that we can save the outdoor environment from fire burnt.

Assessments:

The fire fighting system can move 90 degree angle, so it has to be used in one corner of
a room to detect the position of the fire. So a single unit is enough to cover a 15 by 15
feet room. It is enough for a house to be protected. This system can be used not only
for domestic purpose but also for industrial and commercial purpose. Structures like
industrial shades would require more than one unit. Normally the standard length of an
industry is average 100 meters. So for a 100 meters length industry we have calculated
that we need
Cost:
The cost of fire extinguisher is very high in the whole world. By a survey it is proved that
by using fire extinguisher the safety of the people are increasing but at the same time
the price of the fire extinguisher are also increasing at the same rate. In compare to that
fire extinguisher our fire fighting system is not too much costly. So it is more profitable
than any other fire extinguisher.

Safety:
The fire fighting system is automated. So it can works automatically, no one has to
operate the system or use it at risky position when fire hazard occurs. So it is too much
safe in compare with other fire extinguisher. We know that fire fighting is a very risky
occupation. Many people are becoming injured by using fire extinguisher, but
automated fire fighting system can ensure us a safe environment without destroying
anyone's life.

Objective and Implementation:

The objective of our project is to minimize fire damage to the building and its contents.
We know many building and many important and necessary things are becoming totally
damaged all over the world due to not preventing fire. The most valuable is the life of a
human. Many people are died and many people are injured for fire attack. Our aim is to
prevent injury and loss of life. Now-a-days to extinguish fire, the fire brigades use a lot
of water which is a loss of water. Moreover by this process they cannot reduce loss. By
using our fire fighting system one can drastically reduce water damage resulting from
fire fighting operations. Not only that but also it can prevent fire at the root level. So
people can safe their life as well as their valuable things. Again our aim is to proven
reliability as our system is much more reliable than any other fire fighting system.
Furthermore, fire
fighting system is not safe at all. Fire brigades have to be affected to extinguish fire. Our
objective is also save the life of those people as our system can work automatically
without any external help. At last we wanted to give people a new model of fire fighter
that can help them to prevent, which they can use at their house and can punches it at
a very reasonable price.

Conclusion:
In our daily life, whether it's an industry or domestic, the most common and fatal
accidents occurred are due to fire. This results in both human loss and property loss.
Fires claim the lives of innocent people around the world every single day. A small
amount of fire is able to damage a huge part of a society. Although smoke detectors
and fire alarms alert people of danger, they often have few choices other than escaping
from a building and calling the fire department. Although waiting for fire fighters to
rescue people may not always be the best choice. The modern day home and business
should be equipped with at least one fire extinguisher. Using modern fire extinguisher
is not so easy and only a professional user can use it. Fire fighting is a highly technical
profession which needs a lot of training and education to become a professional. So
using a fire extinguisher is not at all suitable for people's residence. For those purpose
automated fire fighting system will be the best choice.