MIKE ZERO

PREPROCESSING
& POSTPROCESSING

User Guide
Generic Editors and Viewers

DHI Software 2007

Software development by : xxxxx

Written by: xxx

G:\f-share\MikeZero\new\source\manuals\mz\Editor\MZGeneric_Cover.fm 22 January 2007 5:25 am

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Please Note
Copyright
This document refers to proprietary computer software which is protected
by copyright. All rights are reserved. Copying or other reproduction of
this manual or the related programs is prohibited without prior written
consent of DHI Water & Environment (DHI). For details please refer to
your 'DHI Software Licence Agreement'.

Limited Liability
The liability of DHI is limited as specified in Section III of your 'DHI
Software Licence Agreement':
'IN NO EVENT SHALL DHI OR ITS REPRESENTATIVES (AGENTS
AND SUPPLIERS) BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSO-
EVER INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, SPECIAL, INDIRECT,
INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR DAMAGES
FOR LOSS OF BUSINESS PROFITS OR SAVINGS, BUSINESS
INTERRUPTION, LOSS OF BUSINESS INFORMATION OR OTHER
PECUNIARY LOSS ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF OR THE INA-
BILITY TO USE THIS DHI SOFTWARE PRODUCT, EVEN IF DHI
HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
THIS LIMITATION SHALL APPLY TO CLAIMS OF PERSONAL
INJURY TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW. SOME COUN-
TRIES OR STATES DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITA-
TION OF LIABILITY FOR CONSEQUENTIAL, SPECIAL, INDIRECT,
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES AND, ACCORDINGLY, SOME PORTIONS
OF THESE LIMITATIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU. BY YOUR
OPENING OF THIS SEALED PACKAGE OR INSTALLING OR
USING THE SOFTWARE, YOU HAVE ACCEPTED THAT THE
ABOVE LIMITATIONS OR THE MAXIMUM LEGALLY APPLICA-
BLE SUBSET OF THESE LIMITATIONS APPLY TO YOUR PUR-
CHASE OF THIS SOFTWARE.'

Printing History
June 2003
June 2004
August 2005
December 2006

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4 MIKE Zero
CONTENTS

5
Time Series Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1 TIME SERIES EDITOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.2 New File Dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.2.1 Import from ASCII File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.2.2 Wave Climate Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.2.3 LITProf template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.2.4 LITTren template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.2.5 Source Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.2.6 STPBatch template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.2.7 Wind template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.3 Export to ASCII File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.4 File Properties Dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.4.1 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.4.2 Axis Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.4.3 Item Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.5 Tabular View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.6 Graphical View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.6.1 Zoom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.6.2 Editing modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.6.3 Graphical and font settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.6.4 TS Types graphical representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.7 Graphical Settings Dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.8 Font Settings Dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.9 File Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.10 Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.10.1 Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.10.2 Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.10.3 Select Sub-Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1.10.4 Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1.10.5 Edit Custom Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Profile Series Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

2 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.1 Create a New Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.2 Open an Existing Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.3 Editing the Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.4 Further help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3 PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.1 New Profile Series Dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

6 MIKE Zero
 3.1.1 Cross-shore profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.1.2 Initial coastline alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.1.3 Cross-section of Trench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.1.4 Pier Resistance Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.1.5 ADCP Vector Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.2 Geographical Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.3 File Properties Dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.3.1 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.3.2 Axis Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.3.3 Item Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.4 Tabular View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.5 Graphical View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.5.1 Zoom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.5.2 Graphical and font settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.6 Navigation View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.7 File Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.7.1 DFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.7.2 ASCII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.8 Import from ASCII File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.8.1 File to Import . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.8.2 Completion and Editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.9 Export to ASCII File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4 TOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.1 Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.1.1 Edit Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.1.2 Sub set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.2 Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.3 Edit Custom Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Grid Series Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

5 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.1 Create a New Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.2 Open an Existing Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.3 Editing the Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.4 Further help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
6 FILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6.1 File Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6.1.1 DFS format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6.1.2 ASCII format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

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 6.1.3 Grid State Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
6.2 New Grid Series File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
6.2.1 Step 1: Select the type of grid to be created . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
6.2.2 Step 2: Specify the projection, the geographical position of the origin
of the dataset and the orientation 77
6.2.3 Step 3: Specify the temporal and spatial properties . . . . . . . 79
6.2.4 Step 4: Specify the items to be included . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
6.2.5 Step 5: Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
6.3 Import from ASCII File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
6.3.1 File to Import . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6.3.2 Completion and Editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6.3.3 Hint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6.4 Export to ASCII File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6.5 Import from Dfsu File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6.5.1 Step 1: Select File to Import . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6.5.2 Step 2: Specify geographical parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6.5.3 Step 3: Specify the spatial properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.5.4 Step 4: Specify land value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.5.5 Step 5: Completion and Editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
7 EDIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
7.1 Geographical Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
7.2 Time Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
7.2.1 Modifying Time Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
7.3 Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
7.3.1 Editing an existing file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
7.4 Spatial Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
7.5 Edit Custom Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
7.5.1 MIKE 21 / MIKE 3 specific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
8 VIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
8.1 Tabular View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
8.2 Graphical View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
8.3 Palette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
8.3.1 Palette Wizard, step 1 of 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
8.3.2 Palette Wizard, step 2 of 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
8.3.3 Palette Wizard, step 3 of 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
8.3.4 Open . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
8.3.5 Save . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
8.4 Overlay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
8.5 Grid Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
8.5.1 Contour type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

8 MIKE Zero
 8.5.2 Isolines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
8.6 Axis Annotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
8.7 Mouse Pointer Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
8.8 Fixed aspect ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
8.9 Export Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
8.10 Toolbars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
8.10.1 Grid Editor Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
8.10.2 Grid Editor Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
8.11 Status Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
9 TOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
9.1 Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
9.2 Go to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
9.3 Synchronize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
9.4 Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
9.4.1 Select and deselect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
9.4.2 Select a Sub-Set of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
9.5 Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
9.5.1 Active Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
9.5.2 Interpolation Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
9.5.3 Search Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
9.6 Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
9.7 Set Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
9.8 Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
9.8.1 List of Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
9.9 Calculate Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
9.10 Copy File into Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
9.10.1 File to Copy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
9.10.2 Item Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
9.10.3 2D to 3D Layer Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
9.10.4 Sub-area Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
9.10.5 Time Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
9.10.6 Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
9.11 Crop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
10 DATA OVERLAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
10.1 Image Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
10.2 Overlay Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Bathymetry Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

9
11 GETTING STARTED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
11.1 Step 1: Create a new Bathymetry document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
11.2 Step 2: Import background data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
11.3 Step 3: Import digitised survey depth data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
11.4 Step 4: Define bathymetry data grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
11.5 Step 5: Import data from background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
11.6 Step 6: Interpolate xyz data to grid points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
11.7 Step 7: Save bathymetry file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
12 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
13 DIALOG OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
13.1 File Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
13.1.1 File/New Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
13.1.2 File/Open Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
13.1.3 Geodesy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
13.2 Edit Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
13.3 View Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
13.4 Work Area Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
13.4.1 Set Current Contour Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
13.4.2 Bathymetry Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
13.4.3 New Bathymetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
13.4.4 Edit Bathymetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
13.4.5 Export Bathymetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
13.4.6 Interpolate Bathymetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
13.4.7 Background Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
13.4.8 Export raw data to XYZ format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
13.4.9 Resize workspace area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
13.4.10 Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
13.4.11 Set Font . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
13.4.12 Show Background Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
13.5 Window Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
13.6 ToolBar Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
14 SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
14.1 General Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
14.2 Interpolation techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
14.3 Land Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
14.3.1 Polygon fill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
14.3.2 Extensive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
14.4 Box Grouping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
14.5 Gap Filling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
14.5.1 Bilinear Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

10 MIKE Zero
 14.5.2 Triangular Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

Mesh Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

15 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
15.1 Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
15.2 Boundary Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
16 GETTING STARTED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
16.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
16.2 Data Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
16.3 Step 1 - Create a New Mesh Generator Workspace . . . . . . . . . . . 157
16.4 Step 2 - Import Model Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
16.5 Step 3 - Editing the Land Boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
16.6 Step 4 - Specification of Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
16.7 Step 5 - Mesh Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
16.8 Step 6 - Smooth the Land Boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
16.9 Step 7 - Interpolation of a Bathymetry to the Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
16.10 Step 8 - Smoothing the Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
16.11 Step 9 - Using Polygons to Control the Node Density . . . . . . . . . . 172
17 REFERENCE GUIDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
17.1 File Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
17.1.1 File/New Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
17.1.2 File/Open Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
17.2 Edit Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
17.2.1 Edit/Undo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
17.2.2 Redo/Undo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
17.2.3 Delete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
17.2.4 Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
17.3 View Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
17.3.1 Coordinate Overlays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
17.3.2 Zoom facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
17.3.3 View Scatter Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
17.3.4 View Colour Legend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
17.3.5 View Mesh Element Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
17.3.6 View Mesh Node Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
17.3.7 Fixed Aspect Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
17.3.8 Double Buffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
17.3.9 Export Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
17.3.10 Toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
17.3.11 Status Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
17.4 Data Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

11
 17.4.1 Import Boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
17.4.2 Export Boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
17.4.3 Clean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
17.4.4 Convert Nodes to Vertices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
17.4.5 Convert Vertices to Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
17.4.6 Redistribute Vertices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
17.4.7 Import Scatter Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
17.4.8 Reduce Scatter Data Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
17.5 Mesh Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
17.5.1 Triangulate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
17.5.2 Smooth Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
17.5.3 Interpolate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
17.5.4 Refine Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
17.5.5 Delete Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
17.5.6 Export Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
17.5.7 Draw Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
17.5.8 Shading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
17.6 Options Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
17.6.1 Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
17.6.2 Workspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
17.6.3 Import Graphic Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
17.6.4 Graphics Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
17.6.5 Use Attribute Palette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
17.7 Window Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
17.8 Other Dialogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
17.8.1 Workspace projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
17.8.2 Arc Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
17.8.3 Point Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
17.8.4 Polygon Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
17.8.5 Export of Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
17.8.6 Convert Scatter Data to Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
18 TOOLBAR FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
18.1 Navigate toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
18.2 Boundary Definition Toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
18.3 Info Toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
18.4 Scatter data Toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
18.4.1 Graphically Adding Scatter Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
18.4.2 Graphically Selecting Scatter Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
18.4.3 Scatter Data Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
18.4.4 Scatter Data Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

Data Viewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

12 MIKE Zero
19 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
20 CONCEPTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
21 GETTING STARTED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
21.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
21.2 Step 1 - Visualize salt intrusion in the model area . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
21.3 Step 2 - Viewing the flow field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
21.4 Step 3 - Making a time series plot of the salinity concentration at two points
213
21.5 Step 4 - Creating a Vertical profile of the current . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
21.6 Step 5 - Inspecting data values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
21.7 Step 6 - Making a video animation of Salt intrusion . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
22 REFERENCE GUIDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
22.1 File Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
22.1.1 File/New Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
22.1.2 File/Open Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
22.1.3 File/Save (Save As) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
22.2 Edit Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
22.3 View Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
22.3.1 Coordinate Overlays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
22.3.2 Display Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
22.3.3 Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
22.3.4 Axis Annotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
22.3.5 Value at Cursor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
22.3.6 Zoom in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
22.3.7 Zoom to Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
22.3.8 Zoom Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
22.3.9 Fixed Aspect Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
22.3.10 Export Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
22.3.11 Font . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
22.3.12 Toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
22.3.13 Statusbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
22.4 Data Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
22.4.1 Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
22.4.2 Vertical Profile by Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
22.4.3 Time series by Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
22.4.4 Selected Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
22.4.5 Add and remove layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
22.5 Video Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
22.5.1 Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
22.6 Colors Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
22.6.1 Auto Scale Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

13
 22.6.2 New Palette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
22.6.3 Save Current Palette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
22.6.4 Edit Current Palette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
22.6.5 Open Palette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
22.7 Time series context menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
22.7.1 Select Item for Export . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
23 TOOLBAR FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
23.1 Zoom Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
23.2 Data Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
23.3 Navigation Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

Data Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

24 DATA MANAGER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
24.1 Operation and navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
24.2 File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
24.2.1 New file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
24.2.2 Open file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
24.3 Edit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
24.3.1 Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
24.3.2 Interpolate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
24.3.3 Mark and restore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
24.4 View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
24.4.1 Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
24.5 Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
24.5.1 Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
24.6 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
24.6.1 Comparing simulation results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
24.6.2 Creating initial conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

Data Extraction FM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

25 DATA EXTRACTION FM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
25.1 Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
25.2 Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
25.2.1 Geographical view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
25.2.2 Output specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
25.2.3 Output items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

UNIT Base Group Editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

14 MIKE Zero
26 UNIT BASE GROUP EDITING UTILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
26.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
26.2 Dialog Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
26.3 Changing from SI to Imperial (American) data units. . . . . . . . . . . . 269
26.4 Restoring the default units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
26.5 Verification of Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
26.6 Changing the EUM data type of a Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
26.6.1 Changing the EUM Type of a .dfs0 Parameter . . . . . . . . . 271
26.6.2 Changing the EUM Type of a .dfs2 Parameter . . . . . . . . . 273

Geodesy Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

27 BASIC GEODESY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
27.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
27.2 Geoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
27.3 Ellipsoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
27.4 Datum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
27.4.1 Geodetic datum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
27.4.2 Vertical Datum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
27.5 Map Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
27.5.1 Types of projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
27.5.2 Map characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
27.5.3 Mercator Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
27.5.4 Transverse Mercator Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
27.6 Datum Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
27.6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
27.6.2 Formulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
27.6.3 Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
27.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
28 GEODESY IN MIKE ZERO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
28.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
28.2 Definition of Map Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
28.2.1 DHI map projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
28.2.2 Open standard GIS projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
28.3 Selection of Map Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
28.4 Grid Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
29 MAP PROJECTION EDITING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
29.1 Map Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
29.2 New Map Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
29.2.1 UTM Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

15
 29.2.2 Lambert Conic Projection with 1 standard parallel . . . . . . . . 299
29.2.3 Lambert Conic Projection with 2 standard parallels . . . . . . . 299
29.3 Edit Map Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
30 DATUM CONVERSION UTILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
30.1 Datum Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
30.2 Spatial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
30.3 Coordinate System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
30.3.1 Map projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
30.3.2 Type of coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
30.3.3 Datum shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
30.4 Datum Transformation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
30.5 Session History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
30.6 Conversion Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

Data Utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

31 DATA UTILITY EDITOR - THE DFS HEADER EDITING UTILITY . . . . . . . . 309
31.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
31.2 File Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
31.3 Item Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
31.4 Custom Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
31.5 Data Type and Delete Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

Image Rectifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

32 IMAGE RECTIFIER EDITOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
32.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
32.2 Target Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
32.3 Source and Target Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
32.3.1 Source View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
32.3.2 Target View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
32.4 Toolbar Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
32.5 Target Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
32.6 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
32.6.1 Input image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
32.6.2 Reference points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
32.6.3 Rectify Image Step-by-step . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
32.6.4 Background image in Bathymetry Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

16 MIKE Zero
TIME SERIES EDITOR

17
18 MIKE Zero
Introduction

1 TIME SERIES EDITOR

1.1 Introduction
The appearance of the Time Series Editor differs if you create a new
(blank) time series compared to opening an existing data (*.dfs0) file.

Creating a new time series requires specification of properties for the time
series file, and the File Properties dialog is therefore opened in this case.

If you are opening an existing time series data file, the data are immedi-
ately presented in the Time Series data dialog where data can be viewed
and edited both in a graphical and in a tabular view. In this case, if you
wish to change the already defined file properties, it is required to open the
File Properties dialog from the graphical view.

You operate the Time Series Editor from the main menu, the tool bar
icons, or by right-clicking on the graphical view.

1.2 New File Dialog

This dialog is used to create a new Time Series.

It is possible to create a "Blank" data set, import from ASCII file or select
from a number of pre-defined templates containing different sets of prop-
erties.

Time Series Editor 19

 Time Series Editor

If you chose "Blank Time Series", the File Properties Dialog is displayed
with a set of default properties. You can then customize the time series
according to your own needs.

If you choose From ASCII File, the Import from ASCII File dialog is dis-
played where you can set the properties to import from ascii.

If you choose one of the template files, the File Properties Dialog is dis-
played with a set of properties specific to this template. It may not be pos-
sible to edit all of the properties. The following templates are available:

Wave Climate Template

LITProf template
LITTren template
Source Template
STPBatch template
Wind template

1.2.1 Import from ASCII File

This functionality can be used to import time series data from an ASCII
file. The data set can then be saved as a dfs file or exported to an ASCII
file again. Please refer to File Formats.

To import time series data, go to ' File', ' New' and select ' Time Series'
under the MIKE Zero heading. This will open the ' New Time Series' dia-
log. Choose 'From Ascii File', and press 'OK'.

20 MIKE Zero
New File Dialog

File to Import
On the Import from ascii dialog select the ASCII file from which you wish
to import the data. The ASCII file must have a certain format in order to
be read correctly, see File Formats.

Delimiter
Choose the Delimiter that separates the data in the ASCII File. When you
use Timeseries Editor to export to ASCII, the TAB is used as delimiter.

Time description
Choose the axis type of the data in the ASCII file. It’s impossible to know
which axis type the data in the ASCII file has. So, the user interaction is
needed in this property. You can select all the axis types: Equidistant Cal-
endar Axis, Equidistant Relative Axis, Non-Equidistant Calendar Axis,
Non-Equidistant Relative Axis and Relative Item Axis. Please refer to
Axis Information

Treat consecutive delimiters as one

Set this option active means that all consecutive delimiters are treated as
one, e.g. ,if the delimitor is a TAB and there are 5 consecutive TABs, the
import from ASCII will deal with these 5 TABs as only one.

Time Series Editor 21

 Time Series Editor

Ignore delimiters in beginning of line

All delimiters in beginning of lines are ignored when this option is acti-
vated.

Delimiter between time and first item

When this option is activated, there must be a delimiter between the time
for each timestep and the first item value. Otherwise, the time for each
timestep is just followed by the first item value.

Delete Value
Fill in the Delete Value used in the file. The Delete value should be a
number not typical for the data and that represents meaningless data.
When a delete value is found on the data, the correspondent cell in the tab-
ular view is empty and there is no point in the graphical view.

Time Series Export ASCII format

When this option is enabled, all the settings are set according to the format
a timeseries is exported to ASCII using Timeseries Editor. You can only
disable this option if you set an Equidistant axis type. Doing so, you can
than set the Start Time, the timestep and the number of timesteps supposed
to exist in the ASCII file.

File preview
Just below the description properties, there is the file preview, where you
can see the top part of the ASCII file specified.

Import preview
Below file preview, there is the import preview. Here you can preview the
result of the import with the selected description properties and change the
properties till you get the expected result

After all description properties are set as wished, click the OK button and
the import is done.

1.2.2 Wave Climate Template

Wave Climate template creates a timeseries with the following pre-defined
properties

z Equidistant Calendar Axis

z 10 seconds timestep
z 10 Timesteps
z 15 Items:

22 MIKE Zero
New File Dialog

– Duration (pct. year) of type Undefined, unit percent and TS Type

Step Accumulated
– Wave Height of type Wave height, unit meter and no TS Type
defined
– Wave Direction of type Wave direction, unit degree and no TSType
defined
– Profile Number of type Profile number, unit () and no TS Type
defined
– Wave Period of type Wave period, unit second and no TS Type
defined
– Ref. Depth, height of type Water Level, unit meter and TS Type
Instantaneous
– Ref. Depth, angle of type Eater Level, unit meter and no TS Type
defined
– Mean water level of type Water Level, unit meter and no TS Type
defined
– Spectral Description of type Spectral description, unit () and no TS
Type defined
– Spreading Factor of type Spreading factor, unit () and no TS Type
defined
– Current Speed of type Flow velocity, unit m/s and no TS Type
defined
– Ref. No for current of type Reference point number, unit () and no
TS Type defined
– Wind Speed of type Wind Velocity, unit m/s and no TS Type
defined
– Wind Direction of type Wind Direction, unit degree and no TS Type
defined
– Wind Friction coeff. of type Wind friction factor, unit () and no TS
Type defined
The Title is Wave Climate and Start time is 01-01-2000 00:00:00. You can
only edit the title, the time step and the number of time steps.

It is always possible to customize the data set. When the data set has been
created, you can right-click in the graphical view and select "Properties".
The File Properties Dialog is displayed, and all the properties can be
edited.

Time Series Editor 23

 Time Series Editor

1.2.3 LITProf template

LITProf template creates a timeseries with the following pre-defined
properties

z Equidistant Calendar Axis

z 1 hour timestep
z 10 Timesteps
z 6 Items:
– Time of type Undefined, unit hour and no TS Type defined
– Wave Height of type Wave height, unit meter and no TS Type
defined
– Wave Direction of type Wave direction, unit degree and no TS Type
defined
– Wave Period of type Wave period, unit second and no TS Type
defined
– Spreading Factor of type Spreading factor, unit () and no TS Type
defined
– Water Level of type Spreading factor, unit () and no TS Type
defined
The Title is LITProf and Start time is 01-01-2000 00:00:00. You can only
edit the title and the number of time steps.

It is always possible to customize the data set. When the data set has been
created, you can right-click in the graphical view and select "Properties".
The File Properties Dialog is displayed, and all the properties can be
edited.

1.2.4 LITTren template

LITTren template creates a timeseries with the following pre-defined
properties

z Equidistant Calendar Axis

z 1 hour timestep
z 10 Timesteps
z 7 Items:
– Time of type Undefined, unit hour and TS Type Instantaneous
– Wave Height of type Wave height, unit meter and no TS Type
defined

24 MIKE Zero
New File Dialog

– Wave Angle of type Wave direction, unit degree and no TS Type

defined
– Wave Period of type Wave period, unit second and no TS Type
defined
– Current Speed of type Flow velocity, unit m/s and no TS Type
defined
– Current Angle of type Flow direction, unit degree and no TS Type
defined
– Mean water level of type Water Level, unit meter and no TS Type
defined
The Title is LITTren and Start time is 01-01-2000 00:00:00. You can only
edit the title and the number of time steps.

It is always possible to customize the data set. When the data set has been
created, you can right-click in the graphical view and select "Properties".
The File Properties Dialog is displayed, and all the properties can be
edited.

1.2.5 Source Template

Source template creates a timeseries with the following pre-defined prop-
erties

z Equidistant Calendar Axis

z 1 hour timestep
z 10 Timesteps
z 15 Items:
– Duration (pct. year) of type Undefined, unit percent and TS Type
Instantaneous
– Item 2 to 15 - Source Value of type Undefined, unit m^3/s and no
TS Type defined
The Title is Source and Start time is 01-01-2000 00:00:00. You can only
edit the title and the number of time steps.

It is always possible to customize the data set. When the data set has been
created, you can right-click in the graphical view and select "Properties".
The File Properties Dialog is displayed, and all the properties can be
edited.

Time Series Editor 25

 Time Series Editor

1.2.6 STPBatch template

STPBatch template creates a timeseries with the following pre-defined
properties

z Equidistant Calendar Axis

z 10 seconds timestep
z 10 Timesteps
z 13 Items:
– Water Depth of type Water Level, unit meter and no TS Type
defined
– Wave Height of type Wave height, unit meter and no TS Type
defined
– Wave Period of type Wave period, unit second and TS Type Instan-
taneous
– Wave Direction of type Wave direction, unit degree and TS Type
Instantaneous
– Breaking Wave (0/1) of type Undefined, unit undefined and no TS
Type defined
– Current Speed of type Flow velocity, unit m/s and no TS Type
defined
– Current Direction of type Flow direction, unit degree and no TS
Type defined
– Mean Grain Size of type Grain diameter, unit millimetre and no TS
Type defined
– Sediment Spreading of type Geometrical deviation, unit () and no
TS Type defined
– Water temp. of type Temperature, unit degree Celsius and no TS
Type defined
– Bed Slope x-dir (m/m) of type Bed slope, unit () and no TS Type
defined
– Bed Slope y-dir (m/m) of type Bed slope, unit () and no TS Type
defined
– Duration (pct. year) of type Undefined, unit percent and no TS Type
defined
The Title is STPBatch and Start time is 01-01-2000 00:00:00. You can
only edit the title, the time step and the number of time steps.

26 MIKE Zero
Export to ASCII File

It is always possible to customize the data set. When the data set has been
created, you can right-click in the graphical view and select "Properties".
The File Properties Dialog is displayed, and all the properties can be
edited.

1.2.7 Wind template

Wind template creates a timeseries with the following pre-defined proper-
ties

z Equidistant Calendar Axis

z 10 seconds timestep
z 10 Timesteps
z 2 Items:
– Speed of type Wind velocity, unit m/s and no TS Type defined
– Direction of type Wind direction, unit degree and TS Type Instanta-
neous
The Title is Wave Climate and Start time is 01-01-1990 00:00:00. You can
only edit the title, the time step and the number of time steps.

It is always possible to customize the data set. When the data set has been
created, you can right-click in the graphical view and select "Properties".
The File Properties Dialog is displayed, and all the properties can be
edited.

1.3 Export to ASCII File

You can Export a Timeseries to an ASCII File. For further description of
Time Series File Formats, see File Formats.

Go to 'File' and 'Export to ASCII'. In the pop-up window you can specify
where the ASCII File should be saved and under which File Name.

The file is exported using default Timeseries Editor properties. When

importing an ASCII file exported by Timeseries Editor, just activate the
Time Series Export ASCII format property on the Import from ASCII dia-
log and the import will be made with the expected result. Please refer to
Import from ASCII File

Time Series Editor 27

 Time Series Editor

1.4 File Properties Dialog

This dialog is used to view and change the properties of the time series
being visualized.

1.4.1 General Information

Title :
The title for the data contained in the file. Any text can be typed here

1.4.2 Axis Information

Axis Type :
The type of the time axis. You can select between the following types:

z Equidistant Calendar Axis : Data is stored with a fixed time interval

and start at an absolute date and time.
z Equidistant Relative Axis : Data is stored with a fixed time interval,
but do not have a absolute start date and time. The start time is not
applicable in this case.
z Non-Equidistant Calendar Axis : Each data point is stored at a specific
arbitrary absolute time. The time step is not applicable in this case.

28 MIKE Zero
File Properties Dialog

z Non-Equidistant Relative Axis : Each data point is stored at a specific

arbitrary relative time. The start time and time step are not applicable
in this case.
z Relative Item Axis : Non-time varying data. The first item is used for
the X axis and the succeeding items are plotted against this item. The
start time and the time step are not applicable in this case. You can also
specify the unit for the X axis.

Start Time :
The start time of the data. This is only relevant for calendar axis data. The
format used is the standard windows format. To change this edit the
regional settings in the windows control panel.

Time Step :
The timestep for the data. Only relevant when the time axis is equidistant
(Equidistant Calendar Axis or Equidistant Time Axis). You can specify
days, hour:minute:second and milliseconds. A timestep of one hour would
thus be given as “01:00:00” in the [hour:min:sec] input box.

No. of Timesteps :
Number of time steps. If this number is changed, time steps are added or
removed as appropriate at the end of the time series. When adding
timesteps, the new timesteps added will be filled with an empty value,
meaning that no value has been inserted.

Axis units :
Spatial axis is not used in dfs0 files.

1.4.3 Item Information

Name :
Text that identifies the item.

Type :
The type of the data contained in the item, indicating if it is e.g. a water
level, wave height, etc. It is possible to select from a number of types
using the combo box which appears if you click in the field. If a type not
contained in the list is needed, write the type in the text field. This also
applies to the unit below.

Unit :
Text that identifies the unit of the item. Unit is always related to the type.
It is possible to select from a number of units using the combo box which

Time Series Editor 29

 Time Series Editor

appears if you click in the field. If a unit not contained in the list is needed,
write the unit in the text field.

TS Type :
The Item type of data. It’s used to specify the meaning of the data values.
You can select between the following types:

z Instantaneous : means that the values are representative at one precise

instant. For example, the wind velocity is an instantaneous value
z Accumulated : means that the values are representative of one succes-
sive accumulation over the time and always relative to the start of the
event to register values from. For example, the rainfall accumulated
over the year if we have monthly rainfall values.
z Step Accumulated : means that values are representative of an accumu-
lation over a timestep. For example, rainfall is a step-accumulated
value in the following context. Let's say that we start measuring rain-
fall at 10:00:00. At 11:00:00 someone picks the recipient where rain
felled, registers the value of 10 and empties the recipient. At 12:00:00
the same process but with a value of 15 and so on. So, in a timeseries
we shall have the value 10 at timestep 11:00:00 and the value 15 at
timestep 12:00:00 and so on. Values represent the timespan between
the previous timestep and the current timestep
z Mean Step Accumulated : means that values are representative of an
average accumulation per timestep. Picking the previous example, a
mean step accumulated type could be used to register the average rain-
fall per 15 minutes. Which would be 2.5 (we are working now with 15
minutes and registering in 1 hour timestep) for 11:00:00 and 3.75 for
12:00:00 and so on. Values represent the timespan between the previ-
ous timestep and the current timestep
z Reverse Mean Step Accumulated : is equal to Mean Step Accumulated
type, but values represent the timespan between the current timestep
and the next Timestep. Used for forecasting purposes
The representation for each of the TS Types is different, since the physical
meaning of values is also different. Please refer to TS Types graphical rep-
resentation.

Pos (x,y,z) :
Coordinate that identifies a spatial location related to the item values.

Min. :
Minimum value for all data in the item. This value is not editable since it’s
based on statistical information of the Item.

30 MIKE Zero
Tabular View

Max. :
Maximum value for all data in the item. This value is not editable since
it’s based on statistical information of the Item.

Mean :
Mean value for the data in the item. This value is not editable since it’s
based on statistical information of the Item.

Insert :
Insert an item before the selected one. This item will be named “Untitled”
and you can immediately edit the Item properties.

Append :
Append an item at the end of the list. This item will be named “Untitled”
and you can immediately edit the Item properties.

Delete :
Delete the selected item. You cannot delete an Item if it is the last one in
the list, but trying to delete it causes that all properties in the Item will be
cleared.

1.5 Tabular View

This view shows the data in a tabular form.

You can select entire rows or columns by clicking on one of the grey cells.
Data can be cut and pasted freely.

The time column is greyed out for equidistant axis, as editing the time has
no meaning in that case.

The time is shown in the default windows format selected on your compu-
ter. You can change this by editing the regional settings in the windows
control panel.

You can move around in the table by using the arrow buttons or the TAB
or ENTER keys. If the TAB and ENTER key is pressed at the right most
column, the active cell is moved to the first column in the next line. This
can be used to quickly enter data in a typewriter fashion. SHIFT+TAB or
SHIFT+ENTER works the other way. If you are at the bottom right cell of
the table and press TAB or ENTER, a new row is added. The time is
extrapolated from the previous values and the item values are empty.

Time Series Editor 31

 Time Series Editor

The currently selected cell can also be seen in the Graphical View as a
square around the value that corresponds to it.

1.6 Graphical View

This view presents the data graphically.

By pressing the right mouse button a pop-up menu is displayed. This

menu can be used to zoom, enable options, customize the representation,
select sub-sets are select which items are shown.

You can know the precise point where the mouse pointer is positioned
looking at the Status Bar at the bottom of the screen.

1.6.1 Zoom
You can zoom in and out on the data shown, use previous zoom, use next
zoom or refresh the view using the Zoom In, Zoom Out, Previous Zoom,
Next Zoom and Refresh commands accessible from the menu that pops up
right clicking on the view, from the View menu or even from the Zoom
toolbar

The first icon represents the Zoom In command, the second one the Zoom
Out, The third one the Previous Zoom, the fourth one the Next Zoom and
the fifth one enables or disables the grid lines in the view, which is also
accessible from the menu that pops up right clicking on the view.

When you zoom in, scroll bars are displayed at the bottom and right hand
side of the view. You can pan by moving the scroll bars.

1.6.2 Editing modes

Data can be edited graphically by using four modes:

z Select points : allows you to select points. When clicking in a point that
point is selected. A red square around the point appears and the corre-
spondent cell in the Tabular View is selected

32 MIKE Zero
Graphical View

z Move points: allows you to move points. When the mouse pointer is
near a point, the pointer becomes a moving cross and you can move the
point by moving the mouse pointer while keeping the left button of the
mouse down (drag)
z Insert points : allows you to insert new points in the data set just by
positioning the mouse pointer where the new point shall be located and
click the left button. When this mode is enabled, the mouse pointer
becomes a pencil. It’s only possible to select this mode in a Non Equi-
distant Axis type.
z Delete points : allows you to delete points. When this mode is selected,
when the mouse pointer is near a point, the pointer becomes a rubber
and clicking on the left button of the mouse, deletes the point. The
point is not deleted from the data but its value is set to empty.
You can select these four modes through the pop-up menu, the Edit menu
or using the Mode Toolbar

The first icon enables the Select Points Mode, the second one enables the
Move Points Mode, the third one enables the Insert Points Mode and the
fourth one enables the Delete Points Mode.

When a file is opened, all items contained in the file are by default plotted.
The title contained in the file is used as an header and the item names are
displayed in the upper left hand corner of the plot.

If data are associated with a calendar axis, the date and hour is plotted at
appropriate intervals. If data are associated with a relative axis, a normal
X axis is shown.

The axes are scaled automatically so all data presented are shown.

1.6.3 Graphical and font settings

The appearance of the text and graphics can be controlled through the
graphics and font commands in the Settings menu or the pop-up menu.

In the graphics settings, you can select which point style (or no point at
all) you want to use for each item, which line style (or no line at all) you
want to use to connect the points and the text format to apply to the points
labels (if desired).

In the font settings, you can select the font, font style, size, font effects and
font color to use in the legends.

Time Series Editor 33

 Time Series Editor

Please refer to Graphical Settings Dialog and Font Settings Dialog

1.6.4 TS Types graphical representation

The representation of the data depends on the TS Type of the items.

z Instantaneous : Points are connected by lines. Empty data (delete val-

ues) are marked at the x-axis.
z Accumulated :The same as Instantaneous. However, an Accumulated
timeseries shall be always and increasing line.
z Step Accumulated : A line is drawn from the x-axis previous timestep
till the point.
z Mean Step Accumulated : A line is drawn from the previous timestep
till the current timestep with the value at current timestep
z Reverse Mean Step Accumulated : A line is drawn from the current
timestep till the next timestep with the value at current timestep

Examples
Examples of each time series type is given in the following.

Figure 1.1 Instantaneous time series type

34 MIKE Zero
Graphical View

Figure 1.2 Accumulated time series type

Figure 1.3 Step accumulated time series type

Time Series Editor 35

 Time Series Editor

Figure 1.4 Mean step accumulated time series type

Figure 1.5 Reverse mean step accumulated time series type

36 MIKE Zero
Graphical Settings Dialog

1.7 Graphical Settings Dialog

This dialog is used to change the settings of the graphical view.

On the left hand side, the dialog shows the items organized in a tree struc-
ture. Each item has branches for points, lines and labels. By selecting a
branch it’s settings can be changed in the right hand side of the dialog.

For points, you can select the point mark, the point mark color, the point
mark fill style and the point mark size and you can also enable/disable the
point marks.

For lines, you can select the line style, the line color, the line fill style and
the line thickness and you can also enable/disable lines.

For labels, you can select the text justification, the text color, the text
background style and you can also enable/disable labels.

It is also possible to control if items are displayed or not by using the right
mouse button on top of the item name in the tree structure.

1.8 Font Settings Dialog

This dialog is used to change the settings of the font to use in the graphical
view.

Time Series Editor 37

 Time Series Editor

You can select the font, font style, font size, font effect like strike out,
underline and color and the script (language resource) to use for special
characters.

1.9 File Formats

The Time Series Editor supports two file formats, the DFS Format and
ASCII.

Note that files can be converted from one format to the other, i.e. saved in
a different format than they opened in, but with restrictions (see below).

DFS :
This format is developed by DHI for storage of hydrodynamic time vary-
ing data. Both zero, one, two and three dimensional data can be stored,
although only zero dimensional data is relevant for the time series editor.

Files saved in this format must have the extension .dfs0 or .dfs. dt0 is also
allowed, since it is the old timeseries file format.

ASCII :
This is a generic text format which can be produced by almost any spread-
sheet or text editors. Only non-equidistant calendar axis data can be saved
in this format. Files must have the following format :

Title

Time Itemname 1 Itemname 2

Unit 100182 1003 2 100256 1800 1

38 MIKE Zero
Tools

1996-12-24 18:00:00 1.23 2.34

1996-12-24 18:30:00 1.44 3.38

1996-12-24 19:00:00 2.12 4.63

etc...

The first line contains the title.

The second line contains the string “Time” followed by the name of the
items. The list is separated with tabs.

The third line is optional. It contains the string "Unit" followed by three
values per item specifying unit item type, unit type, and time series values
type, usually as a result of a previous export.

Each of the following lines contain data for one time step. Each line con-
sists of a date and time followed by one field for each of the data items.

The date and time format follows the ISO standard 8601, which is
YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS. Between the date and time there can be a
'Space' or the letter 'T'. Following the time there must be a Tab and each
of the data items must be separated by Tabs.

Note, that the date and time format shown in the example above is not the
same as in the tabular view, and therefore you cannot paste the example
data into that view.

Files saved in this format can have any extension except .dfs0 and .dfs.

1.10 Tools
This is a set of tools available to work with the timeseries data.

z Calculator can be applied for several calculations on the data.

z Interpolation can interpolate missing values (delete values) in the data.
z You can select a sub-set of the data to work with using the Select Sub-
Set tool.
z You can see statistical information of the data using the Statistics tool.
Tools are accessible through the Tools menu or by clicking on the desired
tool icon on the Tools Toolbar:

Time Series Editor 39

 Time Series Editor

1.10.1 Calculator
Calculator tool is used to set item’s data based on calculations.

You can access Calculator tool from Calculator in the Tools menu or by
clicking the Calculator icon in the Tools Toolbar (the second icon in the
Tools Toolbar).

Here you can specify the calculation to make and which Item to set the
calculated data in.

Target Item specified which item will have the data set based on the calcu-
lation specified. Item is specified by ‘i’ followed by the number of the
item sequence in the timeseries.

You can insert a Operand, which basically, is an item. the value of the
Operand item is then used to make the calculations of each of the
timesteps (all timesteps in the item or all the timesteps in the current Sub-
Set that you can specify).

You can also insert an Operand which basically is + for addition, - for sub-
traction, * for multiplication and / for division as well as a mathematical
function from the functions list.

As an example, if you select the target item as item 2, then insert item 3 as
Operand, then insert Operator +, then insert item 4 as Operand, then insert
Operator /, then insert function cos and finally insert item 1 as Operand,
you should get the final expression of i2 = i3 + i4 / cos(i1).

You can also specify a Sub-Set where the calculation will be made, using
the tab Sub-Series that appears when you select Current Sub-Set. Please
refer to Select Sub-Set.

40 MIKE Zero
Tools

1.10.2 Interpolation
Interpolation tool is used to interpolate missing values (delete values).

You can access Interpolation tool from Interpolation in the Tools menu or
by clicking the Interpolation icon in the Tools Toolbar (the fourth icon in
the Tools Toolbar).

You can choose where to interpolate. If you select Entire Data-Set, the
interpolation will be done in the entire data of the currently selected item
(the one that corresponds to the current cell selected in the Tabular View).

If you select Current Sub-Set, the interpolation will be done in the Current
Sub-Set. You can also select at this moment the Sub-Set to use, using the
tab Sub-Series that appears when you select Current Sub-Set. Please refer
to Select Sub-Set.

You can also specify which items to interpolate, using the Item Range tab
that appears when Current Sub-Set is enable in the Interpolation Dialog.
Please refer to Select Sub-Set.

In the Interpolation tab you can also select how the data is interpreted.
Since each TS Type has a different physical meaning, the interpolation is
handled in a different way for all the 4 types. Only Instantaneous, Accu-
mulated, Step Accumulated and Mean Step Accumulated TS Types are
supported.

You can also specify the maximum allowed gaps (missing values) so that
interpolation is done. Activating Use Max. Gap length you can specify the
maximum allowed gap duration. If a gap bigger than the length specified
is found, interpolation will not be done for this timestep(s).

Time Series Editor 41

 Time Series Editor

1.10.3 Select Sub-Set

Select sub-Set is used to specify a sub-Set of the data to work with.

You can access Select sub-Set tool from Select Sub-Set in the Tools menu,
by clicking the Select Sub-Set icon in the Tools Toolbar (the first icon in
the Tools Toolbar) or by selecting Select Sub-Set from the menu that pops
up right clicking on the Graphical View.

Here you can specify the time where the Sub-Set begins and the time
where the Sub-Set ends or, alternatively, the timestep where the Sub-Set
begins and the timestep where the Sub-Set ends. Clicking on the Select All
button, selects the entire data set.

Clicking on the tab Item Range you can also specify which items belong
to the Sub-Set.

1.10.4 Statistics
Statistics tool is used to view statistical information for all the items in the
timeseries data set.

You can access Statistics tool from Statistics in the Tools menu or by
clicking the Statistics icon in the Tools Toolbar (the third icon in the Tools
Toolbar).

42 MIKE Zero
Tools

.
On the Statistics dialog, you can see the all item Names, all item Mini-
mum values, all item Maximum values, all item Mean values, all item
Standard Deviation values and the number of missing values (delete val-
ues) for the Entire Data-Set.

You can also specify use Sub-Set clicking on the Current Sub-Set. To
specify a different Sub-Set, please refer to Select Sub-Set.

1.10.5 Edit Custom Blocks

This tool can be used to edit the custom blocks of a file. Custom
blocks are data in dfs files where miscellaneous information about
the file is kept.

Time Series Editor 43

 Time Series Editor

44 MIKE Zero
PROFILE SERIES EDITOR

45
46 MIKE Zero
Create a New Dataset

2 INTRODUCTION
The appearance of the Profile Series Editor differs if you create a new
(blank) profile series compared to opening an existing data (*.dfs1) file.

Creating a new profile (or line) series requires specification of properties

for the profile series file, and the File Properties dialog is therefore opened
in this case.

If you are opening an existing profile series data file, the data are immedi-
ately presented in the Profile Series data dialog where data can be viewed
and edited both in a graphical and in a tabular view. In this case, if you
wish to change the already defined file properties, it is required to open the
File Properties dialog from the graphical view.

You operate the Profile Series Editor from the main menu, the tool bar
icons, or by right-clicking on the graphical view.

2.1 Create a New Dataset

To create a new dataset containing a 1D profile, go to File New and select
Profile Series under the MIKE Zero heading. This will open the New Pro-
file Series Dialog (p. 49).

2.2 Open an Existing Dataset

To open an existing dataset, go to File Open and select the file format that
you are looking for. If you double-click a file in the Windows Explorer
with a file format associated with the Profile Editor, then the editor will
open and load the data ready for editing.

2.3 Editing the Dataset

When you have selected the dataset to edit, the editor is ready to work.
Similar to other MIKE Zero DFS editors, such as the Time Series Editor
and the Grid Editor, the Profile Editor has two views, a graphical view and
a tabular view. A movable splitter bar allowing you to adjust the relative
sizes of the two views separates these views.

Profile Series Editor 47

 Introduction

2.4 Further help

Further help can be found for the following topics:

Tabular View (p. 58)- about the tabular view of the data

Graphical View (p. 59)- about the graphical view of the data

Navigation View (p. 60) - about modifying the tabular view

File Formats (p. 60) - about file formats

Import from ASCII File (p. 62) - about importing data from ASCII

Export to ASCII File (p. 62)- about importing data from ASCII

Tools
Calculator (p. 65)- transform the data using expressions that involve the
data itself, the time step etc.

Interpolation (p. 66)- fill blank values

Edit Custom Blocks (p. 67)- change or create custom blocks

48 MIKE Zero
New Profile Series Dialog

3 PROPERTIES

3.1 New Profile Series Dialog

This dialog is used to create a new Profile Series.

It is possible to create a "Blank" data set, import from ASCII file or select
from a number of pre-defined templates containing different sets of prop-
erties.

If you chose "Blank T1 Document", the File Properties Dialog is dis-

played with a set of default properties. You can then customize the profile
series according to your own needs.

If you choose “From ASCII File”, the import from ascii Dialog is dis-
played where you can set the properties to import from ascii.

If you choose a “Template”, the File Properties Dialog is displayed with a

set of properties specific to this template. It may not be possible to edit all
of the properties. The following templates are available:

Cross-shore profile (p. 49)

Initial coastline alignment (p. 50)
Cross-section of Trench (p. 51)
Pier Resistance Profile (p. 52)
ADCP Vector Plot (p. 53)

3.1.1 Cross-shore profile

The origin of the cross-shore profile is positioned at a chosen water depth,
approaching the shoreline along an axis which is perpendicular to the

Profile Series Editor 49

 Properties

depth contours.The cross-shore profile template creates a profile series

with the following pre-defined properties:

z Equidistant Calendar Axis

z 1 Timestep
z 10 seconds timestep
z 10 Grid points
z 1 meter Grid Step
z Orientation: 0 deg.N
z 5 Items:
1: Bathymetry (m)
2: Bed roughness (m)
3: Mean grain diameter, d50 (mm)
4: Fall velocity (m/s)
5: Geometrical Spreading (√(d84/d16))

The Title is CRSHORE and the Start time is the time of creating the file.
Internally the DATA TYPE Parameter is set to 101.

You cannot edit the number of time steps, the number of items and the
item definitions.

NOTE: The orientation of the profile (deg.N) is saved in custom block 1

in the MIKE Zero DataUtility when the data file is created in the profile
editor.

It is always possible to customize the data set. When the data set has been
created, you can right-click in the graphical view and select "Properties".
The File Properties Dialog is displayed, and all the properties can be
edited.

3.1.2 Initial coastline alignment

This file describes the alignment, shape and properties of a coastline. The
initial coastline alignment template creates a profile series with the fol-
lowing pre-defined properties:

z Equidistant Calendar Axis

z 1 Timestep
z 10 seconds timestep
z 10 Grid points

50 MIKE Zero
New Profile Series Dialog

z 1 meter Grid Step

z Orientation: 0 deg.N
z 6 Items:
1: Beach position (m)
2: Dune position (m)
3: Height of dune (m)
4: Profile number
5: Angle between baseline and off-shore depth contour (degrees) OR
Position of offshore depth contour (m)
6: Active Depth (m)

The type of offshore contour description (angle/position) is set in the input

parameter file.

The Title is COASTLINE and the Start time is the time of creating the file.
Internally the DATA TYPE Parameter is set to 105.

You cannot edit the number of time steps, the number of items and the
item definitions.

NOTE: The orientation of the baseline (deg.N) is saved in custom block 1

in the MIKE Zero DataUtility when the data file is created in the profile
editor.

It is always possible to customize the data set. When the data set has been
created, you can right-click in the graphical view and select "Properties".
The File Properties Dialog is displayed, and all the properties can be
edited.

3.1.3 Cross-section of Trench

This file describes the shape of a trench. The cross-shore profile template
creates a profile series with the following pre-defined properties:

z Equidistant Calendar Axis

z 1 Timestep
z 10 seconds timestep
z 10 Grid points
z 1 meter Grid Step
z Orientation: 0 deg.N
z 1 Item:
1: Bathymetry (m)

Profile Series Editor 51

 Properties

The Title is CRSECTION and the Start time is the time of creating the file.
Internally the DATA TYPE Parameter is set to 106.

You cannot edit the number of time steps, the number of items and the
item definitions.

NOTE: The orientation of the trench alignment (deg.N) is saved in cus-

tom block 1 in the MIKE Zero DataUtility when the data file is created in
the profile editor.

It is always possible to customize the data set. When the data set has been
created, you can right-click in the graphical view and select "Properties".
The File Properties Dialog is displayed, and all the properties can be
edited.

3.1.4 Pier Resistance Profile

This file describes the parameters necessary for including the resistance
effect from a pier into the hydraulic simulation. A pier data file is a profile
data file where the number of time steps in fact is the number of piers, i.e.
the time axis in the data file is not a true time axis. In the same way, the
spatial axis is not a true spatial axis, but merely a collection of data
describing the pier. The pier data file has the layout depicted in Figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1 Layout of pier data file

The Pier Resistance template creates a profile series with the following
pre-defined properties:

z Equidistant Calendar Axis

z 1 Timestep
z 10 seconds timestep
z 10 Grid points

52 MIKE Zero
New Profile Series Dialog

z 1 meter Grid Step

z 1 Item:
PROJ=UTM32

The Start time is the time of creating the file. Internally the DATA TYPE
Parameter is set to 800.

It is always possible to customize the data set. When the data set has been
created, you can right-click in the graphical view and select "Properties".
The File Properties Dialog is displayed, and all the properties can be
edited.

Pls. see the HD Reference Manual in the Coastal Hydraulics and Ocea-
nography User Guide for further description of the pier data.

3.1.5 ADCP Vector Plot

This file describes velocity components formatted for plotting in the
ADCP 2D Plot option. Each grid step denotes a measuring point where the
velocity is measured at one specific level.

The ADCP Vector Plot template creates a profile series with the following
pre-defined properties:

z Equidistant Calendar Axis

z 1 Timestep
z 10 seconds timestep
z 1 meter Grid Step
z 5 Items:
1: Offset (seconds)
2: Easting (m)
3: Northing (m)
4: u-velocity component (m/s)
5: v-velocity component (m/s)

Internally the DATA TYPE Parameter is set to 901.

The Start time must be defined as the start of the survey time. The actual
time of the measurement is then defined by the start time plus the offset
given in item 1.

It is always possible to customize the data set. When the data set has been
created, you can right-click in the graphical view and select "Properties".

Profile Series Editor 53

 Properties

The File Properties Dialog is displayed, and all the properties can be
edited.

3.2 Geographical Information

The Geographical Information dialog is used to set the geographical posi-

tion and orientation of the profile line, as well as the projection zone.

There are three options for specifying the geographical position of the ori-
gin of the profile line:

z specify in latitude and longitude and input in degrees, minutes and sec-
onds
z specify in latitude and longitude and input in decimal degrees
z specify in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates by giv-
ing the UTM system and the Easting and Northing of the origin in
meters. When you select a general UTM zone, the zone number is
required. When using local zones as for example Hong Kong Grid
(HKG), then the zone number is not required.
The origin of the profile line is the geographical position of the first grid
point.

54 MIKE Zero
File Properties Dialog

Furthermore, the orientation of the profile line may be specified. This is

defined as the angle between true north and the grid axis measured clock-
wise. A mnemonic way of remembering this definition is by thinking of
NYC, which normally means New York City, but which for our purpose
means "from North to the Y-axis Clockwise", see the figure below.

Figure 3.2 Definition of grid orientation

NOTE: The orientation given in the Geographical Information dialog

only refers to the orientation of the profile line and will not be the same as
the orientation that is defined for certain pre-defined LITPACK file types.

3.3 File Properties Dialog

This dialog is used to view and change the properties of the profile series
being visualized.

Profile Series Editor 55

 Properties

3.3.1 General Information

Title :
The title for the data contained in the file. Any text can be typed here

3.3.2 Axis Information

Axis Type :
The type of the time axis. You can select between the following types :

z Equidistant Calendar Axis : Data is stored with a fixed time interval

and start at an absolute date and time.
z Equidistant Relative Axis : Data is stored with a fixed time interval,
but do not have a absolute start date and time. The start time is not
applicable in this case.

Start Time :
The start time of the data. This is only relevant for calendar axis data. The
format used is the standard windows format. To change this edit the
regional settings in the windows control panel.

Time Step :
The timestep for the data. Only relevant when the time axis is equidistant
(Equidistant Calendar Axis or Equidistant Time Axis). You can specify
days, hour:minute:second and milliseconds. A timestep of one hour would
thus be given as “01:00:00” in the [hour:min:sec] input box.

56 MIKE Zero
File Properties Dialog

No. of Timesteps :
Number of time steps. If this number is changed, time steps are added or
removed as appropriate at the end of the time series. When adding
timesteps, the new timesteps added will be filled with an empty value,
meaning that no value has been inserted.

Number of Grid Points :

If this number is changed, grid steps are added or removed as appropriate
at the end of the profile series. When adding grid points, the new grid
points will be filled with an empty value, meaning that no value has been
inserted.

Grid Step :
The grid step for the data. The unit is meters.

3.3.3 Item Information

Name :
Text that identifies the item.

Type :
The type of the data contained in the item, indicating if it is e.g. a water
level, wave height, etc. It is possible to select from a number of types
using the combo box which appears if you click in the field. If a type not
contained in the list is needed, write the type in the text field. This also
applies to the unit below.

Unit :
Text that identifies the unit of the item. Unit is always related to the type.
It is possible to select from a number of units using the combo box which
appears if you click in the field. If a unit not contained in the list is needed,
write the unit in the text field.

Min. :
Minimum value for all data in the item. This value is not editable since it’s
based on statistical information of the Item.

Max. :
Maximum value for all data in the item. This value is not editable since
it’s based on statistical information of the Item.

Profile Series Editor 57

 Properties

Insert :
Insert an item before the selected one. This item will be named “Untitled”
and you can immediately edit the Item properties.

Append :
Append an item at the end of the list. This item will be named “Untitled”
and you can immediately edit the Item properties.

Delete :
Delete the selected item. You cannot delete an Item if it is the last one in
the list, but trying to delete it causes that all properties in the Item will be
cleared.

3.4 Tabular View

This view shows the data in a tabular form.

You can select entire rows or columns by clicking on one of the grey cells.
Data can be cut and pasted freely.

The time column is greyed out, as editing the time has no meaning in an
equidistant time axis.

The time is shown in the default windows format selected on your compu-
ter. You can change this by editing the regional settings in the windows
control panel.

You can move around in the table by using the arrow buttons or the TAB
or ENTER keys. If the TAB and ENTER key is pressed at the right most
column, the active cell is moved to the first column in the next line. This
can be used to quickly enter data in a typewriter fashion. SHIFT+TAB or
SHIFT+ENTER works the other way. If you are at the bottom right cell of
the table and press TAB or ENTER, a new row is added. The time is
extrapolated from the previous values and the item values are empty.

The currently selected cell can also be seen in the Graphical View (p. 59)
as a square around the value that corresponds to it.

The tabular view per default shows all time steps for one item. In the Nav-
igation View dialog under ‘Options’ you can select to show all items for
one time step.

58 MIKE Zero
Graphical View

3.5 Graphical View

This view presents the data graphically.

By pressing the right mouse button a pop-up menu is displayed. This

menu can be used to zoom, enable options, customize the representation,
select sub-sets are select which items are shown.

3.5.1 Zoom
You can zoom in and out on the data shown, use previous zoom, use next
zoom or refresh the view using the Zoom In, Zoom Out, Previous Zoom,
Next Zoom and Refresh commands accessible from the menu that pops up
right clicking on the view, from the View menu or even from the Zoom
toolbar.

When you zoom in, scroll bars are displayed at the bottom and right hand
side of the view. You can pan by moving the scroll bars.

3.5.2 Graphical and font settings

The appearance of the text and graphics can be controlled through the
graphics and font commands in the Settings menu or the pop-up menu.

In the graphics settings, you can select which point style (or no point at
all) you want to use for each item, which line style (or no line at all) you
want to use to connect the points and the text format to apply to the points
labels (if desired).

In the font settings, you can select the font, font style, size, font effects and
font color to use in the legends.

Profile Series Editor 59

 Properties

3.6 Navigation View

The navigation dialog is used to position the editor at the desired item for
all time steps or at the desired time step for all items. Simply choose the
wanted item and time step and close. If you want to switch to another
view, click the appropriate view at the bottom of the dialog.

3.7 File Formats

The Time Series Editor supports two file formats, the DFS Format and
ASCII.

Note that files can be converted from one format to the other, i.e. saved in
a different format than they opened in, but with restrictions.

3.7.1 DFS
This format is developed by DHI for storage of hydrodynamic time vary-
ing data. Both zero, one, two and three dimensional data can be stored,
although only zero dimensional data is relevant for the time series editor.

Files saved in this format must have the extension .dfs0 or .dfs. dt0 is also
allowed, since it is the old timeseries file format.

3.7.2 ASCII
This is a general format which can be generated by most spread sheets or
text editors. The first part of an ASCII File must contains the Header
Information. An example of a Header Information is given below:

Title wave conditions along local boundary

Time 1998-10-06 00:45:00 14 1800
NoGridPoints 8

60 MIKE Zero
File Formats

Spacing 20
NoDynamicItems 4
Item Hm0 [m] Wave height meter
Item Tm [s] Wave period second
Item MWD [deg] Wave direction degree
Item DSD [deg] Standard deviation, DSD degree
Delete -1E-030
<Empty line>

The lines in the Header Information must appear in this order and fields
must be separated with tabs. The first item in the lines of the Header Infor-
mation is a string, i.e. 'Title', 'Time’, 'Spacing' etc. The Header Information
ends with an empty line.

The lines specify the following:

Title
Time Information: A Time Axis Descripter, Start Date yyyy-mm-dd,
Start Time, number of Time Steps and Time Interval in seconds
Number of Gridpoints
Grid Spacing
Number of Dynamic Items.
Item: Name, Type, Unit (these can be left unspecified)
Delete value: The Delete value should be a number not typical of the
data

Data follows after the Header Information and must be arranged in blocks.
Each block represent one time step. An example of a data block is shown
below:

tstep 0
0.483734 3.11164 107.877 31.5283
0.484118 3.11231 107.92 31.5208
0.484501 3.11299 107.962 31.5133
0.484883 3.11368 108.004 31.5058
0.485263 3.11438 108.046 31.4983
0.485643 3.11508 108.087 31.4908
0.486021 3.11579 108.128 31.4833
0.486399 3.11651 108.169 31.4757
<Empty line>

The items can be stored in two ways:

Profile Series Editor 61

 Properties

z Items as columns (as shown above)

This way the values for grid step 0 for the items are shown in the top
row, the grid step number increase downwards.
Note: each item value must be succeded by a tab.
z Items as rows
This way the values for grid step 0 for the items are shown in the left
column, the grid step number increase to the right

Files saved in this format can have any extension although dfs1, dfs and
.dt1 should be avoided.

3.8 Import from ASCII File

This tool can be used to import profile data from an ASCII File and con-
vert it into a DFS File ( *.dfs1 and *.dt1). The DFS File format is devel-
oped by DHI for storage of bathymetric and hydrodynamic data.

These files typically contain model grids, hydrodynamic data, model

results etc.

To import profile data, go to ' File', ' New' and select ' Profile Series' under
the MIKE Zero heading. This will open the ' New File' dialog. Choose
'From ASCII File', and press 'OK'.

3.8.1 File to Import

On the 'Import From ASCII' dialog select the ASCII File from which you
wish to import the data. The ASCII File must have a certain format in
order to be read correctly, see File Formats (p. 60).

Choose whether the items are presented in rows or columns.

3.8.2 Completion and Editing

To complete the importing of data press 'OK'. Thereafter the new DFS File
is shown with the Profile Editor. Here you can edit data and finally save
the DFS File.

3.9 Export to ASCII File

You can Export a Profile File in DFS Format to an ASCII File. For further
description of Profile File Formats, see File Formats (p. 60).

62 MIKE Zero
Export to ASCII File

Open the DFS File (*.dfs1 or *.dfs) in the Profile Editor. Go to 'File' and
'Export to ASCII'. In the pop-up window you can specify where the ASCII
File should be saved and under which File Name.

Also choose whether the items are presented in rows or columns.

Profile Series Editor 63

 Properties

64 MIKE Zero
Calculator

4 TOOLS

4.1 Calculator
This tool can be used to assign values or apply mathematical expressions
to a selected interval of time steps and spatial data for the active item. The
active item can be selected under the View menu under Items.

4.1.1 Edit Expression

This is where you construct the expression for the calculation. The way
the expression is built depends on whether the expression should work on
a single or multiple time steps. If the expression should work on only a
single time step, the expression can be built by selecting first the target
item, which is the location of the results of the calculation. You can then
select either:

z insert an operator (add, subtract, multiply or divide), or

z insert an operand (the time step row of the data series t1, t2, ...tn), or
z insert a function (i.e. sine, cosine, tangent, etc.).

As you build the expression, it will be shown in the "Current Expression"

field where you can further modify the expression manually.

If the expression should work on multiple time steps, the target and oper-
and are not selectable, but should always be "t" - the operand could also be
"n" for the position in the profile.

Once you are familiar with the calculator functions you can create the
expression directly in the "Current Expression" field. The drop down
arrow to the right of the field allows you to re-use and modify previously
constructed expressions.

Sample expression #1: t3=t2-t1

This expression subtracts the values stored in time step 1 from the values
stored in time step 2 and place the results in time step 3. This operation
will be performed for the grid points which have been selected on the sub
set dialog.

Sample expression #2: t2=3.14159

This expression would assigns all values stored in time step 2 to be equal
to 3.14159. This operation will be performed for each grid point which has
been selected in the sub-series.

Profile Series Editor 65

 Tools

Sample expression #3: t=t*3 +2.01

This expression calculates the given expression for all the selected time
steps. If t1 and t2 are selected - the expression gives the same result, as
executing both t1=t1*3+2.01 and t2=t2*2.01. This operation will be per-
formed for each grid point which has been selected on the sub set dialog.

Sample expression #4: t=n

This expression assigns all values stored in the selected time steps to be
equal to the number of the position in the profile. This operation will be
performed for each grid point which has been selected on the sub set dia-
log.

4.1.2 Sub set

On this dialog you select the range of time steps and grid points for which
the expression should be executed.

You can either enter a starting and ending grid point number or select all
data ("Select All" button).

You can either enter a starting and ending time step number or select all
data "Select All" button). The "Select Current" button will select only the
time step currently active in the view.

4.2 Interpolation
This tool can be used to fill data cells which contain missing values by
interpolating in time or space between the nearest non-missing data cells
for the active data item. The item is activated under the View menu under
items.

Interpolate on
First select the data set and item range over which you want the interpola-
tion function performed. If you choose "Entire Data Set" all data will be
gap fill interpolated in either time or space. Otherwise, if you choose
"Current Sub-Set", only the selected grid points for the active item will be
operated on.

Interpolation Type
Depending on the type of data, the interpolation can be handled in two
ways. The data can be interpolated in:

z Spatial dimension

66 MIKE Zero
Edit Custom Blocks

z Time dimension

Interpolating in space can be useful if you have two or more water level
measurement at two or more gird points, and you want to interpolate the
water level for the grid points in between.

4.3 Edit Custom Blocks

This tool can be used to create and edit custom blocks in the file. For some
MIKE Zero applications element 1 in the first custom block defines the
geographical orientation of the bathymetry.

Profile Series Editor 67

 Tools

68 MIKE Zero
GRID SERIES EDITOR

69
70 MIKE Zero
Create a New Dataset

5 INTRODUCTION
The appearance of the Grid Series Editor differs if you create a new
(blank) time series compared to opening an existing data (*.dfs2) file.

Creating a new grid (or matrix) series requires specification of properties

for the grid series file, and the File Properties dialog is therefore opened in
this case.

If you are opening an existing grid series data file, the data are immedi-
ately presented in the Grid Series data dialog where data can be viewed
and edited both in a graphical and in a tabular view. You cannot directly
change the already defined file properties of a grid series.

You operate the Grid Series Editor from the main menu, the tool bar icons,
or by right-clicking on the graphical view.

5.1 Create a New Dataset

To create a new dataset containing a 2D or a 3D grid, go to File New and
select Grid Series under the MIKE Zero heading. This will open the New
Grid Dialog shown below.

Figure 5.1 New Grid dialog

Grid Series Editor 71

 Introduction

By selecting Blank Grid you must define the grid parameters as described
in the section New Grid Series File (p. 77).

By selecting From ASCII File you must follow the instructions given in
section Import from ASCII File (p. 79).

By selecting From Dfsu File you must follow the instructions described in
the section Import from Dfsu File (p. 80).

5.2 Open an Existing Dataset

To open an existing dataset, go to File Open and select the file format that
you are looking for. If you double-click a file in the Windows Explorer
with a file format associated with the Grid Editor, then the editor will open
and load the data ready for editing.

5.3 Editing the Dataset

When you have selected the dataset to edit, the editor is ready to work.
Similar to other MIKE Zero DFS editors, such as the Time Series Editor
and the Profile Editor, the Grid Editor has two views, a graphical view and
a tabular view. A movable splitter bar allowing you to adjust the relative
sizes of the two views separates these views.

5.4 Further help

Further help can be found for the following topics:

z Graphical View (p. 90) - about the graphical view of the data
z Tabular View (p. 89) - about the tabular view of the data
z New Grid Series File (p. 77) dialog - to create a new dataset

Tools
z Navigation (p. 99) - to navigate in the dataset in time and how to select
an item
z Set Value (p. 103) - to assign a value to a selection of grid cells
z Filter (p. 103) - to filter a selection of data (e.g. smooth the data)
z Crop (p. 109) - to discard some of the data and keep the rest

72 MIKE Zero
Further help

z Calculator (p. 104) - transform the data using expressions that involve
the data itself, the time step etc.
z Interpolation (p. 102) - fill blank values
z Copy File into Data (p. 108) - import data from another dataset
z Toolbars (p. 96) - the Windows toolbars associated with the Grid Edi-
tor

Grid Series Editor 73

 Introduction

74 MIKE Zero
File Formats

6 FILE

6.1 File Formats

The Grid Editor supports two file formats, the DFS format and ASCII.

Note that files can be converted from one format to the other, i.e. saved in
a different format than they opened in, but with restrictions.

6.1.1 DFS format

This format is developed by DHI for storage of hydrodynamic data saved
in grids. Both one, two and three dimensional data can be stored, although
only two and three dimensional data are relevant for the grid editor.

Files saved in this format must have the extension *.dfs2, *.dfs3, *.dt2 and
*.dt3.

6.1.2 ASCII format

This is a general format which can be generated by most spread sheets or
text editors. The first part of an ASCII File must contains the Header
Information. An example of a Header Information is given below:

Title Example of Import from ASCII File

Dim 3
Geo UTM -1.20 37.32 -35.40
Time EquidistantTimeAxis 2000-05-03 00:00:00 2 30.00
NoGridPoints 6 4 5
Spacing 200.00 200.00 1
NoStaticItems 1
Item Bathymetry Undefined Undefined
NoDynamicItems 2
Item H (m) waterdepth Water level meter
Item Q (m**3/s/m) flux Flow Flux m^3/s/m
Delete -1E-030
<Empty line>

The lines in the Header Information must appear in this order and fields
must be separated with tabs. The first item in the lines of the Header Infor-
mation is a string, i.e. 'Title', 'Dim', 'Geo' etc. The Header Information
ends with an empty line.

The lines specify the following:

Grid Series Editor 75

 File

Title
Dimension: Can be either 2 or 3.
Geographic Information: UTM-zone, origin longitude, origin latitude
and orientation.
Time Information: A Time Axis Description, Start Date yyyy-mm-dd,
Start Time, number of Time Steps and Time Interval in seconds.
Grid Information: Number of Grid points in first, second and third
dimension.
Number of Static Items (a Static Item is data related to time series data,
but not a part if it. For example, the bathymetry in a file from a HD-run
with H, P Q as Dynamic Items).
Static Items: Name, Type, Unit (these can be left unspecified).
Number of Dynamic Items.
Dynamic Item: Name, Type, Unit (these can be left unspecified)
Delete value: The Delete value should be a number not typical of the
data

Data follows after the Header Information and must be arranged in blocks.
An example of a data block is shown below:

tstep 187 item 1 layer 0

20 20.0313 21.093 21.1076 21.2892 -1E-030
20 20.2856 21.1294 21.1587 21.2748 -1E-030
-1E-030 -1E-030 -1E-030 21.0826 21.2092 -1E-030
-1E-030 -1E-030 -1E-030 20.8634 20.8749 -1E-030
<Empty line>

The first data blocks must contain the Static Items. The Dynamic Items
follow and must be presented in the following order:

tstep 0 item 1 layer 0

tstep 0 item 1 layer 1 - until all layers are specified
tstep 0 item 2 layer 0
tstep 0 item 2 layer 1 - until all Dynamic Items are specified
tstep 1 item 1 layer 0
Etc.

Files saved in this format can have any extension although dfs2, dfs3, dfs,
dt2 and dt3 should be avoided.

6.1.3 Grid State Format

You can save your grid file as a Grid State File (.gsf). This will save your
normal grid file together with extra information about a specific palette
and background layers if any.

76 MIKE Zero
New Grid Series File

Figure 6.1 Example of saved grid file in gsf-format as interpreted by the grid
editor.

6.2 New Grid Series File

The new-dialog is used to create new 2D and 3D grids. A wizard takes you
through five steps to input the basic information needed to define the grid.

6.2.1 Step 1: Select the type of grid to be created

2D and 3D refer to the number of dimensions of the grid in space. Both
types of grids can have one or more time steps, see step 3.

6.2.2 Step 2: Specify the projection, the geographical position of the origin of
the dataset and the orientation
Choose the projection system you will use for the grid. If UTM is selected,
choose the zone number. The UTM zone number is defined by:
180 + λ
UTM Zone = integer part of  ------------------ + 1
6
where λ is the longitude.

There are three options for specifying the geographical position of the ori-
gin of the new grid:

z specify in latitude and longitude and input in degrees, minutes and sec-
onds
z specify in latitude and longitude and input in decimal degrees

Grid Series Editor 77

 File

z specify in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates by giv-

ing the UTM system and the Easting and Northing of the origin in
meters. When you select a general UTM zone, the zone number is
required. When using local zones as for example Hong Kong Grid
(HKG), then the zone number is not required.

The geographical position of the origin of the grid is defined as the centre
point in the first grid cell (j,k) = (0,0).

Figure 6.2 Definition of Origo

Furthermore, the orientation of the grid at the origin must be specified.

This is defined as the angle between true north and the y-axis of the grid
measured clockwise. A mnemonic way of remembering this definition is
by thinking of NYC, which normally means New York City, but which for
our purpose means "from North to the Y-axis Clockwise", see the figure
below.

Figure 6.3 Definition of grid orientation

78 MIKE Zero
Import from ASCII File

6.2.3 Step 3: Specify the temporal and spatial properties

To define the temporal properties you need to specify:

z the type of axis, only choice is equidistant, meaning a constant time

step between the grids
z the time for the first grid
z the time step between the grids, given in seconds
z the number of time steps in the dataset

The spatial properties include:

z the number of grid points in each direction

z the grid spacing in meters in each direction. The grid spacing is con-
stant in each direction, but can vary between directions

6.2.4 Step 4: Specify the items to be included

The grid can contain several items. Give the item(s) a name and select the
item type from the list. A unit has been defined for each item type, and this
unit will automatically be set when choosing the item type. If you cannot
find the item type that you need, then use 'undefined'. Using the 'Insert',
'Append' and 'Delete' options you can manage the list of items.

All values in the grid will be initially set to the delete value specified on
this page. This means that values that are not somehow filled later in the
editing process will have the delete value.

6.2.5 Step 5: Overview

Press 'Finish' to complete the initialisation process and start editing.

6.3 Import from ASCII File

This tool can be used to import grid data from an ASCII File and convert it
into a DFS File (*.dfs2, *.dfs3, *.dt2 and *.dt3). The DFS File format is
developed by DHI for storage of hydrodynamic data.

These files typically contain model grids, wind fields, model results etc.

To import grid data, go to ' File', ' New' and select ' Grid Series' under the
MIKE Zero heading. This will open the ' Grid Series' dialog. Choose
'From ASCII File', and press 'OK'.

Grid Series Editor 79

 File

6.3.1 File to Import

On the 'Import From ASCII' dialog select the ASCII File from which you
wish to import the data. The ASCII File must have a certain format in
order to be read correctly.

6.3.2 Completion and Editing

To complete the importing of data press 'OK'. Thereafter the new DFS File
is shown with the Grid Editor. Here you can edit data and finally save the
DFS File.

6.3.3 Hint
Creating a frame from an existing file can make it easier to create the
header for the ASCII file to be imported. Simply by exporting an existing
file to ASCII and change the relevant header information and include the
actual data after the header file.

6.4 Export to ASCII File

You can Export a Grid File in DFS Format to an ASCII File. For further
description of Grid File Formats, see File Formats (p. 75).

Open the DFS File (*.dfs2, *dfs3 or *.dfs) in the Grid Editor. Go to 'File'
and 'Export to ASCII'. In the pop-up window you can specify where the
ASCII File should be saved and under which File Name.

6.5 Import from Dfsu File

This tool can be used to import grid data from a Dfsu File and convert it
into a DFS File (*.dfs2, *.dfs3, *.dt2 and *.dt3).

6.5.1 Step 1: Select File to Import

On the 'Import from dfsu file' dialog select the Dfsu File from which you
wish to import the data.

6.5.2 Step 2: Specify geographical parameters

You must specify the geographical position of the origin of the new grid
and the orientation of the grid.

The projection of the geographical coordinate system is read from the

Dfsu file.

See Geographical Information (p. 83) for further information.

80 MIKE Zero
Import from Dfsu File

6.5.3 Step 3: Specify the spatial properties

You must specify the number of grid points and the grid spacing in each
direction, respectively.

The time axis properties is read from the Dfsu file.

6.5.4 Step 4: Specify land value

You must specify the minimum value that defines land.

The items are read from the Dfsu file.

6.5.5 Step 5: Completion and Editing

To complete the importing of data press 'Finish'. Thereafter the new DFS
File is shown with the Grid Editor. Here you can edit data and finally save
the DFS File.

Grid Series Editor 81

 File

82 MIKE Zero
Geographical Information

7 EDIT

7.1 Geographical Information

The Geographical Information dialog is used to set the geographical posi-

tion and orientation of the grid, as well as the projection zone.

There are three options for specifying the geographical position of the ori-
gin of the grid:

z specify in latitude and longitude and input in degrees, minutes and sec-
onds
z specify in latitude and longitude and input in decimal degrees

Grid Series Editor 83

 Edit

z specify in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates by giv-

ing the UTM system and the Easting and Northing of the origin in
meters. When you select a general UTM zone, the zone number is
required. When using local zones as for example Hong Kong Grid
(HKG), then the zone number is not required.
The geographical position of the origin of the grid is defined as the center
point in the first grid cell (j,k) = (0,0).

Figure 7.1 Definition of Origo

Furthermore, the orientation of the grid at the origin must be specified.

This is defined as the angle between true north and the y-axis of the grid
measured clockwise. A mnemonic way of remembering this definition is
by thinking of NYC, which normally means New York City, but which for
our purpose means "from North to the Y-axis Clockwise", see the figure
below.

Figure 7.2 Definition of grid orientation

84 MIKE Zero
Time Steps

7.2 Time Steps

The Time Steps dialog is used to manage the time axis of the file.

It is possible to specify the start date and time for the file as well as the
time step interval between the time steps.

7.2.1 Modifying Time Steps

Selecting time steps

It is possible to select time steps in the dialog by simply clicking on them
in the list, or by using the "Select" and/or "Invert" button. The number of
selected time steps are displayed next to the list.

Inserting time steps

1 Select the items in the list where the new items should be placed
before/after
2 Specify the number of items to insert before/after the selected time
steps
3 Specify whether the new items should be inserted before or after the
selected items

Grid Series Editor 85

 Edit

4 Specify whether the new items should be filled with blanks (delete val-
ues) or a copy of the values from the selected items they are placed
before/after
5 Press the "Insert" button.

Removing time steps

To remove one or more time steps simply select them as described above
and press the "Remove" button.

7.3 Items

The Items dialog is used to manage the items in the file.

The grid can contain several items. Give the item(s) a name and select the
item type from the list. A unit has been defined for each item type, and this
unit will automatically be set when choosing the item type. If you cannot
find the item type that you need, then use 'undefined'. Using the 'Insert',
'Append' and 'Delete' options you can manage the list of items.

For new items all values in the grid will initially be set to the delete value
specified on this page. This means that values that are not somehow filled
later in the editing process will have the delete value.

86 MIKE Zero
Spatial Axis

7.3.1 Editing an existing file

Copy
1 Insert or append a new item.
2 Select the item (row) to copy by clicking on the left most (grey) cell
and press Ctrl+C.
3 Select the newly created item (row) by clicking on the left most (grey)
cell and press Ctrl+V.
The properties and values of the new item will be identical to the original
item

Delete value
It is not recommended to change the delete value in an existing file since
all un-specified values are set to the delete value. After a change, these
values will be interpreted as non-delete value.

7.4 Spatial Axis

The Spatial Axis dialog is used to manage the spatial axis of the file.

Each axis is defined by origin grid number, number of grid points and grid
spacing. It is not possible to edit the number of grid points for an existing
grid series file.

7.5 Edit Custom Blocks

This tool can be used to edit the custom blocks of a file. Custom blocks
are data in dfs files where miscellaneous information about the file is kept.

Grid Series Editor 87

 Edit

7.5.1 MIKE 21 / MIKE 3 specific

Most MIKE 21 and MIKE 3 data files have a custom block called
"M21_misc". It is a block of 7 floats

z Item 1: orientation at origin relative to true north.

z Item 2: drying depth.
z Item 3: code for identifying whether or not the data contains geograph-
ical information; it is -900 if it contains geographical information.
z Item 4: the zland value, the value above which bathymetric data (the
data itself in case of bathymetry data file; the prefix record containing
the bathymetry in other cases) is considered as land.
z Item 5-6: are more free and may have different meaning in different sit-
uations.

88 MIKE Zero
Tabular View

8 VIEW
The graphical view appears to the left-hand side of the Grid Editor editor.
On the right-hand-side you have the Tabular View.

You may adjust the relative size of the graphical view and the tabular view
by adjusting the splitter bar between the views.

8.1 Tabular View

The area that is viewed in the tabular view can be indicated in the Graphi-
cal View by switching on the selection overlay.

The tabular view works like a simple spreadsheet:

z Click on a cell, and you can enter or modify a value

z Use the mouse or the arrows to highlight a block of cells. The use cut
(ctrl X), copy (ctrl C) and paste (ctrl V) as usual. These actions may be
reversed by using undo (ctrl Z)
z You can move around in the table by using the arrow buttons or the
TAB or ENTER keys. If the TAB and ENTER key is pressed at the
right most column, the active cell is moved to the first column in the
next line. This can be used to quickly enter data in a typewriter fashion.
SHIFT+TAB or ENTER works the other way

Grid Series Editor 89

 View

Cell Format
You can define the cell format by selecting Tabular View at the bottom of
the drop-down menu for View.

Decimal point
Please note that the tabular view always represents numbers with a '.' as
the decimal point, regardless of which representation is used by the Win-
dows system. You should be aware of this when copying numbers to and
from other applications that may use a different notation.

8.2 Graphical View

In the graphical view you may manipulate the data using various tools.
Inside the graphical view you can zoom and pan. There are three ways of
zooming in and out: from the menu item View, from the standard toolbar,
or clicking the right mouse button while pointing at the graphical view.
The last action will bring up the following pop-up menu.

In 3D you may select the jk-plane, the jl-plane or the kl-plane by selecting
the appropriate property page at the bottom of the graphical view.

Graphical view settings

There are a number of graphical view attributes that can be set. These are
accessible from the menu item View.

8.3 Palette
The color palette is used to specify the colours used for shading of the
graphical view according to contour levels. A palette may be created and
saved for later use.

90 MIKE Zero
Palette

If you want to save the palette together with the specific grid file, you can
use the Grid State Format (p. 76).

A new palette is created using the Palette Wizard as described below.

8.3.1 Palette Wizard, step 1 of 3

Palette title
Give the palette a title.

Palette type
Choose the type of palette among two general type palettes:

z Linear auto scaled - a linear scale between the minimum and the maxi-
mum value in the view, automatically scaled
z Fixed - a scale where you can choose the intervals freely and where the
scale does not change according to the data shown in the view
and two palettes which are suitable for plotting bathymetries:

Grid Series Editor 91

 View

z Land/water auto scaled - as the linear auto scaled with the extension
that a special colour is specified for land areas
z Land/water fixed - as the fixed type with the extension that a special
colour is specified for land areas

Colour model
A number of different colour models are provided for convenience. These
colours may then be modified during the second step. When using the
land/water palette types, the colour model is fixed and cannot be changed.

Number of colours
Choose the number of colours, i.e. the number of intervals in the palette.

8.3.2 Palette Wizard, step 2 of 3

Palette Table
In the example above we have chosen 16 colours and used Rainbow as the
colour model in step 1. We can now select any number of these levels and
modify the colour and enter the value we want for this level. Note that the
value defines the upper boundary of the interval. The colour can be speci-

92 MIKE Zero
Palette

fied either by the RGB-value or by opening a colour dialog by pressing the

"…"-button.

Land Colour
If you are working with a land/water palette, then you may select the col-
our for land.

Land Value
If you are working with a land/water palette, choose the value such that
cells with a value larger or equal to this value will be shown as land.

8.3.3 Palette Wizard, step 3 of 3

In the third step you can verify that the palette that you have chosen corre-
sponds to what you were aiming at, if so then press Finish, otherwise press
<Back>.

8.3.4 Open
A palette that has been saved on the disk can be loaded and will immedi-
ately take effect. The palette files have the extension *.pal.

Grid Series Editor 93

 View

8.3.5 Save
Save the present palette to disk for later re-use. The palette file should
have the extension *.pal.

8.4 Overlay
A number of items can be laid over the graphical view for various pur-
poses. Many of these options are switched on and off.

z Grid - overlays a grid following the grid cells in the view

z Position of tab view - overlays a grid mask corresponding to the tabular
view to the right. Placing the pointer near the bottom end of the mask
may move around this grid mask, When the pointer changes character,
you can move the mask freely by keeping the left mouse button down.
Drop the mask at the new location by releasing the mouse button again.
The active point in the tabular view is highlighted in the mask with a
distinct colour.
z Position of perpendicular slices - used only in connection with 3D files
z Selection - highlights the cells which have been selected by use of the
Selection tool.
z Color legend - places a colour legend next to the graphical representa-
tion, the colours should be set using the Palette (p. 90).
z Geographical net - lines of constant longitude and latitude are placed
over the graphical view
z UTM Net…- lines of constant Eastings and Northings are overlaid. You
have to choose which UTM zone type and if it is a standard type, then
you should also choose the zone number. For more information on the
UTM coordinate system, see the MIKE Zero Digitizer
z North arrow - shows an arrow indicating the direction towards the geo-
graphical north pole

94 MIKE Zero
Grid Settings

8.5 Grid Settings

8.5.1 Contour type

Here you can define the way contours are displayed in the Graphical View.
The colours can be set using the Palette (p. 90), and a colour legend can be
placed next to the grid, see Overlay (p. 94).

Box Contour
Can either be specified with or without isolines. Each grid cell is given a
colour according to the value in the cell.

Box Contour with transparency

Used in connection with background overlays the value define the trans-
parency.

Shaded Contours
The grid is covered with colours indicating the values in the cells, a
smooth surface is used. This will change all land to green.

Shaded Contour with land

his option is similar to Shaded Contours, except that it covers points with
land values with a colour indicative of land.

No Contour
Used in connection with background overlays. The bathymetry will not be
shown.

8.5.2 Isolines
Here you can define the way isolines are displayed in the Graphical View.

Grid Series Editor 95

 View

Draw Isolines
This option can be switched on and off. A system of isolines will be
placed on the grid.

Draw labels
Apply labels to the isolines either as transparent, opaque or framed
opaque.

8.6 Axis Annotation

Choose here how you would like the axis annotation on the graphical view
to be. The options are grid points, kilometers and meters.

8.7 Mouse Pointer Coordinates

When the mouse pointer is in the graphical view, the coordinates of the
point and the value at the point that you are pointing at are displayed in the
Status Bar.

Choose here how you would like the mouse pointer coordinates to be dis-
played. The options are (x,y)-coordinates, (lon,lat)-coordinates or UTM-
coordinates (the UTM-zone is defined by the information in the dfs2 file).

8.8 Fixed aspect ratio

This option can be switched on and off. Use this option to choose between
views with fixed aspect ratio or with aspect ratio adjusted to the size of the
graphical view.

8.9 Export Graphics

The entire plot area with all plot objects within can be exported to either
Clipboard, Metafile or Bitmap.

8.10 Toolbars
Two toolbars are particular to the Grid Editor:

z Grid Editor Tools toolbar

96 MIKE Zero
Toolbars

z Grid Editor Navigation toolbar

These toolbars provide easy and convenient access to a number of tools

that are also available from the Grid Editor menu bar.

8.10.1 Grid Editor Tools

Pointer

Select Points (p. 100)

Select Lines (p. 100) (pull down from Select

points)

Select Polygon (p. 100) (pull down from Select

points)

Select Rectangle (p. 100) (pull down from Select

points)

Select All (p. 100)

Select View (p. 100)

Select Values (p. 101)

Calculator (p. 104)

Interpolation (p. 102)

8.10.2 Grid Editor Navigation

Move one step forward in time

Rewind one step in time

Move one layer up (3D only)

Grid Series Editor 97

 View

Move one layer down (3D only)

Select item

8.11 Status Bar

A status bar at the bottom of the application can be switched on and off.

When the pointer is in the graphical view, the status bar shows you the
coordinates of the point and the value at the point that you are pointing at.

98 MIKE Zero
Navigation

9 TOOLS

9.1 Navigation

The navigation dialog is used to position the editor at the desired layer of
data (in 3D) at the desired time step and the desired item. Simply choose
the wanted layer, time step and item and close. When you are working
with a 3D dataset and want to switch to another plane, you should click
the appropriate view at the bottom of the graphical view.

You may also conveniently use the Grid Editor Toolbars for navigating the
data.

9.2 Go to
Using this option your active cursor will move to the minimum or maxi-
mum value in the Tabular View.

The Graphical View will not be synchronized accordingly.

9.3 Synchronize
Synchronize tab to map moves the Tabular View to the area displayed in
the centre of the Graphical View.

Grid Series Editor 99

 Tools

Synchronize map to tab moves the Graphical View to the area displayed
in the Tabular View.

9.4 Selection
9.4.1 Select and deselect
These menu entries under Tools are used to activate the tools for making a
selection of grid cells that can then be processed in different ways. You
can also use the Select a Sub-Set of Data property page that are included
in many of the tools in the Grid Editor.

The Select tool is accumulative in the sense that the selections are com-
bined into one selection. To start from scratch you should un-select the
cells. You can also use the below tools in a deselect mode, such that you
'subtract' the cells from the selection. There are a number of selection tools
available:

Points
Use this tool to point to individual cells that you want to select. Click once
at each cell

Lines
Use this tool to select the cells along a line that you define. The cells near-
est this line will be selected. The line needs not be straight, but it can con-
sist of a number of straight segments. Click at points on the line and
double click on the last point

Polygon
Use this tool to select the cells inside a polygon. Click at each corner and
finish by double clicking

Rectangle
Use this tool to select the cells inside a rectangle. Place the pointer at one
corner of the rectangle and pull it towards the opposite corner. When the
desired rectangle is shown, then click the mouse

View
Use this tool to select the cells shown in the current view

All
Use this tool to select all cells in the active dataset

100 MIKE Zero

Selection

Values
Use this tool to select the cells which do not have delete values

Highlighted in tabular view

This select the cells highlighted in the tabular view

9.4.2 Select a Sub-Set of Data

Many of the tools in the Grid Editor operate on a sub-set of selected data
from the dataset. The active data are defined in the 'Sub-Set' property
page.

The active data should be defined in terms of:

z Sub-area: choose either the points which have been selected using the
Selection option in the graphical view, or all grid points in the plane
z Items: Choose one or more of the items
z Time steps: choose a range of one or more time steps
z Layers: Choose a range of one or more layers
To change the position of the editor while the Subset page is invoked press
the "Navigation..." button to get access to the Navigation dialog.

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 Tools

9.5 Interpolation
This tool can be used to interpolate in the data and fill cells with missing
values.

9.5.1 Active Dataset

The active data are defined in the “Select a Sub-Set of Data” page.

9.5.2 Interpolation Settings

This parameter will determine how the interpolation will weigh the values
used in the interpolation according to the distance from the interpolation
point to these points. The weights can be based on the inverse of the dis-
tance, the distance squared or the distance cubed, in order to vary the rela-
tive weight given to the nearest points relative to points further away.

Land points can be ignored. This is very important when using artificial
values to indicate land, because if such values are included in the interpo-
lation this may lead to falsified results.

9.5.3 Search Type

Linear search
Depending on the type of data which are interpolated there may be an
interest to restrict the search for values to base the interpolation on to
either vertical or horizontal lines (i.e. along one or the other grid axis).
One example hereof could be bathymetric data in the surf zone where such
data could be obtained from a ship sailing along lines. Here the outcome
of the interpolation could vary significantly depending on the choice of
search type.

Area integrated
Area integrated type for interpolation performs a convolution when calcu-
lating the interpolated value. The algorithm starts it’s search in the current
point and searched in a rectangular area around the point. The size of the
rectangle is defined by the "Area side length". "Number of points" defines
how many neighbouring grid points that is used in the interpolation. If e.g.
20 is specified in "Number of points" the search algorithm finds the 20
closest points inside the specified rectangle and performs an inverse dis-
tance weighted interpolation raised to the specified power chosen in inter-
polation settings.

102 MIKE Zero

Filter

9.6 Filter
This tool is used to perform digital filtering operations on the active data.
The active data are defined in the “Select a Sub-Set of Data” page.

A number of pre-defined filters are provided. Select the filter by clicking

on the stencil that you require:

Averaging Filter

Averaging Filter

Averaging Filter

Sharpening Filter

Sharpening Filter

The filtering process may be repeated a number of times to enhance the

effect.

Land values and delete values can be included in the calculations or

ignored. Typically delete values should not be included in the filtering
process since they represent 'empty' cells. Instead these cells could be
filled by Interpolation prior to the filtering. When filtering near land, the
inclusion of land values may lead to a falsification of the data for example
when an artificial constant land value has been specified in a bathymetry
dataset.

9.7 Set Value

This tool is used for three operations on the active data:

z Set value: set all the active data to the specified value
z Add value: add the specified value to all the active data

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 Tools

z Multiply value: multiply all the active data by the specified value

The active data are defined in the “Select a Sub-Set of Data” page.

9.8 Calculator
This tool can be used to assign values to a dataset. It can be done in terms
of a simple value or as an expression. If an expression that includes the
current value (s) is used, no changes will be made to data points which
current value equals the delete value.

Active Dataset
The active data are defined in the “Select a Sub-Set of Data” page.

Expression
Then construct the expression for the calculation. As you input the expres-
sion, it will be shown in the field below. There are three types that you can
insert in the expression.

Operators: the four operators add, subtract, multiply and divide

Operands: j, k, l are the indices for the grid cell in the x-, y- and z-direc-
tions, respectively, and s is the cell value itself

Function: choose a mathematical function from the List of Functions

below.

9.8.1 List of Functions

The Calculator allows you to compose your own expressions that can be
used to modify values in data sets. Below you will find a table with a list
of the mathematical functions you can choose between, which arguments
they take and which result they return.

Table 9.1 List of functions

Function Arguments Evaluation

Name Evaluation
abs (x) The absolute value of x

104 MIKE Zero

Calculator

Table 9.1 List of functions

acos (x) The acos function returns the arccosine of x in

the range 0 to 180 degrees. If x is less than –1
or greater than 1, acos returns a delete value
asin (x) The asin function returns the arcsine of x in the
range –90 to 90 degrees. If x is less than –1 or
greater than 1, asin returns a delete value
atan (x) atan returns the arctangent of x. If x is 0, atan
returns 0. atan returns a value in the range –90
to 90 degrees
atan2 (xy) atan2 returns the arctangent of y/x. If both
parameters of atan2 are 0, the function returns
0. atan2 returns a value in the range –180 to
180 degrees, using the signs of both parameters
to determine the quadrant of the return value.
atan2 is well defined for every point other than
the origin, even if x equals 0 and y does not
equal 0
ceil (x) The ceil function returns a double value repre-
senting the smallest integer that is greater than
or equal to x
cos (x) The cos function returns the cosine of x (x in
degrees)
cosh (x) The cosh function returns the hyperbolic cosine
of x
cube (x) Returns the cube of x, i.e. x3
exp (x) The exp function returns the exponential value
of the floating-point parameter, x
floor (x) The floor function returns a floating-point
value representing the largest integer that is
less than or equal to x
int (x) Returns the integer value of the argument x
ln (x) The ln function returns the natural logarithm of
x if successful. If x is negative, the function
returns a delete value. If x is 0, it returns a
delete value

Grid Series Editor 105

 Tools

Table 9.1 List of functions

log10 (x) The log10 function returns the base-10 loga-

rithm of x if successful. If x is negative, the
function returns a delete value. If x is 0, it
returns a delete value
max (xy) max returns the larger of its arguments
min (xy) min returns the smaller of its arguments
mod (xy) mod returns the floating-point remainder of x /
y. If the value of y is 0.0, mod returns a delete
value
pow (xy) pow returns the value of xψ
racos (x) The racos function returns the arccosine of x in
the range 0 to π radians. If x is less than –1 or
greater than 1, racos returns a delete value
rasin (x) The rasin function returns the arcsine of x in
the range –π /2 to π /2 radians. If x is less than –
1 or greater than 1, rasin returns a delete value
ratan (x) ratan returns the arctangent of x. If x is 0, atan
returns 0. atan returns a value in the range –π
/2 to π /2 radians
ratan2 (xy) ratan2 returns the arctangent of y/x. If both
parameters of ratan2 are 0, the function returns
0. ratan2 returns a value in the range –π to π
radians, using the signs of both parameters to
determine the quadrant of the return value.
ratan2 is well defined for every point other
than the origin, even if x equals 0 and y does
not equal 0
rcos (x) rcos returns the cosine of x (x in radians)
rsin (x) rsin returns the sine of x (x in radians)
rtan (x) rtan returns the tangent of x (x in radians)
sin (x) sin returns the sine of x (x in degrees)
sinh (x) sinh returns the hyperbolic sine of x
sqr (x) Returns the square of x, i.e. x2

106 MIKE Zero

Calculate Statistics

Table 9.1 List of functions

sqrt (x) The sqrt function returns the square root of x.

If x is negative, sqrt returns a delete value
tan (x) tan returns the tangent of x (x in degrees)
tanh (x) tanh returns the hyperbolic tangent of x

9.9 Calculate Statistics

This tool calculates the statistics of the Active Dataset and display the val-
ues in a window.

Active Dataset
The active data are defined in the “Select a Sub-Set of Data” page.

Statistics
The calculated values includes the minimum, maximum and mean value
and the standard deviation.

Furthermore a block diagram shows the distribution of the values in the

intervals defined by the Palette.

Grid Series Editor 107

 Tools

9.10 Copy File into Data

This tool can be used to copy data from a file into the dataset being edited.

9.10.1 File to Copy

Select the data file from which data should be copied.

If you edit a 2D data file you may copy data from a 2D data file.
If you edit a 3D data file you may copy data from either 2D or 3D data
files.

9.10.2 Item Mapping

Select the items from which data should be copied and the corresponding
items to which data should be copied.

You may copy several items in one process.

108 MIKE Zero

Crop

9.10.3 2D to 3D Layer Mapping

When copying a 2D file into a 3D file you can choose to populate either
one particular layer in the 3D file or all layers.

9.10.4 Sub-area Position

Give the coordinates in the grid being edited where the origin of the data
to be copied should be positioned. As an example, we have a grid with the
dimensions (0:20,0:20) and we wish to copy data into the rectangle given
by the four points (10,14), (13,14), (13,17) and (10,17). We select a file
which has data in a grid (0:3,0:3) and specify j-origin=10 and k-origin=17.
This will place the copied data in the desired rectangle.

9.10.5 Time Position

The copied data can be placed in the dataset being edited from a given
time step and forwards. You can specify either the time step or the time. If
you specify the time, and that time is not coincident with a time step in the
edited dataset, then the nearest time step which is shown in the time step
origin edit field will be used.

9.10.6 Operation
When the data is copied to the dataset, this may be done in a number of
ways:

z Copy (all values are copied such that they replace the existing data in
the dataset)
z Copy if target differs from delete value
z Copy if source differs from delete value
z Copy if source AND target differs from delete value
z +: the values are added to the existing data in the dataset
z -: the values are subtracted from the existing data in the dataset
z *: the existing values are multiplied by the values in the file
z /: the existing values are divided by the values in the file

9.11 Crop
This tool is used to crop (or reduce) the dataset in one or more ways.

Grid Series Editor 109

 Tools

Spatial cropping
Use this option to crop the data to a smaller spatial coverage. Choose a
rectangular area either as the current view or as the area described by the
coordinates given by you. The data outside the selected area will be dis-
carded.

Item cropping
Use this option to choose the items to keep, the rest of the items are dis-
carded.

Time cropping
Use this option to discard time steps in the dataset. The data outside the
chosen interval will be discarded. The time interval can be selected in
terms of the time or the time step number.

110 MIKE Zero

Image Manager

10 DATA OVERLAY

10.1 Image Manager

In the Image Manager you specify the overlay file name and type.

If you want to save the overlay image together with the specific grid file,
you can use the Grid State Format (p. 76)

Image Types

Select between:

z Image Files: BMP, JPG, GIF

z Shape File: From ArcInfo: SHR
z XYZ File: Digitized ascii file with x,y and z co-ordinates: XYZ

Grid Series Editor 111

 Data Overlay

z River File: MIKE11 File: nwk11

z Enhanced Meta File: EMF
Image files can be used as background if they are grid aligned and cover
the same area as defined by the grid.

Figure 10.1 Example of background layer

112 MIKE Zero

Overlay Manager

10.2 Overlay Manager

Specify which layer to display and the display order. Remember to adjust
the transparency level in Grid Settings (p. 95).

Grid Series Editor 113

 Data Overlay

114 MIKE Zero

BATHYMETRY EDITOR

115
116 MIKE Zero
Step 1: Create a new Bathymetry document

11 GETTING STARTED
The following example provides you with an introduction to the Bathyme-
try Editor.

11.1 Step 1: Create a new Bathymetry document

From the File menu in the main window select New->File or press the
New File button

and select Bathymetries in the New File dialog

Figure 11.1 New file dialog

The Define Working Area dialog will appear, see Figure 13.1. Define you
Work Area sufficiently large such that it covers a geographical area which
contains all relevant data.

Hint: Select "Views -> Double Buffer Redraw" to speed up re-drawing of

graphics between the different steps.

Bathymetry Editor 117

 Getting Started

11.2 Step 2: Import background data

Data such as digitised coastline data or images can be imported to the
background (WorkArea -> Background Management -> Import) to pro-
vide a visual reference of the defined Work Area. The data is then
imported as background objects and will be displayed at the correct geo-
graphical positions within the previously defined Work Area.

Hint: Select "WorkArea -> Settings" and under "Background Objects"

find the "Land/Water Lines" and adjust the "Thickness" to (say) 1 to
obtain a nice thickness of lines drawn between land/water points. Similar
adjustment might be useful for the "Point Size" of "Land/Water Points".

Hint: Save you specifications: Go to File -> Save.

11.3 Step 3: Import digitised survey depth data

Digitised survey depth data to be used in the generation of the bathymetry
is first imported to the background (WorkArea -> Background Manage-
ment -> Import). The depth data is now imported as background objects
and should be displayed at the correct geographical positions within the
previously defined Work Area.

Hint: Select "WorkArea -> Settings" and under "Background Objects"

find the "Points" and adjust "Point Size" to (say) 0.5 to obtain a nice size
of these background objects.

11.4 Step 4: Define bathymetry data grid

To define your bathymetry data grid select WorkArea -> Bathymetry Man-
agement -> New" and enter the parameters as described in section 13.4.3
New Bathymetry (p. 128).

118 MIKE Zero

Step 5: Import data from background

Figure 11.2 Example of Bathymetry Area displayed on top of background data

11.5 Step 5: Import data from background

To import the survey depth data from the background do following:

1 Mark your points by selecting "Import from Background" and drag

pointer to select area of selected points.

2 The selected points are now changing colour.

3 Finally press "Import from Background" once more.

4 The selected points are now changing colour again and are ready to be
included in the generation of the bathymetry.
Hint: Depending on your work area settings, the colour/size/shape of the
imported points/lines might be different from the ones shown as back-
ground object. You may adjust these settings from the dialog on the
"Graphics" tab under "WorkArea -> Settings".

Bathymetry Editor 119

 Getting Started

11.6 Step 6: Interpolate xyz data to grid points

To generate a bathymetry from the imported xyz data select "WorkArea ->
Bathymetry Management -> Interpolate".

This generates a temporary bathymetry file.

11.7 Step 7: Save bathymetry file

To save the bathymetry file for future use save your work by "File ->
Save". Your gridded bathymetry data file is now found in the same folder
as the .batfs file. The file name will be the same followed by "underscore
zero" and file extension will be "dfs2". You may rename this file later as
long as you keep the file extension unchanged.

Figure 11.3 Example of generated bathymetry.

120 MIKE Zero

12 INTRODUCTION
The first appearance of the Bathymetry Editor differs if you create a new
set of bathymetry editing specifications compared to opening an existing
specification (*.BATSF) file.

The Bathymetry Editor provides a work environment for creating, editing

and presenting detailed digital bathymetries.

The Bathymetry Editor includes utilities for importing raw data from vari-
ous external sources (i.e. xyz soundings, xyz contours, MIKE 21 format-
ted data), or to manually create data by using the built-in drawing tools. To
aid the process of editing data and to use for presentations, graphical back-
ground images such as maps can be imported and overlaid with the
bathymetry data.

Creating a new Bathymetry Editor setup first of all requires that the geo-
graphical workspace area be defined. If you are opening an existing
bathymetry editor specification file, the working area with all saved set-
tings is presented on the screen.

The Bathymetry Editor is operated from the main menu, the tool bar icon
or from the menu selection obtained by right-clicking on the graphical dis-
play of the working area.

An example with a step-by-step description is included with the installa-

tion. Please find this example in your installation folder under Exam-
ples\MIKEZero\BatEdit.

Various interpolation options are available to you to provide the best pos-
sible method for your type of data.

When the bathymetry has been prepared, you can use the export utilities to
output bathymetry data in various formats.

Bathymetry Editor 121

 Introduction

122 MIKE Zero

File Menu

13 DIALOG OVERVIEW

The bathymetry editor provides you a work environment for creating, edit-
ing and presenting detailed digital bathymetries.

13.1 File Menu

This is where you can open, close and save files, and access printer related
utilities.

13.1.1 File/New Menu

This is where you can define a new Workspace Area.

Bathymetry Editor 123

 Dialog Overview

Figure 13.1 New workspace area menu

Map projection
Choose the map projection type you will use for the Workspace. If an
UTM-type map projection is selected, choose the zone number. The UTM
zone number is defined by:
180 + λ
UTM Zone = integer part of  ------------------ + 1
 6 

where λ is the longitude.

Position
Choose the origin of your workspace either as a Geographic (Longi-
tude/Latitude) coordinate, UTM type coordinate or state plane coordinate
(Easting/Northing). Note that you can change the origin and dimensions of
the workspace again at a later time if necessary.

Size
Choose initial width and height dimensions of your workspace. If you
have chosen LONG/LAT as the projection system, the dimensions are
defined in degrees, otherwise the dimensions are defined in meters.
Note that you can change the origin and dimensions of the workspace
again at a later time if necessary.

124 MIKE Zero

File Menu

13.1.2 File/Open Menu

This is where you open an existing file or bathymetry workspace.

Figure 13.2 Open file menu

13.1.3 Geodesy
Map projections and the horizontal geodetic datum in the MIKE Zero is
defined in two ASCII files respectively (default installation)

C:\Program Files\Common Files\DHI\MIKEZero\map_projection.pfs

C:\Program Files\Common Files\DHI\MIKEZero\ellipsoid.pfs

A step-by-step-guide on how to work with geographical data in MIKE

Zero is available at (default installation)

C:\Program Files\DHI\MIKEZero\Manuals\MIKE_ZERO\
MIKE_Zero_Geodesy.pdf

Adding new projections

You can add any new map projection type to the installed
map_projection.pfs file as long as the parameters are defined. Open

Bathymetry Editor 125

 Dialog Overview

MIKEZero→File→Edit Map Projection→New Map Projection. The new

map projection is saved in custom_projection.pfs, which is located in the
same folder as the map_projection.pfs.

All map projections specified in map_projection.pfs and

custom_projection.pfs are available via a combo box in various modules
within MIKE Zero. An example is shown in Figure 13.3.

Figure 13.3 Available map projections in the Bathymetry Editor

LONG/LAT
The map projection type "LONG/LAT" is mainly relevant for model
application using spherical coordinates, i.e. for modules in the MIKE 21/3
FM series.

13.2 Edit Menu

Clipboard editing operations.

Undo
This will undo your last operation

Cut/Copy/Paste
Cuts, copies and pastes your selected data through the Windows clipboard

126 MIKE Zero

View Menu

Delete
Deletes your selected data. The DELETE keyboard command will also
perform the same function.

13.3 View Menu

This is where you add toolbar views, status bar and enable double buffer
redraws.

Double Buffer Redraw

Double buffer redraw uses a technique where you draw into a bitmap and
then copy the bitmap to the display. It gives you a much faster refresh rate
of the display, but you sacrifice available system memory.

13.4 Work Area Menu

The Work Area menu provides you access to the main tools for bathyme-
try definition, creation, interpolation, editing, overlaying images, turning
layers on and off, and presentation.

13.4.1 Set Current Contour Level

This menu pop-up is where you enter the Current Contour Level (depth).
After you set the Current Contour Level value, all manual input data will
acquire that depth value until you change the value of the Current Contour
Level.

13.4.2 Bathymetry Management

This is where grid bathymetries are defined, re-defined, interpolated and
exported to other formats. The system will allow you to manage a number
of grids originating from a single raw data source.

Bathymetry Editor 127

 Dialog Overview

Figure 13.4 Bathymetry management, main dialog

New
New Bathymetry is where you can define a grid bathymetry within the
workspace.

Edit
Edit Bathymetry is where you can edit the definition of a previously
defined grid bathymetry.

Delete
This is where you can delete a previously defined grid bathymetry.

Export
Export Bathymetry is where you can export the grid bathymetry to various
formats such as binary data files or ASCII formats or as a depth encoded
BITMAP graphic file.

Interpolate
Interpolate Bathymetry is where you can define the interpolation method
and interpolate the defined grid to a digital grid.

13.4.3 New Bathymetry

You define a digital grid here by specifying the origin (in UTM or Geo-
graphic coordinates), the x and y grid spacing, the number of grid points in
x and y, and the orientation of the grid.

128 MIKE Zero

Work Area Menu

Figure 13.5 Define digital grid for bathymetry

Position
You must specify the position of the origin for your grid bathymetry in
UTM or Long/LAT coordinates.

The geographical position of the origin of the grid is defined as the centre
point in the first grid cell (j,k) = (0,0).

Figure 13.6 Definition of Origo

Bathymetry Editor 129

 Dialog Overview

Grid Spacing
You must specify the distance between grid points in the x and y direc-
tions, in metres.

Grid Dimensions
You must specify the number of grid points in the x and y directions.

North to Y Orientation
You must specify the orientation angle, defined as the angle from north
measured clockwise to the Y-axis in degrees.

Land Value
You must specify the grid cell value defining land.

Display Border
You can choose to display the boundary of your defined grid in the Work
Area after interpolation.

Display Grid Points

You can choose to display the grid points of your defined grid in the Work
Area after interpolation.

13.4.4 Edit Bathymetry

You can re-define a previously defined digital grid here by changing the
origin (in UTM or LONG/LAT coordinates), the x and y grid spacing, the
number of grid points in x and y, and the orientation of the grid.

Position
You must specify the position of the origin for your grid bathymetry in
UTM or LONG/LAT coordinates.

Grid Spacing
You must specify the number of grid points in the x and y directions, in
metres.

Grid Dimensions
You must specify the number of grid points in the x and y directions.

North to Y Orientation
You must specify the orientation angle, defined as the angle from north
measured clockwise to the Y-axis in degrees.

130 MIKE Zero

Work Area Menu

Land Value
You must specify the grid cell value defining land.

Display Border
You can choose to display the boundary of your defined grid in the Work
Area after interpolation.

Display Grid Points

You can choose to display the grid points of your defined grid in the Work
Area after interpolation.

13.4.5 Export Bathymetry

You can use this facility to export your interpolated digital grid to another
format such as binary data files or ASCII formats, or to a graphical Depth
BITMAP file.

Figure 13.7 Export interpolated digital grid bathymetry to another format

13.4.6 Interpolate Bathymetry

This is where you specify how your raw data is interpolated to the fixed
grid as has been specified in the bathymetry definition.

Bathymetry Editor 131

 Dialog Overview

Figure 13.8 Interpolate raw data to fixed grid

Land Generation (Phase I)

There are 2 methods for interpolating the land:

1 Polygon Fill
2 Extensive
If your land boundaries have been entered as polygons, then all areas
inside the polygon are assigned the value of +10m which is the usual
default land value. If you are using land polygons you would choose the
polygon fill method. This is a much faster interpolation scheme than the
Extensive method that interpolates all grid points based on nearest raw
values. You would choose the extensive method if you do not have land
polygons, or if you want to interpolate true topographic elevations.

Box Grouping (Phase II)

This option specifies how the raw data points are sorted. Currently the raw
data points can only be sorted by grouping them by their cell index.

Gap Filling (Phase III)

This is where you choose which interpolation technique will be used for
gap filling at grid points where no land exists. You specify a search radius
that defines how many grid points the search will extend. There are cur-
rently 2 search methods available to you.

132 MIKE Zero

Work Area Menu

1 Bilinear Interpolation
Four points from the raw data, in the vicinity of the actual point, are found
in such a way that there is a point in each quadrant. These points now form
a quadrangle (or quadrilateral) that encapsulates the grid point. This quad-
rangle is now transformed into a normalized square (rectified), and bilin-
ear interpolation is performed.

2 Triangular Interpolation
Three points from the raw data, in the vicinity of the actual point, are
found in such a way, that they form a triangle that encapsulates the grid
point. Triangular interpolation is now performed.

13.4.7 Background Management

The Background Management system provides you the utility of bringing
external data sources into the Bathymetry Editor program. Your back-
ground data can either be imported x,y,z data to be added to the raw data-
base, or it can be image files to provide background images much like a
GIS system. You can control the visualization attributes of the data in Set-
tings.

Figure 13.9 Background management

Bathymetry Editor 133

 Dialog Overview

Import

Figure 13.10 Import files into background

Normally you first import data in the background into your work area.
Types of data which you can import into the background include digitizer
files, MIKE 21 XYZ-files, graphical BITMAP and GIF file formats.
Before you can import graphical files into the Bathymetry Editor, you
need to rectify the image to a compatible coordinate system defined for
your work area. (see MIKE Zero Image Rectifier for details on preparing
graphic files for the Bathymetry Editor).

When you import MIKE 21 XYZ files you can specify the source coordi-
nate system. When the XYZ-file is selected but before the “Open”-button
is pressed or a double click is executed, the source coordinate system can
be specified by selecting from the “Convert from”-combo box. Coordi-
nates can be imported without conversion, as longitude/latitude or as vari-
ous UTM variants.

A number of background sources can be imported into your work area. If

you no longer need a background source, simply highlight the background
source you want to delete and then click the DELETE option.

134 MIKE Zero

Work Area Menu

13.4.8 Export raw data to XYZ format

You can export selected raw data to xyz format using this facility. Two
ASCII files will be generated. A land file and a water file.

13.4.9 Resize workspace area

This is where you can re-define your Workspace Area with new dimen-
sions and a new origin position.

Map Projection
Choose the map projection type you will use for the Workspace. If an
UTM-type map projection is selected, choose the zone number. The UTM
zone number is defined by:
180 + λ
UTM Zone = integer part of  ------------------ + 1
 6 

where λ is the longitude

Position
Choose the origin of your workspace either as a Geographic (Longi-
tude/Latitude) coordinate or a UTM type coordinate (Easting/Northing).
Note that you can change the origin and dimensions of the workspace
again at a later time if necessary.

Size
Choose initial width and height dimensions of your workspace. Note that
you can change the origin and dimensions of the workspace again at a
later time if necessary.

13.4.10 Settings
The settings panel allows you to control the attributes for the 3 main lay-
ers; Bathymetry Objects, Raw Data Objects, and Background Objects. By
turning on or off certain layers you can view and edit these layers either
individually or in combination with other layers. You can display each
object as either points, lines or labels where you can also define the point
size, line size and color given to each layer independently.

Bathymetry Editor 135

 Dialog Overview

Figure 13.11 Settings panel

Bathymetry Objects
Bathymetry Objects are those that have been interpolated into a fixed grid
system. You can control Point, Line and Label attributes.

Raw Data Objects

Raw Data Object or Foreground objects are those that are available to be
interpolated. You can control raw data objects defined as Points, Contour
Points, Contour Lines, Land/Water Points, Land/Water Lines and Labels.

Background Objects
Background objects are those you have imported, but are not yet available
to be interpolated. You can control background objects defined as Points,
Contour Points, Contour Lines, Land/Water Points, Land/Water Lines and
Labels. To bring background images and data into the Foreground and
produce Raw Data Objects, you should use the ToolBar Functions.

13.4.11 Set Font

You can set the font attributes here from this menu.

13.4.12 Show Background Image

If you have imported a graphical image into the Background objects, then
you can turn the display of the background on or off here.

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Window Menu

13.5 Window Menu

This provides you the standard Windows views, and allows you to switch
between different open windows.

13.6 ToolBar Functions

The following describes the main editing functions that are available to
you from the toolbar.

Zoom Functions

You can Zoom-in, Zoom-out and go to Previous-zoom and Next-zoom.

You can recall all available previous and next zooms. If the buttons are
grayed-out there are no previous or next zooms available. These functions
are also available to you by right-clicking the pointer device.

Grid Function

Switch to turn grid on and off.

Pick Mode

Pick Mode. When you enable pick mode, raw data points (foreground
points) can be selected by dragging the mouse over the points of interest
while depressing the left-mouse button.

Move Mode

Move Mode. If you depress the left-mouse button while over a point you
wish to move, the point can be dragged to a new location.

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 Dialog Overview

Import From Background

Import From Background mode. With this mode, you can select the back-
ground points you want to be brought to the foreground to become part of
the digital grid bathymetry. Click the Import From Background toolbar
button. Highlight the background points you wish to import (single points
or area selection). After the background points have been highlighted you
then click on the Import From Background toolbar button again. The
background data will be transferred to the foreground and become raw
data points.

Add Data Points Mode

Add Data Points Mode. In this mode, you click the mouse on a position in
the work area, resulting in a raw data point with a depth equal to the cur-
rent contour level.

Add Contours Mode

Add Contours Mode. In this mode, you hold down the left-mouse button
and drag the mouse. It will place consecutive points of a contour line in
the work area as raw data points with a constant depth equal to the current
contour level.

Add Land/Water Polygons Mode

Add Land/Water Polygons Mode. In this mode, you hold down the left-
mouse button and drag the mouse. This will place consecutive points of a
polygon used to define land/water boundaries. These points will go into
the raw data layer. For land the current contour level should be set to a
value of +10.

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ToolBar Functions

Add Points to Contours or Land/Water or Polygons Mode

Add Points to Contours or Land/Water Polygons Mode. In this mode, you

hold down the left-mouse button near the end point of a contour or poly-
gon. This will allow you to add more points to the existing contour entity.

Select Polygons or Contours Mode

Enables selection of entire polygons or contours. By left clicking when

touching just a small part of the polygon/contour the entire polygon/con-
tour is selected.

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 Dialog Overview

140 MIKE Zero

General Introduction

14 SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND
The Bathymetry Editor provides you an environment for creating, editing
and presenting detailed digital bathymetries.

The purpose of this document is to provide the user with the scientific
background of the MIKE Zero Bathymetry Editor.

14.1 General Introduction

The Bathymetry Editor provides you an environment for creating, editing
and presenting detailed digital bathymetries.

The program provides you the utilities for importing raw data from vari-
ous external source (i.e. xyz soundings, xyz contours, MIKE 21 / MIKE 3
formatted data), or to manually create data by using the built-in drawing
tools. To aid the process of manually drawing data and for presentation,
graphical background images such as maps can be imported and overlaid
with the bathymetry data.

Figure 14.1 Example of import of raw data into a Bathymetry Editor workspace.

Various interpolation options are available to you to provide the best pos-
sible method for your type of data. When the bathymetry has been pre-

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 Scientific Background

pared, you can use the export utilities to output bathmetry data in various
formats.

14.2 Interpolation techniques

Before the interpolation starts an empty bathymetry is created. This means
that it contains only delete values. The interpolation of a bathymetry is
done in 3 steps:

z Finding the grid cells that have a centre inside the land polygons iden-
tifies all the land points. This is known as Land Generation.
z The grid cells that aren’t land points needs to be assigned a depth. The
grid is used for sorting the data (loose points, contour points and poly-
gon vertices). All points used for the interpolation are distributed into
optional lookup-tables for each grid cell. This enables a much more
efficient search instead of something which is proportional to number
of horizontal grid cells times number of vertical grid cells times
number of raw data points.
z Only grid cells defining land have been assigned an elevation (z-
value). Each of the remaining points need to be assigned. The raw data
points are used for this interpolation. This is the Gap Filling process.

Figure 14.2 The three phases in interpolation procedure.

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Land Generation

14.3 Land Generation

Land generation is based on an input data set that consists of any number
of land polygons.

14.3.1 Polygon fill

The polygon fill algorithm defines a set of scan lines aligned with the bot-
tom of the bathymetry. There is a scan line defined for each k-grid cell.
For each scan line the list of polygons is searched and points inside these
polygons are marked as land points according to the algorithm described
on the two figures below. This by far the most efficient algorithm for iden-
tifying cells inside polygons.

Figure 14.3 Polygon Sweep-Line Algoritm

14.3.2 Extensive
The extensive method for computing land points loops over the total
number of grid points in a bathymetry and check versus inside/outside
boundaries of the polygon. This is significantly more time consuming than
the "Polygon fill"-algorithm.

14.4 Box Grouping

Group by Cell Index
All raw data points are attached to the grid cell that they are located in. By
doing this it is very easy to search through the raw data points and identi-
fying the points located close to the grid point.

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 Scientific Background

14.5 Gap Filling

The gap filling is based on the concept that we have to calculate the depth
in the point (xc, yc). We define this as the function zc = f(xc, yc). If we
place our self in this point, we can divide the world up into four quadrants
Q1 - Q4. From here it’s a matter of finding some points from the raw data
set relatively close to this point. The search radius for all possible tech-
niques can be entered - in grid cell distance. Points outside this distance
will never be taken into account.

Figure 14.4 Definition of quadrants

14.5.1 Bilinear Interpolation

This technique finds four points from the raw data set - one in each quad-
rant. The search is done in the following way. A mask of relative indices is
created. The cells in this mask are sorted according to the distance. For the
quadrant Q1 the cells are sorted in the following way, the grid point it self
being excluded.

Figure 14.5 Illustration of the neighbouring grid cells being sorted

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Gap Filling

Note that the grid cells with a crosshatch pattern contain raw data points.
When the closest raw data point in each quadrant is found, we have four
points that form a quadrangle. This quadrangle contains the centre point,
where we want to calculate the z-value. This is illustrated on Figure 14.6.

Figure 14.6 Illustration of the closest raw data points in each quadrant.

Note that each grid cell might contain more raw data points. If this is the
case, the closest of these is chosen. We now have an irregular quadrangle,
where the elevation is defined in each vertex. We need to compute the ele-
vation in (xc, yc). If we transform our quadrangle into a square, we can
perform bilinear interpolation. This is illustrated on Figure 14.7.

Figure 14.7 Illustration of bilinear interpolation.

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 Scientific Background

First the interpolation requires the transformation from quadrangle to a

normalized square. This is done in the by computing 8 coefficients in the
following way:

A1 = x0
A2 = y0
B1 = x1 – x0
B2 = y1 – y0
(14.1)
C1 = x3 – x0
C2 = y3 – y0
D1 = x2 – x1 + x0 – x3
D2 = y2 – y1 + y0 – y3

Mapping the coordinates (xc, yc) to the normalized square (dx, dy) is done
by solving equation (14.2).

2
ax + bx + c = 0 (14.2)

where the coefficients are

a = D1 B2 – D2 B1
b = D2 xc – D1 yc – D2 A1 + D1 A2 + C1 B2 – C2 B1 (14.3)
b = C2 xc – C1 yc + C1 A2 – C2 A1

Solving equation (14.2) gives us dx.

2
– b ± b – 4ac
dx = ----------------------------------- (14.4)
2a

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Gap Filling

where 0 ≤ dx ≤ 1 is used to choose the correct root. dy can now be com-

puted in two ways:

x c – A 1 – B 1 dx
dy = ----------------------------------- (14.5)
C 1 – D 1 dx

or

x c – A 2 – B 2 dx
dy = ----------------------------------- (14.6)
C 2 – D 2 dx

Choosing between (14.5) and (14.6) is done in such a way, that division by
zero is avoided. (xc, yc) has been mapped to (dx, dy). The task was to com-
pute the elevation in the point (xc, yc) and this is done in the following way
using regular bilinear interpolation:

z c = ( 1 – dx ) ( 1 – dy ) z 2 + dx ( 1 – dy ) z 3 + ( 1 – dx )dy z 1 + dxdy z 0 (14.7)

If less than four points are found (if one or more quadrants are empty), the
double linear interpolation is replaced with reverse distance interpolation
(RDI). This is done according to the following scheme:

1
w i = ------------------------------------------------------- (14.8)
( xi – xc ) 2 + ( yi – yc ) 2

N
ws = ∑ wi (14.9)
i=1

N
1
z c = ----- ∑ w i z i (14.10)
ws
i=1

The method works fairly efficiently, but it has one drawback. The quad-
rant search is heavily dependent on the orientation of the bathymetry. If
the bathymetry is rotated 45 degrees 4 completely different points might
be used for the interpolation. For this reason there is also a Triangular

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 Scientific Background

interpolation method, which can be used, and this method should be direc-
tion independent.

14.5.2 Triangular Interpolation

As mentioned previously the ‘Bilinear Interpolation’ is dependent on the
orientation of the bathymetry. The ‘Triangular Interpolation’ is made as an
answer to this problem. First the closest point to (xc, yc) is found. The fol-
lowing figure shows this:

Figure 14.8 Illustration of triangular interpolation

In this example the point (x0, y0, z0) is the closest point. When this point is
identified, two quadrants are identified – indicated by the light grey and
the dark grey areas. The closest point in these two quadrants are then
found. They can be seen on the figure as (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2). The
interpolation is then done in two steps. First the coefficients describing the
plane defined by the 3 found points are computed:

–( y1 – y0 ) ( z2 – z0 ) + ( y2 – y0 ) ( z1 – z0 )
A = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
( x1 – x0 ) ( y2 – y0 ) – ( x2 – x0 ) ( y1 – y0 )
( x1 – x0 ) ( z2 – z0 ) + ( x2 – x0 ) ( z1 – z0 ) (14.11)
B = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
( x1 – x0 ) ( y2 – y0 ) – ( x2 – x0 ) ( y1 – y0 )
C = z 0 – Ax 0 – By 0

And secondly the actual interpolation is done:

z c = Ax c + By c + C (14.12)

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Gap Filling

If less than 3 points are found, reverse distance interpolation (RDI) is

used. The triangular interpolation is more time consuming due to the more
complex direction independent search, but better end results should be
achieved with this method.

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 Scientific Background

150 MIKE Zero

MESH GENERATOR

151
152 MIKE Zero
15 INTRODUCTION
The Mesh Generator provides a work environment for creating detailed
digital mesh for use in the MIKE Zero flexible mesh (FM) models.

Providing these new generation models with a suitable mesh is essential

for obtaining reliable results from the model simulations. MIKE Zero
offers the MIKE 21 Flow Model FM, MIKE 3 Flow Model FM and MIKE
21 Spectral Wave Model FM, which all are based on a flexible mesh.

Figure 15.1 Land/Water boundary for a domain covering the Planet Earth

Setting up a mesh includes appropriate selection of the area to be mod-

elled, adequate resolution of the bathymetry, flow, wind and wave fields
under consideration and definition of codes for open and land boundaries.
Furthermore, the resolution in the geographical space must also be
selected with respect to stability considerations.

You generate a mesh file with the MIKE Zero Mesh Generator. The mesh
file is an ASCII file (.mesh extension) that includes information of the
geographical position and water depth at each node point in the mesh. The
file also includes information about the node connectivity of the triangular
elements. All the specifications for generating the mesh file are saved in a
Mesh Definition File (.mdf extension), which can be modified and re-
used.

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 Introduction

The Mesh Generator includes utilities for importing raw data from various
external sources (e.g. XYZ soundings, XYZ contours, MIKE 21
bathymetries, MIKE C-MAP exported data), or to manually create data by
using the built-in drawing tools. You can import background images such
as maps in the Mesh Generator and use them when editing data or for e.g.
enhancing presentation graphics.

15.1 Concepts
Your work with the Mesh Generator revolves around inserting and defin-
ing nodes, vertices, arcs and polygons. It is therefore important that you
understand the meaning of these concepts.

z A node defines the start and end point of an arc. A closed arc will only
have one node while an open arc will have two nodes.
z A vertex is an internal point along an arc.
z An arc is a number of line segments composed of zero or more vertices
and one or two nodes.
z A polygon is a closed loop composed of one closed arc, or two or more
open arcs. A polygon is not explicitly defined by the user - it is auto-
matically generated when closing an arc or a set of arcs. A polygon can
(but not necessarily) be assigned to be a 'zone', which can be given a
name. By defining a zone, the polygon can be included or excluded
(e.g. representing an island) from the domain. Basically, your work
with the Mesh Generator should end up with the definition of one large
polygon that defines the domain and a number of smaller polygons
defining land areas within the domain area.

Figure 15.2 illustrates the concepts.

154 MIKE Zero

Concepts

Figure 15.2 Concepts in Mesh Generator

Note: The terms domain area and workspace area refer to the areas that
are to be modelled with one of the FM models and the area in which you
are working within the Mesh Generator, respectively. The domain area is a
subset of the workspace area.

Your work with the Mesh Generator comes in three phases:

1 Definition of the model boundaries - closed boundaries (land-water)

and open boundaries (see Boundary Definitions). You define the
boundaries by importing land-water boundary files or by drawing arcs
in the workspace area.
2 When you are satisfied with the model boundary, you generate a depth-
independent mesh. You can control the mesh generation by defining a
maximum triangle area, maximum skewness of the triangles and a
maximum number of generated mesh points.
3 In the last phase you refine the mesh by scaling the element areas
according to the water depth at the element center point. This requires
the import of water depth information. You can define different poly-
gons within the workspace area and refine the mesh within the areas
independently of each other.

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 Introduction

15.2 Boundary Definitions

You distinguish between closed and open boundaries through the point
attribute parameter. For each node in the grid you shall specify an attribute
value. You do this by selecting the node (or nodes), right-clicking and
selecting properties. From the Point Properties dialog box you can enter
the node attribute value, see Figure 15.3.

Figure 15.3 Defining node attribute value

The numeric value of the attribute field (the field labeled ‘a’ on the dialog)
is not important. The value is used to distinguish between the different
open boundaries in the mesh. Later when you apply the generated mesh in
a model setup, you will be asked to associate each open boundary defined
in the mesh with a boundary condition. You shall use a value of ‘1’ for all
closed (i.e. land-water) boundaries in the mesh.

Note: Per default the Mesh Generator assumes that all boundaries are land
boundaries when generating the mesh. I.e. you only have to specify
attribute values for open boundaries.

Hint: you can select an arc and specify an arc attribute value, which then
will be used as attribute for all points (vertices and nodes) along the arc.

156 MIKE Zero

Introduction

16 GETTING STARTED

16.1 Introduction
This chapter offers a brief introduction to mesh generation with the Mesh
Generator. The following example guides you through the setup of a mesh
for Funningsfjord - a fjord on the Faeroe Islands.

The example consists of the following steps:

Step 1 - Create a New Mesh Generator Workspace

Step 2 - Import Model Boundaries

Step 3 - Editing the Land Boundary

Step 4 - Specification of Boundaries

Step 5 - Mesh Generation

Step 6 - Smooth the Land Boundary

Step 7 - Interpolation of a Bathymetry to the Mesh

Step 8 - Smoothing the Mesh

Step 9 - Using Polygons to Control the Node Density

16.2 Data Location

The data files used in the example are – in a default installation - located
in the

c:\Program Files\MIKEZero\Examples\MIKE_Zero\MeshEdit directory.

16.3 Step 1 - Create a New Mesh Generator Workspace

From the MIKE Zero File menu select New and then Mesh Generator.
You must specify the projection of your coming mesh, before the Mesh
Generator can create a workspace for you to work with.

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 Getting Started

The Mesh Generator starts by prompting you for a map projection as

shown in Figure 16.1.

Figure 16.1 Workspace projection

Note: If you want your projection in UTM coordinates, you must also
specify a UTM zone. See the Reference Guide for how to choose a UTM
zone.

Please specify UTM as projection and 30 as UTM zone.

The Mesh Generator then creates a workspace and you are ready to initiate
with the mesh creation process.

16.4 Step 2 - Import Model Boundaries

Model boundaries consist of two types:

z The boundary(ies) between land and water, the Mesh Generator – and
the simulation models using the mesh generated by the Mesh Genera-
tor. These boundaries are named land boundaries.
z The boundary(ies) where you expose boundary conditions (water level,
flux variations or wave spectra) when preparing a model simulation.
These boundaries are named open boundaries.

The easiest way to define model boundaries is by using the MIKE C-MAP
tool. MIKE C-MAP is a global database with water depth and land-water
boundaries. You can zoom to a specific area in MIKE C-MAP and export
land-water boundaries and water depth values for use with the Mesh Gen-
erator.

With the sample, two data files have been exported from MIKE C-MAP:

z land.xyz defining land boundaries

158 MIKE Zero

Step 2 - Import Model Boundaries

z water.xyz giving water depth at a number of points within the area

The area from where data has been extracted is shown in Figure 16.2.

Figure 16.2 Funning Fjord

From the Data menu please select the Import Boundary… menu item and
browse to the land.xyz file. After having selected the land.xyz file, you
will be presented with a Boundary Attribute dialog as shown in
Figure 16.3.

Figure 16.3 Boundary Properties

Mesh Generator 159

 Getting Started

In this menu you shall specify the layout of the land.xyz file, the projec-
tion of the data and how to interpret the data. The Reference Guide pro-
vides details on import formats.

Please specify the values as shown in Figure 16.3.

Note: The projection here is specified as LONG/LAT meaning that the

data in the land.xyz file are in longitude and latitude. The Mesh Generator
will convert the longitudes and latitudes to easting and northing coordi-
nates in the UTM-30 projection.

The Mesh Generator reads the data file and updates the workspace as
shown in Figure 16.4.

Figure 16.4 Imported Boundary Data

It is only the area in fjord itself that shall be modelled, i.e. the Mesh Gen-
erator shall only generate a mesh within the fjord. From Figure 16.4 it can
be seen that the area to be modelled consists of:

z One open model boundary at the north-east corner of the model area
z Land boundaries along the west and east part of the fjord

The next step involves cleaning the workspace for unnecessary land-water
boundary points.

160 MIKE Zero

Step 3 - Editing the Land Boundary

16.5 Step 3 - Editing the Land Boundary

During this step you shall remove all points that are located outside the
model area as depicted in Figure 16.4.

Please start by deleting the points and arcs from the left part of the work-
space. You select the Delete button (the eraser) in the toolbar and click on
the points and arcs in the left part of the window. This is illustrated below
in Figure 16.5.

Figure 16.5 Delete points and arcs

You can delete multiple objects quickly by outlining a rectangle. Try to

remove the points and arcs in the upper right corner as follows: Select the
Delete button in the editing toolbar, press the left button and drag the
mouse over the point in the upper right corner. When the button is released
all points and arcs inside the rectangle are removed.

It is also possible to delete points by enclosing them within a polygon and

pressing the Delete key on the keyboard.

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 Getting Started

Please try the following:

1 From the editing toolbar select the Select Point function

2 Right click the mouse to display the workspace context menu and
select Inside Polygon
3 Add corners to the polygon by left clicking the mouse. Make a polygon
around the line of land in the upper left corner of the window
4 Finish the polygon by double left clicking the mouse
5 Press the Delete key on the keyboard and all points within the polygon
are deleted
This course of action is illustrated in Figure 16.6.

Figure 16.6 Polygon selection

You should end up with a land boundary as shown in Figure 16.7. Please
note the following in the figure:

162 MIKE Zero

Step 3 - Editing the Land Boundary

z The land boundary as shown in Figure 16.6 consists of one open arc
(with two nodes). This has been achieved by converting all land nodes
to vertices. During this process make sure that possible holes in the
land boundary are closed - depending on how you have cleaned the
workspace you might have to close holes.
z A new arc closing the fjord has been drawn at the upper right corner of
the model area. This new open boundary arc uses the same nodes as the
land boundary arc. To draw this arc, select the Draw Arc tool and click
on the 2 nodes at the entrance of the fjord. This open boundary arc is
necessary in order to:

1Define an open boundary where boundary conditions can be imposed

2Close the domain area, by forming a polygon. This allows the area to
be triangulated, as only closed areas (polygons) can be triangulated

Figure 16.7 Final land boundary

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 Getting Started

16.6 Step 4 - Specification of Boundaries

It is important to distinguish between land and open boundaries. As
explained in Step 3 - Editing the Land Boundary, the domain area as
depicted in Figure 16.4 has both a land and an open boundary. By default
the Mesh Generator assumes that all boundaries are of type land. You will
have to specify that the boundary at the upper right corner is an open
boundary.

Please select the Select Arc function in the editing toolbar and select the
Open Boundary Arc. Right click and select properties. In the dialog box
please specify the arc attribute as 2. This is an indication to the model sim-
ulation program that this is an open boundary.

Note: Arcs - and node attributes - are per default 0. During export of a
generated mesh, all arc and node attributes with a value of 0 are converted
to 1. An attribute value of 1 indicates land. You shall therefore always use
a value of 2 or higher as attribute value. Use the same attribute value for
boundary nodes and arcs that shall be exposed to the same boundary con-
ditions.

16.7 Step 5 - Mesh Generation

You are now ready to generate a mesh.

From the Mesh menu please select the Triangulate… menu item. The Tri-
angulation dialog appears. From this dialog select Options and you will be
presented with a dialog box from where you can specify a number of
parameters governing the mesh generation process. Please specify the val-
ues as shown below in Figure 16.8.

164 MIKE Zero

Step 5 - Mesh Generation

Figure 16.8 Triangulation

Click Triangulate and then Generate. The Mesh Generator now calculates
and draws a mesh as shown in Figure 16.9.

Figure 16.9 Generated mesh

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 Getting Started

16.8 Step 6 - Smooth the Land Boundary

If the generated triangles appear unsatisfactorily - e.g. being too small
close to land - you have different options. One option is to smooth the land
boundary.

Please delete the mesh by selecting the Mesh menu and then the Delete
Mesh menu item. Thereafter select the Land Boundary Arc and right-click
the mouse and select Redistribute vertices. You are presented with a dia-
log box as shown in Figure 16.10.

Figure 16.10 Redistribute vertices

Please specify the values as shown in Figure 16.10 and press OK.

Note: You should always try with a preview before accepting the redistri-
bution. With very complex geometries, the redistribution can fail with an
unusable land boundary as result.

The new land boundary should be as shown in Figure 16.11. As you can
see, the land boundary appears much smoother.

166 MIKE Zero

Step 6 - Smooth the Land Boundary

Figure 16.11 Land boundary after redistribution

A triangulation with the new land boundary results in a mesh generation

as depicted in Figure 16.12.

Note: The points are placed much more regular along the boundary line
than what was the case with the “raw” boundary line as shown in
Figure 16.9.

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 Getting Started

Figure 16.12 Triangulation after redistribution of the land boundary

16.9 Step 7 - Interpolation of a Bathymetry to the Mesh

You can refine a mesh in order to correlate the areas of the generated trian-
gles to the water depth. Typically you will want to have smaller triangles
in shallower areas than in deeper areas.

Please do the following:

1 Delete the mesh

2 Insert a Polygon marker in the fjord by using the Insert Polygon tool in
the editing toolbar. Select the marker using the Select Polygon tool,

168 MIKE Zero

Step 7 - Interpolation of a Bathymetry to the Mesh

right click and select Properties. Use the tick box to ensure that the
zone is included in the Triangulation
3 Generate a mesh - in the Mesh menu select the Triangulate… menu
item

Before you can interpolate the Z-values at the mesh nodes, you must
import scatter data to interpolate from. You import scatter data from the
Import Scatter Data… menu item in the Data menu.

Please select the water.xyz file and specify LONG/LAT as projection.

After importing the data your display should look as shown in
Figure 16.13.

Figure 16.13 Scatter data view

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 Getting Started

You can now interpolate the imported scatter data to the mesh nodes.
Select the Interpolate… menu item in the Mesh menu. Accept the default
values and select Interpolate. After the interpolation has finished, click the
Close button and the depth interpolated mesh is displayed as a contour
plot. See Figure 16.14 for the result.

Figure 16.14 Contoured map

You can now refine the mesh in order to take the water depth into consid-
eration. In the Mesh menu select the Refine mesh… menu item, accept the
default values and click the Refine button. A subset of the refined mesh is
shown in Figure 16.15.

170 MIKE Zero

Step 8 - Smoothing the Mesh

Figure 16.15 Refined mesh

You should be able to notice that the areas of the triangles are smaller
close to land than out in the middle of the fjord.

16.10 Step 8 - Smoothing the Mesh

Often you will have to ensure that the variation with respect to area and
skewness between neighbouring triangles are kept as small as possible, i.e.
creating smooth transitions between different areas in the mesh.

Please select the Smooth mesh… menu item in the Mesh menu and spec-
ify 10 as the number of iterations.

In Figure 16.16 you can see the effect of smoothing the mesh.

Figure 16.16 Effect of smoothing

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 Getting Started

16.11 Step 9 - Using Polygons to Control the Node Density

Frequently you will need to have a finer resolution in some parts of your
model area than in other parts. You can to a certain degree achieve this by
refining the mesh relative to the water depth as shown in Step 7 - Interpo-
lation of a Bathymetry to the Mesh.

Another way to achieve this is by dividing the model area in different

zones - or polygon areas - and defines different maximum element areas
for each zone. This method gives you more control of the mesh generation
than refining a mesh relative to the water depth.

In the present example you would probably like to have the inner part of
the fjord resolved with smaller elements than the outer part.

Please delete the mesh by selecting the Mesh menu and the Delete Mesh.
Thereafter you should divide the model area into two zones - an inner and
an outer zone. You do this by converting two vertices half-way up the
fjord - one at each side of the fjord - to nodes by right-clicking the vertex
and select Vertices to Nodes. You can then draw an arc between the two
nodes and thus divide the model area into two zones. This is illustrated in
Figure 16.17.

Figure 16.17 Dividing an area into zones

Note: In Figure 16.17 a number of vertices have been placed between the
two nodes. The mesh generation algorithm will use these vertices when
generating the mesh. In this way, You can control the layout of the meshes
close to the borderline between the two zones.

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Step 9 - Using Polygons to Control the Node Density

You place a polygon marker in the two zones by clicking the Insert Poly-
gon button in the toolbar and then click first in the outer and then in the
inner zone. This is shown below in Figure 16.18.

Figure 16.18 Placing polygon markers

You now have to select the zones and define the maximum element area.
Please, click the Select Polygon button in the toolbar, select the inner pol-
ygon marker and right-click and select properties. You will be presented
with a dialog box as shown in Figure 16.19.

Figure 16.19 Polygon Properties

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 Getting Started

Make sure that the Exclude from Triangulation check-box is cleared and
then specify that the triangulation algorithm shall use a local maximum
element size of 5000. Do the same for the outer area and specify 15000 as
local maximum element size.

You are now ready to make the triangulation. In the Mesh menu, select the
Triangulate… menu item. The result is shown in Figure 16.20.

Figure 16.20 Triangulation using two zones with different maximum element
areas

From Figure 16.20 it is clearly seen that the mesh elements now are
smaller in the inner part of the fjord than in the outer part.

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17 REFERENCE GUIDE
The following describes the main functions that are available to you from
the menubar.

17.1 File Menu

The Mesh Generator provides you a with work environment for creating,
editing and presenting detailed digital flexible meshes.

17.1.1 File/New Menu

You use the New menu item in the File menu to create a new mesh docu-
ment, i.e. mesh definition file. The only information you initially must
specify is the geographical projection of the mesh.

17.1.2 File/Open Menu

You use the Open menu item in the File menu to open an existing mesh
document file. All mesh documents have a .mdf as file extension.

17.2 Edit Menu

The edit menu provides options for undoing and redoing previous made
changes to the mesh document, for selecting and deleting points and for
setting different global Mesh Generator options. Global options are
options that cover all editing sessions with the Mesh Generator.

17.2.1 Edit/Undo
You use the Undo menu item to undo the last change made to the mesh
document. All changes made during an edit session are recorded and can
be undone. However, you can define a limit for the number of changes to
record from the Options menu item in the Edit menu.

You can use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl-Z to activate the undo function.

17.2.2 Redo/Undo
You use the Redo menu item to redo an undo action. If you have undone
too many changes you can come back to a previous state by using the redo
function.

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Note: The redo stack is cleared the first time you make direct changes to a
mesh definition, e.g. inserting new nodes.

You can use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl-Y to activate the redo function.

17.2.3 Delete
You use the Delete menu item to delete all selected features, e.g. nodes or
arcs.

You can use the keyboard shortcut Delete to activate the delete function

17.2.4 Options
You use the Options… menu item to set different Mesh Generator global
options, i.e. options that take effect in all Mesh Generator editing sessions.

You can:

z Specify the Undo Level

z Specify a Colour Ramp

Undo Level
The undo level specifies how many changes the Mesh Generator should
record and make available for undoing. If you are working with a very
large setup that requires a lot of memory, you could lower the level and in
this way reduce the memory needed for holding the undo buffers.

Colour Ramp
The colour ramp specifies how to colour scatter data and bathymetry con-
tours. You can also define the size of the points representing the scatter
data.

17.3 View Menu

The View menu provides functionality for overlaying the workspace area
with geographical information, for zooming in the data, for adding toolbar
views and status bar.

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17.3.1 Coordinate Overlays

This menu item makes it possible to overlay the workspace area with a
geographical net showing the latitudes and longitudes and a North arrow.

17.3.2 Zoom facilities

Zoom In
The Zoom In menu item gives access to a rubber band you can use to
select a sub-area to work with. You use the rubber band to define the sub-
area. With the band present; you outline the area by pressing the left
mouse button and dragging the band. When you release the button, the
workspace area will zoom to the specified area.

Zoom Out
The Zoom out menu item resets the zoom level to the full workspace area.

Zoom to Extent of Data

The Zoom to Extent of Data menu item sets the zoom level such that all
data points are shown in the workspace area.

Go To
This menu item shows a dialog you can use to navigate in the workspace.

You can go to:

z A specific coordinate
z A specific node in a generated mesh
z A specific element in a generated mesh
z The largest or smallest element in a generated mesh
z The deepest or most shallow located node in a generated mesh

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The dialog also allows you to zoom in on the specified point. Setting the
zoom level to a value higher than 100 implies zooming in on a point, and
values less that 100 correspond to zooming out.

17.3.3 View Scatter Data

This menu item toggles visualization of scatter data. Drawing large
amount of scatter data can be time consuming, why toggling scatter data
visualization off can improve the responsiveness of the Mesh Generator.

Note: The menu item is only active if scatter data has been imported.

17.3.4 View Colour Legend

This menu item toggles between showing and hiding a colour legend. The
colour legend visualizes the colour ramp used when drawing scatter data
points and contour maps of the interpolated bathymetry.

Note: The menu item is only accessible when either scatter data has been
imported or a bathymetry has been interpolated to the mesh.

17.3.5 View Mesh Element Numbers

This menu item toggles between drawing mesh element numbers in each
generated mesh element.

Note: The menu item is only accessible after a mesh has been generated.

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17.3.6 View Mesh Node Numbers

This menu item toggles between drawing node numbers at each generated
mesh node.

Note: The menu item is only accessible after a mesh has been generated.

17.3.7 Fixed Aspect Ratio

With the Fixed Aspect Ratio menu item enabled, the workspace area will
be drawn using the same scale in both the X- and Y-directions. If you clear
the Fixed Aspect Ratio menu item, the workspace area will fill the entire
editor window.

17.3.8 Double Buffer

Double buffer redraw is a technique where you draw into a bitmap and
then copy the bitmap to the display. It gives you a much faster refresh rate
of the display, but at the cost of reduced available system memory.

17.3.9 Export Graphics

With the Export Graphics menu item you can copy the workspace area as
an image to the clipboard or directly save it in a file as either a bitmap or
as a Windows metafile.

This is mainly to be used when preparing presentations or for importing

illustrations in reports.

17.3.10 Toolbar
The Toolbar menu item gives access to a toolbar selection dialog.

Note: You cannot deselect the Mesh Generator specific toolbars

17.3.11 Status Bar

The Status bar menu item toggles between showing and hiding the MIKE
Zero status bar.

17.4 Data Menu

The Data menu provides functionality for importing, exporting and con-
verting data.

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17.4.1 Import Boundary

The Import Boundary menu lets you import an XYZ file defining the land-
water boundary. After having selected the file with the boundary informa-
tion, you have to specify additional information for the editor to correctly
interpret the XYZ data.

You need to specify:

1 The layout of the XYZ data

The data in the file must be formatted as ASCII text in three or four
columns with the two first columns giving the X-and Y-coordinates of
the points. The remaining one or two columns shall include connectiv-
ity information and - optionally - a Z-coordinate defining the water
depth at the point. The connectivity column is used to define arcs. All
points along an arc - except the last point - shall have a connectivity
value of 1 and the last point shall have a connectivity value of 0.

2 The projection of the data

If the data has a different projection than the workspace area, the data
values will be converted to the projection used with the workspace
area.

3 How to convert the point values to arcs

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You can choose to connect all points to one arc, i.e. omitting the con-
nectivity column in the data, or to use the connectivity information and
draw multiple arcs. Finally, you can specify a minimum length of arcs
(measured in number of points). The latter can for example be used to
exclude small islands from the mesh.

By selecting the Data Info button you can view the statistics of the XYZ
file and the minimum and maximum values of the columns.

Note: When importing boundary data, the Mesh Generator assumes that
all closed arcs with a horizontal and vertical extent less than 20 per cent of
the full data range represents islands. Such islands will not be included in
the triangulation. You can - if needed - later change the status of such
automatically detected islands.

17.4.2 Export Boundary

The Export Boundary menu gives you the option of exporting selected
point and/or arcs to an XYZ file. This can be used to e.g. manipulate the
data in ways that presently is not possible with the Mesh Generator.

17.4.3 Clean
When importing boundary data you might come in a situation where either
some points are placed very close to each other or points are defined more
than once (double-defined). The triangulation algorithm cannot triangulate
areas with double-points and generates strange meshes with points located
very near each other.

With the Clean menu you have the possibility of removing nodes located
near each other. You specify a minimum distance between nodes. All
nodes with a distance less than the specified threshold value will be
removed.

Note: The algorithm can only remove nodes - and not vertices - located
near each other. In case your data contains two or more vertices - or a node
and a vertex - placed near each other, you will have to manually resolve
the problem. Zoom to the point and move or remove points in order to
solve the problem. The triangulation algorithm will - in case of double
points - abort the triangulation calculation and report the location of the
double points.

17.4.4 Convert Nodes to Vertices

With this menu item you can convert selected nodes to vertices.

Note: Changing a node to a vertex results in merging two arcs into one
arc. You cannot convert a node representing a single arc to a vertex.

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17.4.5 Convert Vertices to Nodes

With this menu item you can convert selected vertices to nodes.

Note: Changing a vertex to a node results in splitting a single arc into two
smaller arcs.

17.4.6 Redistribute Vertices

This menu item provides you with a dialog you can use to redistribute the
vertices along selected arcs, e.g. ensuring that all vertices are place with at
constant distance apart.

You can redistribute the vertices along the selected arc(s) in three different
ways:

z You can specify the number of vertices along the arc(s)

z You can specify the distance between the vertices along the arc(s)
z You can divide each segment along the arc(s) in a specified number of
segments

The selected arcs are curve-fitted following a spline curve. You can spec-
ify the spline factor. A smaller spline factor leads to a smoother curve, but
at the cost of moving points.

Note: This menu item is only accessible after you graphically have
selected one or more arcs.

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17.4.7 Import Scatter Data

The Import Scatter Data menu item gives to a dialog from where you can
manage your scatter data. Scatter data is used to interpolate bathymetry
values to the mesh elements.

You can use the following type of files as scatter data:

z XYZ files, ASCII files organised in three columns – X,Y coordinates

and the bathymetry value (Z)
z DFS2 files, DHI 2D data files containing bathymetries
z DFSU files, DHI flexible mesh files
z Mesh files, files exported from the Mesh Generator with a mesh defini-
tion and bathymetry value

You can also from the dialog convert imported scatter data to nodes and
arcs.

17.4.8 Reduce Scatter Data Set

The Reduce Scatter Data Set menu item displays a dialog that allows you
to reduce the number of scatter data points. This can be useful in order to
reduce the time it takes to interpolate a bathymetry to a generated mesh.

If the scatter data you have imported has a much finer resolution than the
area of mesh element, it is often advantageous to reduce the amount of
scatter data.

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The Mesh Generator offers three different algorithms for reducing the
amount of scatter data:

1 You can reduce the number of scatter points by defining a maximum

number of scatter points per mesh element.
This algorithm scans all scatter points and associates them to the mesh
elements. You can specify a maximum number of points per element to
retain. You also specify a threshold value for the number of points to
retain per pseudo-element outside the convex hull – the outer domain
of the mesh area. The pseudo-element is taken as an element with an
area corresponding to the largest true element.

2 You can reduce the number of scatter data based by defining a maxi-
mum number of points per square unit
This algorithm divides the area in a number of equally sized squares
and retains only the first number of specified points per square.

3 You can reduce the number of scatter data based on the proximity of
scatter points.
This algorithm scans all scatter point and detects and removes all
points located within the specified distance from the actual point.

Note: When you reduce a scatter data set you have to save the reduced
scatter data set to a new file. The new file will be written as an XYZ file.

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Hint: You can also reduce the number of scatter data points by using
Select Scatter point toolbar function. In this way you can vary the reduc-
tion factor over the mesh area.

17.5 Mesh Menu

The Mesh menu provides functionality for generating and exporting a
mesh.

17.5.1 Triangulate
You use the Triangulate menu item to generate a triangular mesh of the
area. There are a certain number of rules to follow in order to secure a suc-
cessful mesh generation:

z At least three points are required for starting the generation

z Mesh generation is only performed within polygons - a polygon is
implicitly made of one or more arcs. In order to generate a mesh for a
coastal area, you will therefore have to have one polygon covering the
full area to be modelled.
z The mesh algorithm cannot handle double-defined points. You will
have to remove all double-points before a mesh can be generated. You
can either remove double-points through the Clean menu item in the
Data menu or by editing the points

The Triangulate menu leads to a Triangulation dialog box from where you
can initiate the mesh generation or specify a number options controlling
the mesh generation.

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Generation of the mesh is controlled through three parameters that are

specified in the Triangulation dialog.

The parameters are:

1 The maximum allowable element area measured in m^2 or deg^2

depending on the projection of the workspace area. The algorithm gen-
erally seeks to maximize the areas of the elements
2 The smallest allowable angle between two sides in a triangle. This
parameter controls the skewness of the triangles
3 The maximum number of generated nodes

After the mesh has been calculated the Triangulation dialog will report the
number of elements and nodes that have been generated.

17.5.2 Smooth Mesh

The Smooth Mesh menu item can be used to smooth a generated mesh.
Smoothing a mesh means that the differences with respective to area and
angles between neighbouring elements are reduced, i.e. the elements are
homogenised.

17.5.3 Interpolate
The Interpolate menu item is used for interpolation of a scatter data field
to the mesh nodes. Typically, the scatter field represents the bathymetry in
the area; but could also be other types of spatial data.

Note: In order to perform an interpolation you have to have imported

some scatter data to interpolate from. You import scatter data from the
Import Scatter Data menu item in the Data menu.

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You can select between two different algorithms for performing the inter-
polation:

z Natural Neighbour interpolation

The Natural Neighbour method - which is particularly effective for
dealing with a variety of spatial data themes exhibiting clustered or
highly linear distributions - is a geometric estimation technique that
uses natural neighbourhood regions generated around each point in the
data set. The natural neighbourhood regions are determined by creating
a triangulated irregular network from the scatter data points.

With the Natural Neighbour method four additional points can option-
ally be used in the interpolation. The position of the four points can be
controlled through the Size of bounding window parameter. The points
will be placed at the lower left, upper left, lower right and upper right
corner of the workspace area, respectively. The parameter specifies the
distance from the four points to the data extent area. The water depth
value at the four points will be defined as the extrapolation value.

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You can specify a node value to be used in situations where the Mesh
Generator needs to extrapolate in order to calculate the water depth at a
node value.

z Linear interpolation
The linear method uses a mesh generated from the scatter points when
doing the interpolation. For each point to be interpolated a surrounding
triangle is determined and a linear interpolation based on the node val-
ues is made.

You can specify a node value to be used in situations where the Mesh
Generator needs to extrapolate in order to calculate the water depth at a
node value.

If you have a very dense set of scatter data points, you can dramatically
decrease the interpolation time by simply assigning the node value from
the closest located scatter point. You do this by clicking the Set value from
scatter data check box – you should at the same time set a reasonably max-
imum search distance. Points assigned a value in this way will not be
included in the proper interpolation.

17.5.4 Refine Mesh

You can refine a mesh in order to take the water depth into account when
generating a mesh. Doing so requires:

z That the workspace area has been interpolated with respect to water
depth
z That at least one zone has been defined. A zone is a polygon that can
be marked for inclusion or not in the triangulation. You define a zone
by placing a zone marker within a polygon and marking the zone (right
click the zone point and select properties) for taking part in triangula-
tion or not. You can give the zone a name for easier identification

Note: A polygon is a closed loop composed of one closed arc, or two or

more open arcs. A polygon is not explicitly defined by the user. It is auto-
matically generated when an arc, or a set of arcs, is closed. A polygon can
(but does not have to be) assigned to be a zone.

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The refinement option dialog lets you specify the correlation between ele-
ment area and water depth. You can specify both linear and non-linear by
choosing the curve (double-click on the curve and drag the generated
knot) dependency.

17.5.5 Delete Mesh

The Delete Mesh menu item deletes a generated mesh.

17.5.6 Export Mesh

You use the Export Mesh functionality to export a generated mesh to a file
for use in one of the simulation models in the FM-series.

Note: You cannot use the Mesh Generator document file (.mdf-file) with
the simulation models. You will have to export the mesh to a .mesh file in
order to use it in a model simulation.

Typically, you will export the mesh as a .mesh file - an ASCII-file defin-
ing the node positions, the element topology and the depth at the nodes.
This information defines the necessary information for the FM-simulation
models for setting up the computational grid.

You can also select to save the data as a .dfsu file. Such a file cannot be
used as a mesh-definition file with the simulation models. However, you
can use this possibility to generate e.g. bottom friction and eddy viscosity
maps for the simulation models.

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To make a .dfsu file including e.g. a bottom friction map instead of water
depth at the nodes, you do the following:

1 Generate the mesh you want to use in a simulation described herein

2 Save the document file as e.g. MyMesh.mdf through the File menu
3 Prepare a 2D grid with bottom friction values covering the model area
as either a XYZ-file or as a .dfs2-file
4 Open MyMesh.mdf in the Mesh Generator
5 Interpolate the 2D bottom friction grid to the mesh by using the Inter-
polate entry in the Mesh Generator Mesh menu
6 Export the Mesh to a .dfsu-file through the Mesh, Export Mesh menu.
You can give a descriptive name to the data you export, e.g. "Bottom
Friction"

17.5.7 Draw Mesh

This menu item toggles between displaying and hiding a generated mesh.

17.5.8 Shading
With this menu you can toggle between showing the interpolated water
depth as a contour map or as a shaded contour map. A contour map differs
from a shaded contour map by colouring a triangle according to the depth
of the centre of gravity point of the triangle. A shaded contour map is
drawn without relation to the generated mesh.

Note: You can specify the colour ramp used in the contouring from the
Options menu item in the Edit menu.

17.6 Options Menu

This menu lets you set different options with respect to projection, work-
space area, background images and various graphics parameters.

17.6.1 Projection
This menu item gives you the possibility of changing the projection of the
workspace area. If data points have been inserted in the area, they will also
be converted to the new projection.

17.6.2 Workspace
From this menu you can redefine the size of the workspace area.

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Note: you have to "Zoom Out" in order to redraw the workspace area to
the new extent.

17.6.3 Import Graphic Layers

This menu lets you import image files and use them as background in the
workspace area. You have to specify the path of the images and the posi-
tion of the images relative to the workspace area. The latter is defined by
specifying the coordinates to the image origin (lower left corner) and the
extent of the image in metres or degrees.

Note: You specify the image origin and extent by clicking the Edit button
in the Import Layers dialog.

17.6.4 Graphics Settings

The Graphics setting menu let you specify the symbol and colour for
nodes, vertices, arcs and polygons.

17.6.5 Use Attribute Palette

This menu toggles between using the attribute palette or not.

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17.7 Window Menu

This provides you the standard Windows views, and allows you to switch
between different open windows.

17.8 Other Dialogs

17.8.1 Workspace projection

Figure 17.1 Define Workspace Projection dialog

From this dialog you select the map projection you will use for the work-
space.

Note: The UTM zone number is defined as

UTM zone = integer part of ((180 + longitude)/6 + 1)

The longitude should be taken as a representative longitude for the model

area, e.g. a center point.

17.8.2 Arc Properties

You use the Arc Properties dialog to uniquely identify the boundaries in
the mesh. The mesh includes two types of boundaries:

1 Land boundary, i.e. a boundary line that separates land from water.
When you use the mesh in a simulation, the computational engine

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implicitly defines a zero velocity boundary condition perpendicular to

the arc
2 Open boundary, i.e. a boundary line where you when setting up a simu-
lation shall prescribe the boundary condition
Each boundary in your model setup corresponds to one or more consecu-
tive arcs in the mesh definition. In order for the model setup editor to dis-
tinguish between the different boundaries you have to give each boundary
in the mesh a unique number – or attribute value.

A boundary in the model equals the vertices plus the start and end node
along the arc(s) as defined in the Mesh Generator. You therefore have to
specify an attribute for both the arc itself and the start and end nodes of the
arc. I.e. as shown below.

The first and last node of an arc is defined as the positive direction of rota-
tion around the model area, i.e. counter clockwise

A node – which by definition is the start and end point of the arc – typi-
cally belongs to two arcs. This implies that you have to pay special atten-
tion to the attribute values you give the start and end nodes.

Depending on how the arcs connect to each other you shall follow on of
the following two rules.

Connection of two open boundaries

In this case you have to ensure that the end node of the arc is given the
same attribute value as the arc itself. This is illustrated below.

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Connection of an open and a closed boundary

In this case you have to ensure that the node that connects the open and
closed boundaries is given the attribute value corresponding to the
attribute value of the open boundary. This is irrespective of the node being
the first or last node along the open boundary arc. The scenario is illus-
trated below.

Note: During export of a generated mesh, all arc and node attributes with a
value of 0 are converted to 1. An attribute value of 1 indicates land. You
shall therefore always use a value of 2 or higher as attribute value. Use the
same attribute value for boundary nodes and arcs that shall be exposed to
the same boundary conditions.

17.8.3 Point Properties

You can use the Point Properties dialog to:

z Adjust the geographical coordinates of the point

z Specify a depth value at the point

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If the point is a node you can also specify an attribute value. The attribute
value is used by the simulation setup editor to distinguish between differ-
ent stretches of the open boundaries in the mesh, i.e. the stretches of the
convex hull (outer line) where you have to specify a boundary condition.

Note: During export of a generated mesh, all arc and node attributes with a
value of 0 are converted to 1. An attribute value of 1 indicates land. You
shall therefore always use a value of 2 or higher as attribute value. Use the
same attribute value for boundary nodes and arcs that shall be exposed to
the same boundary conditions.

17.8.4 Polygon Properties

You use the Polygon Properties dialog to specify how the polygon shall be
included in the triangulation.

You can specify whether the polygon shall be included in the triangulation
or not. Islands located in the inner part or the model domain shall be
defined as polygons and be excluded from triangulation.

You can also give the polygon a name for easy identification and you can
set an upper limit for the mesh elements within the polygon.

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17.8.5 Export of Boundaries

You can export one or more arcs in your mesh definition to an XYZ-file.
This can be useful if you want to manipulate the arcs with another pro-
gram like e.g. Microsoft Excel.

17.8.6 Convert Scatter Data to Boundaries

With the Convert Scatter Data to Boundaries dialog you can convert
imported scatter data to arcs or nodes.

If you convert scatter data to arcs or nodes you should normally also
remove the scatter data file from the list of inserted scatter data file.

Note: The action takes effect when you click the OK button and cannot be
reversed.

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18 TOOLBAR FUNCTIONS
The following describes the main editing functions that are available to
you from the toolbar.

18.1 Navigate toolbar

You use the Navigate toolbar to zoom and pan in the workspace area.

Icon Description Shortcut Key

Zoom on specified region in the
workspace. You define the region
by outlining it with the rubber band

Zoom to the full workspace area

Recall the previous zoom definition

Establish the next zoom definition,

effectively undo a previous zoom
action

Pan Pan can also be activated by

pressing the Enter key and
dragging the mouse

Toggles between displaying and

hiding the coordinate system grid

These functions are also available from the workspace context menu, i.e.
by right-clicking in the workspace area.

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18.2 Boundary Definition Toolbar

You use the edit functions to:

z Insert nodes, arcs and polygons

z Select points, nodes and polygons
z Move, delete or remove points

Icon Description Shortcut Key

Use this function to select nodes Left button selects node or
vertex
Ctrl + left button adds to
selection

Use this function to select an arc Left button selects arc

Ctrl + left button adds to
selection

Use this function to select a poly- Left button selects polygon

gon (i.e. a marker placed inside a marker
polygon). You can through the pol- Ctrl + left button adds to
ygon context menu define whether selection
the polygon shall be included in the
triangulation

Use this function to insert nodes Left button to insert a new

node
Ctrl + left button inserts a
new node and opens node
property window

Use this function to draw arcs Left button inserts vertex

Shift + left button inserts
end node
Shift + right button inserts
node
Esc removes last vertex

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Icon Description Shortcut Key

Use this function to insert polygons Left button inserts new pol-
(i.e. a marker placed inside a poly- ygon marker
gon) Ctrl + left button inserts new
polygon marker and opens
polygon property window

Use this function to move a point Left button moves node,

vertex or polygon marker

Use this function to delete a set of Left mouse button deletes

selected points. You can select a object (node, vertex, poly-
number of points for deletion by gon or segment of an arc)
dragging the cursor with the left
button pressed

All functions Right button opens context

menu

All functions Shift + alt + left button

moves the centre of the win-
dow

All functions Del deletes current selection

18.3 Info Toolbar

You use the info toolbar to navigate in the workspace and to measure dis-
tances..

Icon Description Shortcut Key

Use this function as a shortcut to
the Go To dialog

Use this function to measure dis-

tances in the workspace

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18.4 Scatter data Toolbar

You use the scatter data toolbar to add and delete scatter data..

Icon Description Shortcut Key

Use this function to graphically add
scatter data points

Use this function to select and

optionally reduce scatter data
points

18.4.1 Graphically Adding Scatter Data

Clicking the Add Scatter Data toolbar function opens a dialog box where
you can specify the Z-value of the added scatter points.

You add scatter points by holding down the left mouse button and moving
the mouse in the workspace area. The points are not added to the active
scatter data set – the set used for interpolation – until you have saved the
added scatter data points to an XYZ-file.

Note: You can add scatter data point to an existing XYZ-file by specifying
the existing file in the File selection field.

Note: You can dynamically change the Z-value in the dialog box. This
only affects the points added after the value has been changed.

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Scatter data Toolbar

18.4.2 Graphically Selecting Scatter Data

Clicking the Select Scatter Data toolbar button makes it possible to outline
a region in the workspace. You define the region by clicking at the corner
points of the region.

After you have defined the region you can display the region context
menu by clicking the right mouse button. The context menu gives you the
following possibilities:

z Clear selection clears the selection region

z Reduce scatter points displays a dialog where you can reduce the
number of scatter points within the region
z Properties displays a dialog showing you properties for the outlined
region

18.4.3 Scatter Data Reduction

The Scatter Data Reduction dialog makes it possible to reduce the number
of scatter data points within the outlined region.

You define reduction level, which is the number of scatter points you want
to remove from the region. The number is specified as a percentage of the
total number of scatter points within the region. Based on the reduction
level that you specify, the scatter data reduction algorithm calculates the
number of points to remove and selects the individual points in a random
manner.

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 Toolbar Functions

Before you reduce the number of scatter data points, you must have speci-
fied a file for holding the reduced scatter data set.

Note: If you have scatter data points from many different input files, they
will all be combined into one scatter data file (an XYZ file).

18.4.4 Scatter Data Properties

The Scatter Data Properties dialog displays various properties for the out-
lined region.

The properties comprise:

z The region area and centre point

z The number of scatter points within the region
z The maximum, minimum and mean depth within the region

202 MIKE Zero

DATA VIEWER

203
204 MIKE Zero
19 INTRODUCTION
The Data Viewer provides you an environment for inspecting and analyz-
ing simulation results obtained from one of the MIKE Zero flexible mesh
models. Today MIKE Zero offers the MIKE 21 Flow Model FM, MIKE 3
Flow Model FM and MIKE 21 Spectral Wave Model FM that calculates
based on a flexible mesh.

With the tool you can visualize the results as 2D contour plots or as 2D
vector field maps, extract values at one or more points and present them in
time series plot, presenting results as vertical slices and inspect the raw
values as numbers in arbitrarily selected regions. The tool provides you
numerous functions for navigating and visualizing the data - e.g. zooming
in the horizontal plane, forward and backward spooling in the time dimen-
sion and selection horizontal layers in results from the 3D MIKE 3 flow
Model FM.

Figure 19.1 Temperature results for an area covering Øresund, Denmark.

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 Introduction

Although the tool is targeting results files from the MIKE Zero FM mod-
els, it provides also some functionality for inspecting and analyzing results
obtained with the classic MIKE Zero structured mesh models, e.g. MIKE
21 HD. If you use the Data Viewer for analyzing model results obtained
with one of these models, you have to know, that the Data Viewer interpo-
late the point values in order to specify the shade color of the element.

Typically you use the Data Viewer for one of the following two reasons:

z For analyzing model results - perhaps for trying to identify possible

causes for model results or instabilities.
z For preparing model results presentations - e.g. animations of tidal
wave propagation over the model area, time series plot of current speed
in areas of particularly interests.

206 MIKE Zero

20 CONCEPTS
YourYou work with the Data Viewer starts by selecting a simulation
results file - typically a file of type .dfsu (result file from one of the FM
models). The Data Viewer also accepts files of type .dfs2 (i.e. a file with
model results from one of the MIKE Zero structured models) and of type
.mesh (a mesh definition file).

After having selected the file you want to analyze your work with the Data
Viewer revolves around the use of:

z The menu system for defining how and what you want to see from the
result file.
z The toolbars for accessing often used functionality.
z The workspace area context menu - right clicking in the main window -
provides you a shortcut for the most used functionality.
z The workspace area for specifying time series points, vertical profile
routes and node selection for viewing numeric data values.

These elements of the Data Viewer is shown below in Figure 20.1.

Although you can use the Data Viewer to modify the loaded data files, the
tool is - as the name also indicates - mainly a browser type of tool. I.e. you
will typically not change any data values.

In order for you to get the best out of your work with the Data Viewer, you
have to know a few things about MIKE Zero data files:

z A data file is organized as a collection of time steps and items.

z A time step represents data at specific points in time. A time step in a
data file represents data values at a specific point in time.
z An item represents a specific physical entity - e.g. surface elevation,
temperature etc.
z Data files can be categorized as 0-, 1-, 2- and 3-dimensional. The Data
Viewer works only with 2- and 3-dimensional files, i.e. files with data
that is addressed with 2 or 3 spatial coordinates and one time coordi-
nate.

With the Data Viewer you can navigate in the data file by going from time
step to step for visualizing e.g. the progression of a tidal wave or from
item to item for e.g. correlating tidal wave progression with e.g. salt intru-
sion.

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 Concepts

Figure 20.1 Concepts in the Data Viewer

208 MIKE Zero

Introduction

21 GETTING STARTED

21.1 Introduction
This chapter guides you through a working session with the Data Viewer.
During the session you will try-out a number of the many features the
Data Viewer provides you for analyzing and presenting results obtained
from the MIKE Zero FM models.

All of the exercises in this getting started guide uses a results file obtained
from a 3D simulation of the flow field and transportation of salt and tem-
perature in Øresund - the sound between Denmark and Sweden. The simu-
lation were originally made during a study undertaken by DHI for the
Danish and Swedish authorities in order to assess the environmental
impact of construction a link between the two countries. You can read
more about this study in the MIKE Zero Flow Model FM Getting Started
guide.

The result file used with the getting started example is located in

c:\Program Files\DHI\MIKEZero\Examples\MIKE_ZERO\DataViewer
(with a default installation).

The Getting Started example is organized in the following 6 steps:

Step 1 - Visualize salt intrusion in the model area

Step 2 - Viewing the flow field
Step 3 - Making a time series plot of the salinity concentration at two
points
Step 4 - Creating a Vertical profile of the current
Step 5 - Inspecting data values
Step 6 - Making a video animation of Salt intrusion

21.2 Step 1 - Visualize salt intrusion in the model area

During this step of the Getting Started example you visualize salt-water
intrusion from north in the model area.

Please start MIKE Zero, select File→Open. From the presented Select
data file dialog you browse to the 3D_flow.dfsu result file. After having
selected the file, the workspace area of the Data Viewer displays a contour
plot of the first data item in the file extracted at the first time step and top
layer. You should see a drawing similar to Figure 21.1.

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 Getting Started

Figure 21.1 Initial drawing

You can see that the first times step in the data file corresponds to the 6.
September, 1997 at midnight and that the file contains 13 time steps in
total (counted from 0 to 12) and have 10 layers. You can also see that the
first item is the U velocity, which corresponds to the velocity component
in the X-direction.

Please select Salinity as a data item from the item selection dropdown but-
ton in the toolbar or from the Data menu→Options→Contour dialog. Go
to time step 7 (either by using the time step text field in the toolbar or by
using the Data menu→Options→Time dialog). Please from the View
menu switch to Box Contour. Zoom on the narrow strait at the North end
of the area. You should now see something similar to Figure 21.2.

210 MIKE Zero

Step 1 - Visualize salt intrusion in the model area

Figure 21.2 Salt intrusion at the North end of the Sound

Note: You can move around in the model area at the current selected zoom
level by use of the scrollbars, e.g. by moving the vertical scrollbar down-
wards you will also move the viewport in the data.

Please from the View menu switch to Shaded Contour, impose the mesh,
enable a title and a North arrow indicator. Place the North arrow on land
area just below the North open boundary. The drawing should then appear
as in Figure 21.3.

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 Getting Started

Figure 21.3 Shaded contours and annotations

Note how much smoother the shading appears.

21.3 Step 2 - Viewing the flow field

This step teaches you to impose a vector field illustrating the current flow
in a model area. Again load the 3D_flow.dfsu result file (see Step 1 in the
Getting Started guide).

Please select Salinity from the item selection dropdown button in the tool-
bar and then select Vectors at element centers from the Data→Option-
s→Vector dialog.

In most case time step zero in a results file corresponds to the initial condi-
tions of the simulation. This implies that the current velocity is zero in the
entire model area and correspondingly no vectors will be drawn. Please go
to time step 10 from the time step text button in the Workspace. You
should now be able to see some very small vectors representing - and
scaled after - the current flow velocities.

In order to better see the vectors please increase the vector length scaling.
From the Data→Options→Vector options dialog specify User defined
scaling and use 5 as scale factor in both the X- and Y-directions.
Figure 21.4 shows the flow field before and after vector scaling.

212 MIKE Zero

Step 3 - Making a time series plot of the salinity concentration at two points

Figure 21.4 Effect of vector scaling

21.4 Step 3 - Making a time series plot of the salinity

concentration at two points
In this step you will learn how two use the Data Viewer for extracting data
values at user specified points and presenting them in a time series plot.

Please load the 3D_flow.dfsu result file as described in Step 1 of this

guide.

You will during this step define two time series location point - one close
to the north boundary and one close to the south boundary - and extract
data values of salinity and present the data values in a time series plot.

Please ensure that the current selected data item is Salinity. If this is not
the case, you can select Salinity as current selection from the dropdown
item selection button in the toolbar. Select the Time Series Location button
in the toolbar, please notice that cursor changes to a time series icon. Click
at a position close to the north boundary and a position at the left part of
the south boundary. You should notice that the workspace is updated with
a marker at the selected point. Double click the left mouse button outside
the model area and the Data Viewer displays the exact location of the
point, see Figure 21.5.

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 Getting Started

Figure 21.5 Point properties dialog

The dialog in Figure 21.5 lets you:

1 Modify the coordinates of the points and

2 Specify whether you want:
z To keep the point markers in the workspace,
z Remember the locations between invocations of the dialog
z Interpolate data values to the exact location of the defined points or
use the nearest point values.

Please keep the settings as they are and click the OK button. The Data
Viewer then spools through the file and extracts the requested values. The
values will be shown in a time series plot in a window separate from the
works space window. You should see something similar to what is shown
in Figure 21.6.

214 MIKE Zero

Step 4 - Creating a Vertical profile of the current

Figure 21.6 Time series of salinity

21.5 Step 4 - Creating a Vertical profile of the current

In this step you will learn how to view data values in vertical profiles.

Please load the 3D_flow.dfsu result file as described in Step 1 of this

guide.

You will during this step define a profile route - ranging from the island of
Amager to the island of Saltholm - and generate a vertical contour plot of
the distribution of current in the profile.

Please ensure that the current selected data item is Current speed. If this is
not the case, you can select Current speed as current selection from the
dropdown item selection button in the toolbar. Select the Selection of Ver-
tical Profile button in the toolbar and please notice that shape of the cursor
changes to a profile. Click at a position on the island of Amager (the larg-
est island in the model area and located almost in the middle of the area)
and move the mouse to a position on the island of Saltholm (the island
slightly to the right of Amager) and double-click. This ends the profile
route definition and you will be presented a dialog that shows you the
exact coordinates defining the profile route. You can - optionally - modify
the coordinates from the dialog as well as you can choose to overlay the
workspace area with the profile route. Please accept the settings as they
are shown by selecting the OK button.

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 Getting Started

The Data Viewer extract values along the profile route and downwards.
The extracted values will be shown in a window separate from the work-
space window as a profile plot. You should end up with visualization sim-
ilar to the one shown in Figure 21.7. Please note that contours in
Figure 21.7 are drawn as shaded contours.

Figure 21.7 Profile plot

Note: You can with the profile plot view the time evolution of the current
distribution by time navigating forward and backward in time - use the
Navigate toolbar to either single stepping or playing the data file.

21.6 Step 5 - Inspecting data values

In this step you will learn how to view the exact numerical data values
within a user specified area.

Please load the 3D_flow.dfsu result file as described in Step 1 of this

guide.

You will during this step define a polygon in the area between the islands
of Amager and Saltholm (see the previous step for the location of the
islands). The reason for this is to inspect the exact values of the current
speed within the area.

216 MIKE Zero

Step 5 - Inspecting data values

Please ensure that the current selected data item is Current speed. If this is
not the case, you can select Current speed as current selection from the
dropdown item selection button in the toolbar. Then Navigate to time step
22 in the data file and finally do a zoom on the area to be inspected. You
should now see a workspace area similar to the one in Figure 21.8.

Figure 21.8 Strait between the islands of Amager and Saltholm

Select the Position of Node Selection Polygon button in the toolbar and
please notice that shape of the cursor changes to a polygon. Click at a
position on the top-right corner of Amager and outline an area encompass-
ing the straits between the two islands. Double-click the left mouse button
when you are satisfied with the outline. The Data Viewer then opens a dia-
log showing you the index numbers of the elements located within the pol-
ygon, the current speed at the center of the elements and the x- and y-
coordinates at the center point. Depending on your outline the dialog
should appear someway similar to the one presented in Figure 21.9.

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 Getting Started

Figure 21.9 Current speed values

Note: The dialog also lets you specify whether you want the values to be
drawn in the workspace area - here, you can select between having the ele-
ment numbers and/or data values shown. Selecting the Empty Selection
check box empties the current selection and erases any workspace annota-
tion. You may use the Calculator to modify the selected element values.

Please ensure that the Display Element Value is selected and the two
check boxes are de-selected. Then click the OK button. You should then
see a drawing equal to the one shown in Figure 21.8, but with the current
speed values shown on top of the contours. Most likely the numbers are
located too close to each other for you to be able to read the values. Try to
zoom closer to the strait area - you should then see something similar to
what is shown in Figure 21.10.

218 MIKE Zero

Step 6 - Making a video animation of Salt intrusion

Figure 21.10 Zoom on the Strait between the islands of Amager and Saltholm

Note: Please be aware that drawing data values on top of the workspace
area can take a considerable amount of time.

21.7 Step 6 - Making a video animation of Salt intrusion

The last step in the Getting Started guide is to make a video showing the
salt intrusion in the Sound.

Please load the 3D_flow.dfsu result file as described in Step 1 of this guide
and ensure that Salinity is selected as the current data item (if this is not
the case you can use the Item Selection dropdown button in the toolbar to
select the Salinity Item).

Please from the Video→Properties dialog specify the name of the file to
hold the video and specify a frame rate of 10 frames per second, see
Figure 21.11.

Figure 21.11 Setting Video generation properties

Data Viewer 219

 Getting Started

Select the OK button and back in the Workspace area make sure that the
current time step number is 0 (use the time step button in the Navigate
toolbar if this is not the case). Press the Video Forward button in the Navi-
gate toolbar to initiate the video generation. The workspace window will
be updated during the video recording.

Note: Please be aware that video generation can take a considerably

amount of time.

A message box, see Figure 21.12, will inform you when the video genera-
tion has ended.

Figure 21.12 Video generation notification

You can distribute video like this one to e.g. your customers. They will be
able to view the video with most modern media players like e.g. Microsoft
Media Player. Figure 21.13 below shows the above-generated video
loaded in Microsoft Media player.

Figure 21.13 Salt Intrusion in Microsoft Media Player

220 MIKE Zero

File Menu

22 REFERENCE GUIDE
The Data Viewer provides you an environment for inspecting and analyz-
ing simulation results obtained from one of the MIKE Zero flexible mesh
models.

22.1 File Menu

The File Menu provides functionality for opening, closing and saving
files, and for accessing printer related utilities.

22.1.1 File/New Menu

You use the File→New menu to create a new workspace for viewing and
analyzing model results. Selecting this menu provides you with a file
selection box you use to navigate to the result file you want to analyze.
You can select files with the following extensions:

z .dfsu - simulation results from the MIKE Zero FM models.

z .dfs2 - MIKE Zero type 2 data file - typically results from the MIKE
Zero 2D simulation modules.
z .mesh - flexible mesh generated by the MIKE Zero Mesh Generator
tool.

22.1.2 File/Open Menu

You can use this menu to open a MIKE Zero FM result file (file type
.dfsu) for viewing and analyzing model results.

Additionally you can open a .frv file. A .frv which contains settings from a
previous work session with the Data Viewer, e.g. a reference to the results
file and like zoom level, item selection, vector scaling etc.

22.1.3 File/Save (Save As)

You can save your Data Viewer settings in a .frv file. This file will contain
a reference to the results file plus various settings like zoom level, item
selection, vector scaling etc.

22.2 Edit Menu

The Edit menu is currently not used by the Data Viewer tool.

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 Reference Guide

22.3 View Menu

The View provides you with functionality for customizing the workspace
area by e.g. overlaying it with geographical information like a longi-
tude/latitude net, a North arrow and with general annotation. You can e.g.
annotate the area by:

z A data title giving the name of the currently loaded data file
z Changing the used contouring algorithm
z Zoom level
z Etc

22.3.1 Coordinate Overlays

This menu makes it possible to overlay the workspace area with a geo-
graphical net showing the longitudes and latitudes, an UTM grid and an
arrow pointing towards true North

22.3.2 Display Settings

By default the Data Viewer shows a contour plot of the first item in the
data file. The contouring is made as a so-called box contour plot whereby
the data level is assumed constant within an element, i.e. the color level is
held constant within the element.

Alternatively you can use a more sophisticated contouring algorithm

where the gradients between data values in the elements are used to calcu-
late the color level. This produces a much smoother contour plot.

Isolines
This check box toggle between showing or hiding a layer with isoline
information. The isolines represent line with constant data values.

The isolines are created following the same algorithm as is used for true
(i.e. not box) contour plots.

Element mesh
This check box toggle between showing or hiding a layer with the mesh
used in the model simulations.

Border
This check box toggle between showing or hiding the boundary lines in
the model area.

222 MIKE Zero

View Menu

Color legend
This check box toggle between showing or hiding a color legend. The
color legend is drawn to the right of the workspace and shows the correla-
tion between colors and data values.

The scale used by the Data Viewer when generated the color legend can be
taken from the data range in the current zoomed area, the current layer or
from the whole data item. You select between these options from the
Colors→Auto Scale Type menu.

Title
This check box toggle between showing or hiding a title on the plot. The
title is drawn above the workspace and shows the name of the result file.

White background
This check box toggles between showing the background by white or gray
color.

Color dried land as background

This checkbox enables delete values in the data to be shown by the back-
ground color. This is especially useful when presenting results from flood-
ing simulations.

22.3.3 Vectors
This menu toggle between showing or hiding a layer with the calculated
flow velocity, the flow velocity is shown in the form of a vector field. The
Data Viewer will in most cases be able to select the right information from
the result file in order to create the vector field, this is always the case with
e.g. results file from the MIKE Zero FM models.

In case the Data Viewer for some reasons does not have the information
necessary for selecting the flow velocity information, you can specify the
items in the result file that contains the flow velocity components. You do
this from the Vector entry in the Data Viewer dialog, select the Data→Op-
tions menu.

22.3.4 Axis Annotation

This enables you to toggle between showing or hiding the workspace axes,
i.e. the coordinate axes.

22.3.5 Value at Cursor

This enables you to toggle between showing or hiding the value of the
individual element.

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 Reference Guide

22.3.6 Zoom in
The Zoom In menu gives access to a rubber band you can use to select a
sub-area to work with. You use the rubber to define the sub-area - with the
band present, you outline the area by pressing the left mouse button and
dragging the mouse. When you release the button, the Data Viewer will
zoom to the specified area.

22.3.7 Zoom to Coordinates

With the Zoom to Coordinates menu you can define the zoom area by
specifying the coordinates at the lower left and upper right corner of the
area.

22.3.8 Zoom Out

The Zoom Out menu resets the zoom level to the full workspace area.

22.3.9 Fixed Aspect Ratio

This menu toggle between drawing in fixed aspect ratio or not. With Fixed
Aspect Ratio enabled the workspace area will be drawn using the same
scale for both x- and y-coordinates. Clearing Fixed Aspect Ratio results in
a workspace area that fills the entire editor window.

Note: It is not possible to enable Fixed Aspect Ratio whenever the ratio
between the two axis is less than 0.02.

22.3.10 Export Graphics

With the Export Graphics menu you can copy the workspace area as an
image to the clipboard or directly save it in a file as a bitmap or Windows
metafile. This is mainly used when preparing presentations or for import-
ing illustrations in reports.

22.3.11 Font
This menu lets you select the font to use for drawing text in the workspace
area.

22.3.12 Toolbar
The Toolbar menu gives access to a toolbar selection dialog.

Note: you cannot deselect the Data Viewer specific toolbars.

22.3.13 Statusbar
The Statusbar menu toggles between showing or hiding the MIKE Zero
statusbar.

224 MIKE Zero

Data Menu

22.4 Data Menu

You use the data menu for changing the aspect of the data that is visual-
ized. E.g. you can from the menu select one or more points in the data and
have the Data Viewer to generate a time series plot of the values in the
specified point or points. Or you can use the data menu to select the time
step or data item that shall be visualized in the workspace area.

22.4.1 Options
The options menu provides you a number of dialogs from where you can
select and specify different aspects of the data to be visualized.

Figure 22.1 Options dialog

Specifically you can use the Options dialog to set:

z The specific time step in the data file that shall be visualized.
z The item in the data file that shall be visualized.
z Enabling or disabling of drawing the mesh and or model area bounda-
ries.
z Enabling or disabling of vector drawing. You can also specify the items
from the data file that constitute the vector field.
z Vector scaling options.
z Different textual annotation of the workspace area.

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 Reference Guide

Time
You use this dialog to specify the discrete time step from the data file that
you want to visualize in the workspace area.

Figure 22.2 Time options dialog

Note: You can also use the Goto Time Step button in the Navigate toolbar
to reach this functionality.

You can also specify a jump value to be used when scrolling forward and
backward in the data file.

Layers
You use the Layers dialog to specify the vertical layer from where the data
for visualization shall be taken. You can either specify a layer based on
sigma coordinates or on an interpolated Z coordinate.

All of the MIKE Zero 3D FM models use Sigma coordinates - i.e. dimen-
sionless transformed coordinates - for the representation of the vertical
axis. In the transformed coordinate system the distance between sigma
layers are constant over the model area - but when converted back to phys-
ical values (e.g. meters) the spacing is not equidistant.

226 MIKE Zero

Data Menu

Figure 22.3 Layer options dialog

If you select Sigma layer you shall specify the layer number while you
with Interpolated Z-values specifies z-coordinate.

Note: You can also use the Goto Layer button in the Navigate toolbar to
reach this functionality.

Contour
You use this dialog to specify the item from the data file you want to visu-
alize in the workspace area.

Figure 22.4 Contour Options dialog

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 Reference Guide

The dialog lets you select amongst the items found in the data file for con-
tour visualization. You can also from this menu specify the type of con-
touring and whether you want enable or disable contour drawing.

See section 22.3.2, Display Settings for an explanation of the different

contour options.

Note: You can also use the Item selection dropdown box in the Navigate
toolbar and the View Menu to reach this functionality.

Mesh
You use this dialog to enable or disable the drawing of the model mesh
and/or model boundaries.

Figure 22.5 Mesh Options dialog

Note: You can also use the View menu and the workspace context menu
(right clicking in the workspace area) to reach this functionality.

Vector
This dialog enables you to overlay the workspace area with a vector field
illustrating the flow field within the model area. The Data Viewer uses two
items from the data file in order to draw the flow field. With results files
from all the MIKE Zero FM models the data viewer knows the items for
use with vector drawing, with other types of files, however, you might
have to specify the items to be used. In such case you use the Vector dia-
log to select the items.

228 MIKE Zero

Data Menu

Figure 22.6 Vector Options dialog

The dialog also lets you specify how to place the vectors and - in case you
select the vectors to be interpolated to a structured mesh - how to distrib-
ute the vectors in the workspace area.

Note: You can also use the View menu and the workspace context menu
(right clicking in the workspace area) to reach this functionality.

Vector options
You use the options on this dialog to specify the scaling of the vectors
illustrating the flow field. You can either let the Data Viewer scale the vec-
tors or you can specify your own scaling.

Figure 22.7 Vector scaling Options

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 Reference Guide

If you want to make your own vector scaling you shall specify the length
of the x- and y-components measured in average node distance corre-
sponding to 1 m/s.

Text annotations
You use this dialog to specify textual annotation of workspace area.

Figure 22.8 Text Annotation Options

You can e.g. specify a title that will be drawn on top of the workspace
area, coordinate axes text and other informational text.

Note: You can also use the View to reach part of this this functionality.

22.4.2 Vertical Profile by Coordinates

If the data file you work with includes 3-dimensional data values, you can
use the Vertical Profile by Coordinates dialog to visualize the data values
in a vertical plan. The vertical plane is defined by defining a polyline in
the horizontal plane - you define the polyline by entering the x- and y-
coordinates oat the corners of the polyline in the dialog.

230 MIKE Zero

Data Menu

Figure 22.9 Vertical Profile Definition

After confirming the coordinates by selecting the OK button, the data in

the vertical plane will be visualized in a separate window as a contour
plot.

You can enable or disable a graphical representation of the profile route in

the workspace.

Note: You can also specify the polyline by using the Position of vertical
profile toolbar button.

22.4.3 Time series by Coordinates

The Time Series by Coordinates dialog lets you specify one or more points
in the workspace area. The Data Viewer extracts values at each time step
in the data file and presents them in a time series plot.

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 Reference Guide

Figure 22.10 Time Series by Coordinates Specification

You have to be aware that with large data files, it might take some time for
the Data Viewer to extract the values and present them graphically.

You can specify whether the Data Viewer shall remember the Time Series
locations between activation of the dialog and whether the location of the
extracted time series shall be shown in the workspace.

Note: You can also specify the points by using the Position of time-series
toolbar button.

22.4.4 Selected Points

In some situations you might want to know the exact numeric value at one
or more points within the model area. You use the Selected Points dialog
box to specify one or more points at which you want to know the data val-
ues.

232 MIKE Zero

Data Menu

Figure 22.11 Selected Points Specification

The data values will both be shown in the dialog and - optionally - in the
workspace area In case you prefer to view the numbers in the workspace
area, you will most often have to zoom very close to the area with the
selected points.

You can also select to see the element numbers in the workspace area by
selecting the Display Element No. check box. To remove data values from
the workspace area, you re-select this dialog and select the Empty selec-
tion check box.

Note: You can also specify the points by using the Position of node selec-
tion polygon toobar button.

Calculator
The calculator can be used to assign values to a dataset. It can be done in
terms of a simple value or as an expression. Table 22.1 gives an overview
of the functions. It lists the function names, the number of arguments and
a brief description.

Table 22.1 Overview of functions in calculator

Name Argc. Explanation

sin 1 sine function
cos 1 cosine function

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 Reference Guide

Table 22.1 Overview of functions in calculator

Name Argc. Explanation

tan 1 tangens function
asin 1 arcus sine function
acos 1 arcus cosine function
atan 1 arcus tangens function
sinh 1 hyperbolic sine function
cosh 1 hyperbolic cosine function
tanh 1 hyperbolic tangens function
asinh 1 hyperbolic arcus sine function
acosh 1 hyperbolic arcus cosine function
atanh 1 hyperbolic arcus tangens function
log2 1 logarithm to the base 2
log10 1 logarithm to the base 10
log 1 logarithm to the base 10
ln 1 logarithm to the base e (2.71828...)
exp 1 e raised to the power of x
sqrt 1 square root of a value
sign 1 sign function -1 if x<0; 1 if x>0
rint 1 round to nearest number
abs 1 absolute value

Table 22.2 lists the default operators supported.

Table 22.2 Overview of operators in calculator

Operator Meaning
= assignement*
+ addition
- subtraction
* multiplication

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Video Menu

Table 22.2 Overview of operators in calculator

Operator Meaning
/ division
^ raise x to power of y

22.4.5 Add and remove layers

This menu lets you import image files and use them as background in the
workspace area. You have to specify the path of the images and the posi-
tion of the images relative to the workspace area. The latter is defined by
specifying the coordinates to the image origin (lower left corner) and the
extent of the image in meters or degrees.

Note: You specify the image origin and extent by clicking the Edit button
in the Image Manager dialog. In the Overlay Manager dialog you can
specify which layer to display and the display order.

22.5 Video Menu

You can use the video menu to set options for generation an animated
video of the data.

22.5.1 Properties
This dialog lets you specify the filename of the video output.

Figure 22.12 Video Properties

The video file will be generated as an AVI file. You can use e.g. Microsoft
Media Player to play the file. From the dialog you can also specify the
frame rate of the video, i.e. the speed with which the file shall be played.

Note: The generation of the video is not initiated from this dialog. You
will have to use either the Video forward or Video reverse toolbar buttons

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 Reference Guide

to actual generate the video. You shall be aware that generation of a video
can take a considerable amount of time.

22.6 Colors Menu

You use the Colors menu to specify how to generate the color legend and
to define a color palette for the contour drawing.

22.6.1 Auto Scale Type

The Auto Scale Type menu lets you select between three different ways to
generate the color legend:

z Current Zoom - this option generates the color legend based on the
minimum and maximum data values from the data at the current time
step and within the current zoom level (the area you have zoomed to).
z Current Layer - this option generates the color legend based on the
minimum and maximum data values from the data at the current time
step and current vertical layer, i.e. at the same Z (or sigma) coordinate.
z All Data - this option uses the minimum and maximum values from all
time steps and all layers when generating the color legend.

22.6.2 New Palette

This menu lets you define a custom palette. The palette is used for select-
ing the specific colors representing data value ranges.

22.6.3 Save Current Palette

This menu lets you save a custom defined palette.

22.6.4 Edit Current Palette

This menu lets you edit a custom defined palette.

22.6.5 Open Palette

This menu lets you open and read a previous defined palette.

22.7 Time series context menu

You can use the time series context menu (right-click in the time series
window) to change zoom level of the time series plot, to save the graphics
as a bitmap or a metafile and to save the extended data value as a dfs0 file.

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Time series context menu

22.7.1 Select Item for Export

You use this dialog to select the items, i.e. values from specific points, you
want to save in the dfs0 file.

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238 MIKE Zero

Zoom Functions

23 TOOLBAR FUNCTIONS
The following describes the main editing functions that are available to
you from the toolbar.

23.1 Zoom Functions

Figure 23.1 Zoom functions toolbar

You can Zoom-in, Zoom-out and go to Previous-zoom and Next-zoom.

You can recall all available previous and next zooms. If the buttons are
grayed-out there are no previous or next zooms available.

These functions are also available from the workspace context menu (i.e.
right-clicking in the workspace area).

23.2 Data Functions

Figure 23.2 Data functions toolbar

You use the data functions to:

z Select points for time series generation

z Select position for visualizing the data values in a vertical profile
z Select position of node selection polygon for inspecting the numeric
data values.

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 Toolbar Functions

Table 23.1 Icon Description for Data functions toolbar

Icon Description
Use this function to deselect a previous selected
function.

Use this function to select points for time series

generation.

Use this function to specify a polyline for vertical

profile generation.

Use this function to select a polygon for inspection of

numeric data values.

23.3 Navigation Functions

Figure 23.3 Navigation toolbar

You use the navigation functions to navigate in the data file. You can:

z Select the data item to visualize

z Select the horizontal layer to visualize.
Note: The MIKE Zero FM models all work with Sigma coordinates in
the vertical dimension. This implies that the distance between layers
measured in physical units (e.g. meters) is not constant.
z Select the time step in the data file to visualize.
z Generate a video from the data file.

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Navigation Functions

Table 23.2 Icon Description for Navigation functions toolbar

Icon Description
Use this function to select the item from the data file to
visualize.

Use this function to select the layer just above the cur-
rent layer for visualization.

Use this function to select the layer just below the cur-
rent layer for visualization.

Use this function to toggle between layer selection

based on sigma value or z-coordinate.

Use this function to select the layer from which data

shall be visualized. If Sigma-based selection is enabled
you specify a layer number otherwise you specify the z-
coordinate.

Use this function to visualize the data from the first

time step in the data file.

Use this function to visualize the data from the time

step just before current time step.

Use this function to generate a video file by automati-

cally going backward in the data file.
Note: You specify the name of the vide file from the
Video→Properties menu

Use this function to automatically update the visualiza-

tion by going backward one time step in the data file.
No video file is generated.

Use this function to stop video generation or automati-

cally playing the data file.

Use this function to automatically update the visualiza-

tion by going forward one time step in the data file. No
video file is generated.

Use this function to generate a video file by automati-

cally going forward in the data file.
Note: You specify the name of the vide file from the
Video→Properties menu

Use this function to visualize the data from the time

step just after current time step.

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 Toolbar Functions

Table 23.2 Icon Description for Navigation functions toolbar

Icon Description
Use this function to visualize the data from the last time
step in the data file.

Use this function to select the time step number in the

data file from where the data shall be visualized.

242 MIKE Zero

DATA MANAGER

243
244 MIKE Zero
Operation and navigation

24 DATA MANAGER
The Data Manager is a utility for managing (create, edit, copy, etc) Dfs
data files associated with the DHI Software product series.

Data Manager supports the flexible mesh (FM) data files: 2D and 3D .dfsu
files and .mesh files.

The Data Manager can be accessed by right-clicking the file and choosing
the option ‘Open with’ Data Manager.

Note that the Data Manager is designed to update files. Do take a backup
of important simulation files, before loading it into the Data Manager.
When changes to a file are saved to disc, and the Data Manager closed
down, there is no undoing of changes.

24.1 Operation and navigation

You operate the Data Manager from the main menu, the tool bar icons, or
by right-clicking on the graphical view.

By pressing and holding the shift button and then pressing and holding the
left mouse button, you can pan/move the view. By pressing and holding
the shift button and role the mouse wheel, the view will zoom in/out.

Right clicking in the graphical view, you get the context menu. The con-
text menu contains options to zoom, pan, view mesh and other visual
options. Unselecting "Shaded contours" will show box contours instead.

To select/highlight certain elements, right click the graphical view, choose

"Select area". Then by repeatedly left clicking the mouse in the graphical
view, you select a polygon. By double clicking, the polygon selection
ends, and all elements having center within the polygon will be
selected/highlighted. To remove selection/highlighting, right click and
choose "clear selection" from the context menu.

To the right of the graphical view, there is a table of "Element id" and
"Value". You can mark individual element values by using shift/Ctrl and
left mouse button, or you can mark all values by clicking the "Value"
header. These values can be copy-pasted into other applications (text edi-
tors, Excel etc.). Similarly, data can be copy-pasted back into the table
from text editors, Excel or others.

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 Data Manager

24.2 File
You may create, open and save files from the File drop-down menu.

NOTE:
Any modifications you have made to your file after opening or creation
are only saved after you have selected ‘Save’ or ‘Save As’ from the File
menu.

24.2.1 New file

Creating a new data file requires specification of the spatial properties of
the mesh, the time axis and the item(s). Thus a wizard of three steps must
be followed to create a new file.

Spatial Information
First you define the spatial properties of the file by selecting a file to
import the mesh from.

This can be a mesh file generated by the Mesh Generator or an existing

dfsu-file. If the selected file is a 3D dfsu file, the layers will be imported,
but not editable and constant in time, corresponding to the initial time step
in the 3D file.

Figure 24.1 New file wizard page 1 - define spatial grid

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File

Time axis information

Then you specify the time axis type. You have five options:

z Undefined
z Equidistant - no explicit start time
z Non-equidistant - no explicit start time
z Equidistant - explicit start time
z Non-equidistant - explicit start time

If selecting an equidistant axis, you have to specify the time step and time
step unit. If selecting an explicit start time you have to define the date and
time of the first timestep.

For an equidistant time axis, you cannot specify the number of timesteps.
For a Non-equidistant time axis, you cannot specify each timestep time
individually. The difference between an Equidistant and a Non-equidistant
time axis in the DataManager is as follows:

z When timesteps are added to the file (by means of the Calculator) for
an equidistant time axis, the date/time of the added timesteps must
obey the timestep specified, and if not matching the timestep date/time
of the importing file, interpolation will take place.
z When timesteps are added to the file (by means of the Calculator) for a
Non-equidistant time axis, the added timestep date/times will be
exactly those of the importing file.

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 Data Manager

Figure 24.2 New file wizard page 2 - define time axis

Items
Finally you define the items in the file.

For each item, you must specify its name, type and unit. You may add, edit
and delete item information before you save the file by pressing `Finish'.
When `Finish´ has been pressed, it is no longer possible to add more
items.

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Edit

Figure 24.3 New file dialog 3 - define item(s)

24.2.2 Open file

You can open an existing file in the Data Manager by right-clicking the
file and choosing the option ‘Open with’ Data Manager. The data are then
immediately presented in the Data Manager dialog where data can be
viewed and edited both in a graphical and in a tabular view.

24.3 Edit
24.3.1 Calculator
You access the Calculator from Edit on the main menu.

The Calculator can be used to assign/edit values of the current dataset. It

can edit the currently selected item of the dataset. The assignment can be
done in terms of a simple value or as an advanced expression. You can
decide to assign to

z All values in the dataset or a user defined subset.

z The currently selected timestep or all timesteps.

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 Data Manager

The user defined subset must be selected in the DataManager before enter-
ing the Calculator.

NOTE: When working on large datasets, significant increase of computa-

tional speed can be gained by using the foreach special function when the
expression only contains one item, see Special Functions (p. 253).

Figure 24.4 Calculator dialog

Variables
The list shows variables that can be used in an expression. Default is listed
the CurrItem, the currently selected item of the dataset being edited.

You can add more items from the same file, and items from other files.
The Calculator automatically handles a number of issues.

If adding items from the same file:

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Edit

z Items need not have the same units.

The Calculator automatically converts between units of same type, i.e.,
you may add different units of length as meters and feet, and the result
will be as expected.
Note: The resulting Calculator-expression must have the same unit
type as the current item, unless the function void() is used.
If adding items from another file:

z The files need not to be based on the same mesh. Necessary interpola-
tion is performed in the added items, when the meshes do no match.
z The files need not have the same temporal definition. Necessary inter-
polation in time is performed in the added items, when the timesteps do
no match.
z The files need not cover the same geographical area. The full expres-
sion is only applied in the intersecting area. In areas not covered by the
added items, undefined or zero values will be used instead.
z The coordinate system projections need not to match. All coordinates
are transformed into the system of the current file.

Output Options

Timestep selection
The expression can be applied to timesteps in the following ways:

z Apply to only selected timestep of current item.

z Apply to all timesteps of current item.
z Apply to all resulting timesteps.
This means that if the time definition of an added item goes beyond the
final time of the current item, timesteps will be added to the current
item and the file, thereby increasing the number of timesteps in the cur-
rent file.

Area selection
If a number of elements are selected in the DataManager before entering
the Calculator, you can specify whether the expression is applied to the
selected elements, or all elements in the current file. Default is "only
selected area" if some area is selected, and "all elements" if no area is
selected.

When operating on a variable, the function or operator will be applied to

all values of the variable unless otherwise stated.

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 Data Manager

You may limit the data for editing by defining certain time steps and/or
selected area.

Expression
The Calculator allows you to compose your own expressions that can be
used to assign or modify values of the current item in the data set. All
operators and functions can operate on either constants or variables.

All operators and functions will be applied to elements of the current item
individually. This means that all/selected values of the current item will be
updated, but the spatial description will remain unchanged.

The usual Mathematical Functions and Operators can be used, and works
in the traditional manner. Furthermore, some Special Functions are
defined.

Units are handled in the expression. If one item of unit [m/s] is multiplied
with an item of type [s], the resulting unit is [m]. A variable with unit
[m/s] can not be added to a variable of unit [m]. The entire expression
must return the same unit as the current item. To circumvent mismatching
units, either the convert() or the void() function must be used.

Mathematical Functions
Below you will find a table with a list of the mathematical functions you
can choose between and which result they return.

Table 24.1 List of functions

Function Evaluation

abs(x) The absolute value of x

sin(x) The sine of x

Note: x is given in radians

cos(x) The cosine of x

Note: x is given in radians

tan(x) The tangent of x

Note: x is given in radians

sinh(x) The hyperbolic sine of x

cosh(x) The hyperbolic cosine of x

tanh(x) The hyperbolic tangent of x

252 MIKE Zero

Edit

Table 24.1 List of functions

Function Evaluation

ceil(x) Smallest integer value greater than x

floor(x) Largest integer value less than x

exp(x) Exponential value of x

log(x) Natural logarithm of x

log10(x) The base-10 logarithm of x

sqrt(x) The square root of x

max(x,y) maximum value (returns the bigger value of x or y)

Note:
x and y must be scalars, they cannot be items.
Use the foreach() function to apply on items:
foreach(it in CurrItem, max(it, 0.6))

min(x,y) minimum value (returns the minor value of x or y)

Note:
x and y must be scalars, they cannot be items.
Use the foreach() function to apply on items:
foreach(it in CurrItem, min(it, 0.6))

Special Functions
A number of special functions are available in the Calculator:

undefined()
E.g. undefined(arg).

Returns true/false indicating the state of arg.

Does not check each value in a variable. This is because the variable itself
can be flagged as undefined.
See the foreach(<it> in <variable>, expression) construct for explicit
value iteration.

convert()
E.g. convert(value, eumUnit)

Returns a copy of <value> converted to the requested eumUnit.

if()
E.g. if (test_expression, then_expression, else_expression)

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 Data Manager

Evaluates <test_expression> as true/false, and then executes either

<then_expression> or <else_expression>.

foreach()
E.g. foreach(<iteratorname> in <var>, expression)

Defines <iteratorname> as an iterator variable for the variable <var>. This

iterator can then be used in <expression> as <iteratorname>.
Eg. foreach(it in Var1, it+5), which will add 5 to all values in Var1.

In all cases where an expression is to be applied to all values in a variable,

the foreach operator will be much faster than the corresponding simple
expression.
Eg. foreach(it in Var1, it+5) will execute much faster than the simple (but
equivalent) expression Var1+5.

When performing a calculation on all values in a variable, but disregard-

ing undefined values it is necessary to use the foreach operator.
Eg. foreach( it in Var1, if (undefined(it), it, it+5) ), will add 5 to all values
in Var1 that are not undefined.

When performing a max/min calculation it is necessary to use the foreach

operator, e.g. foreach(it in Var2, max(it,0.7)).

void()
E.g. void(value)

Returns a copy of <value> without any unit attached.

Operators
Besides the normal operators such as plus, minus, multiply and divide you
may use delimiters and relation operatores as given below.

Table 24.2 List of operators

Operator example Evaluation

v1 + v2 Ordinary binary operators

v1 - v2
v1 * v2
v1 / v2

v1^ pow Power operator.

Eg. v1^pow raises v1 to the power of pow

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Table 24.2 List of operators

Operator example Evaluation

v1 = v2 Ordinary binary comparison operators

v1 < v2
v1 > v2
v1 <= v2
v1 >= v2
v1 <> v2 - the ‘not equal’ operator <> can also be
specified as !=

- v1 Unary minus operator

() Parenthesis can be used for explicit expression grouping

24.3.2 Interpolate
By interpolation you fill the cells with missing values.

24.3.3 Mark and restore

Mark and restore provides a kind of version control and can be used to
undo changes made to a dataset.

When modifying a dataset, you may want to mark the current version, to
be able to recognize it at a later time. You can continue editing the file,
make as many marks as necessary. If you at some point find out that a pre-
vious version of the dataset is better, you can restore the data from that
version.

When you restore a previous version, all future marks/versions are

deleted.

Every time a calculator expression is executed, a mark is automatically

created.

24.4 View
You may select which item, time step and layer to view and edit from the
View drop-down menu.

24.4.1 Items
You select the item to view by choosing between the available data items
in the dataset.

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 Data Manager

Figure 24.5 Select item dialog

24.5 Tools
24.5.1 Statistics
This tool calculates the statistics of the selected item in the dataset.

The output will be a dataset file with only one time step, containing three
items:

1 Statistical minimum
2 Statistical maximum
3 Statistical mean

24.6 Examples
The following describe some examples of use of the Data Manager.

24.6.1 Comparing simulation results

If you have several simulations of the same area, the Data Manager can
compare the results.

Assume we want to compare one item as, e.g., surface elevation from the
two files: data1.dfsu and data2.dfsu. There are two ways of accomplishing
this: A fast procedure and a "reusable" one.

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Examples

The fast procedure can be applied, when you want to see the difference
here and now, but you do not need to save the difference to a file. The
reusable procedure will save the difference to a new file.

The fast procedure

1 Load data1.dfsu in the Data Manager.
2 Select the item and timestep that you wish to compare.
3 Start the Calculator.
4 Add the corresponding item from data2.dfsu as a new variable.
5 In expression, type: CurrItem-Var2
6 We need to specify whether we want to compare all timesteps, or just
the current one. Then press OK.

Now the current item will be the difference between the two.

NOTE: Do not press save, since the current item will be overwritten with
the newly calculated data, and the original data in data1.dfsu will be lost.

The reusable procedure

This is the procedure when you want to save the result in a third file.

1 From the menu, select "file", "new", "file" and find the Data Manager.
This will start the "New file wizard".
2 Select "import 2D or 3D dfsu file", and choose either data1.dfsu or
data2.dfsu. This will be the mesh that the comparison will be made on.
Click "next"
3 Select an equidistant time axis - no explicit start time. Specify a
timestep corresponding to either of the data1.dfsu, data2.dfsu files.
4 Add a new item corresponding to the item you wish to compare, e.g.,
surface elevation. Specify type and unit. If you wish to compare more
than one item, you can add more items here. Click "finish", and you
will have the skeleton of a new file defined.
5 Start the Calculator. Add two variables, as Var2 select data1.dfsu and
relevant item, and as Var3 select data2.dfsu and relevant item. Now
enter Var2-Var3 in expression.

The difference is calculated. You can now save the file.

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 Data Manager

Note: The two data files need not to be based on the same mesh, or the
same projection. See Variables in Calculator for reference.

Note: The result will in general not be exactly the same when comparing
data1.dfsu with data2.dfsu as opposed to comparing data2.dfsu with
data1.dfsu. This is the case if the meshes in the two files differ. The result
will depend on the mesh used when performing the actual difference, due
to the application of interpolation when meshes differ.

24.6.2 Creating initial conditions

Now we shall show how to make a new file containing initial conditions
for a new simulation. In this example we will generate a grain size map
where the mean grain size, d50, is defined based on the water depth, D,
according to the formula:

d50 = -0.001 . D 2 + 0.3

or

d50 = max(-0.001 . D 2 + 0.3, 0.06)

In the latter case, we set a minimum grain size of 0.06.

We assume that we already have a data.dfsu 2D file containing the still

water depth.

1 From the menu, select "file", "new", "file" and find the Data Manager.
This will start the "New file wizard".
2 Select "import 2D or 3D dfsu file", and choose data.dfsu. Click "next"
3 Select an equidistant time axis - no explicit start time.
4 Add a new item corresponding to the item you wish to use as initial
condition, in this case a type Grain Diameter with unit mm. Click "fin-
ish", and you will have the skeleton of a new file defined.
5 Start the Calculator. Add one variables, as Var2 select data1.dfsu and
the still water depth item. Now enter one of the formulas in expression:

Current item = void(-0.001*Var2*Var2+0.3)

or
Current item = foreach(it in Var2, void(max(-0.001*it^2+0.3, 0.06)))
6 Click “Save” to save the file

258 MIKE Zero

DATA EXTRACTION FM

259
260 MIKE Zero
Input

25 DATA EXTRACTION FM
The Data Extraction FM is a tool for extraction of data from 2D and 3D
unstructured data files (dfsu), e.g. result files from MIKE 21 & MIKE 3
Flow Model FM and MIKE 21 Spectral Waves FM.

The output dialogs is similar to the outputs dialogs in the setup editors of
MIKE 21 & MIKE 3 Flow Model FM and MIKE 21 Spectral Waves FM
and has a subset of the functionality of these. The specification of point,
line and area/volume series in the Data Extraction FM tool is identical to
the specification in the setup editors, but there is currently no additional
output items available.

25.1 Input
Select name and location of the input file, which must be a 2D or 3D
unstructured data file (dfsu).

When a file is selected a number of file information is displayed on the

Input dialog.

25.2 Output
In the main Outputs dialog you can add a new output file by clicking on
the "New output" button. By selecting a file in the Output list and clicking
on the "Delete output" you can remove this file. For each output file you
can specify the name (title) of the file and whether the output file should
be included or not. The specification of the individual output files is made
subsequently. You can go to the dialog for specification by clicking on the
"Go to .." button. Finally, you can view the results using the relevant
MIKE Zero viewing/editing tool by clicking on the "View" button during
and after the extraction.

25.2.1 Geographical view

This dialog shows the geographical position of the output data.

25.2.2 Output specification

For each selected output file the field type, the output format, the, the out-
put file (name and location) and time step must be specified. Depending
on the output format the geographical location/extend of the output data
must also be specified.

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 Data Extraction FM

Field type
For a 2D unstructured data file only field type 2D is currently available.

For a 3D unstructured data file only field type 3D is currently available.

Output format
The possible choice of output format depends on the field type.

For field type 2D the following formats can be selected

z Point series. Selected field data in geographical defined points.

z Lines series. Selected field data along geographical defined lines.
z Area series. Selected field data in geographical defined areas.

For field type 3D the following formats can be selected

z Point series. Selected field data in geographical defined points.

z Lines series. Selected field data along geographical defined lines.
z Volume series. Selected field data in geographical defined areas and
vertical layers.

Output file
A name and location of the output file must be specified along with the
type of data (file type).

Time step
The temporal range (first and last time step) and time step frequency refers
to the time steps in the input file. Note, that 0 is the first time step in the
input file.

Point series
You must select the map projection (LONG/LAT, UTM-32 etc.) in which
you want to specify the horizontal location of the points.

For 3D simulations you must also specify the type of interpolation. You
can select discrete values or interpolated value

The geographical coordinates are either taken from the dialog or from a
file. The file format is an ascii file with four space separated items for each
point on separate lines. The first two items must be floats (real numbers)
for the x- and y-coordinate. For 3D field data the third item must be an
integer for the layer number if discrete values is selected and a float (real

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Output

number) for the z-coordinate if interpolated values is selected. For 2D

field data the third item is unused (but must be specified). The last item
(the remaining of the line) is the name specification for each point.

For 2D field data the point values in the output file are determined by
piecewise linear interpolation. Hence, the point values are the discrete val-
ues for the element in which the specified point is located. For 3D field
data the point values in the output file are determined by piecewise linear
interpolation in the horizontal domain, while in the vertical either piece-
wise linear interpolation or linear interpolation is used depending on the
choice of interpolation. The element number and the horizontal coordi-
nates of the center of the element and the z-coordinate are listed in the log-
file.

Line series
You must select the map projection (LONG/LAT, UTM-32 etc.) in which
you want to specify the horizontal location of the points.

The geographical coordinates are taken from the dialog. You must specify
the first and the last point on the line and the number of discrete points on
the line.

For 2D field data the values for the points on the line in the output file are
determined by piecewise linear interpolation. Hence, the point values are
the discrete values for the element in which the specified point is located.
For 3D field data the values for the points on the line in the output file are
determined by piecewise linear interpolation in the horizontal domain and
linear interpolation in the vertical. The element number and the horizontal
coordinates of the center of the element and the z-coordinate are listed in
the log-file.

Area series
The discrete field data within a polygon can be selected. The closed region
is bounded by a number of line segments. You must specify the coordi-
nates of the vertex points of the polygon. Two successive points are the
endpoints of a line that is a side of the polygon. The first and final point is
joined by a line segment that closes the polygon. The geographical coordi-
nates of the polygon points are taken from the dialog or from a file. The
file format is an ascii file with three space separated items for each of the
two points on separate lines. The first two items must be floats (real num-
bers) for the x- and y-coordinate. For 3D field data the third item must be
a float (real number) for the z-coordinate. For 2D field data the third item
is unused (but must be specified).

Data Extraction FM 263

 Data Extraction FM

You must also select the map projection (Long/Lat, UTM-32 etc.) in
which you want to specify the horizontal location of the points.

Volume series
The discrete field data within a polygon in the horizontal domain can be
selected and within a specified range of layers in the vertical domain. The
closed region in the horizontal domain is bounded by a number of line
segments. You must specify the coordinates of the polygon points of the
polygon. Two successive points are the endpoints of a line that is a side of
the polygon. The first and final point is joined by a line segment that
closes the polygon. The geographical coordinates of the vertex points are
taken from the dialog or from a file. The file format is an ascii file with
three space separated items for each of the two points on separate lines.
The first two items must be floats (real numbers) for the x- and y-coordi-
nate. For 3D field data the third item must be a float (real number) for the
z-coordinate. For 2D field data the third item is unused (but must be spec-
ified). You must also specify the range of layers (first and last layer
number) which should be stored in the output file.

You must also select the map projection (Long/Lat, UTM-32 etc.) in
which you want to specify the horizontal location of the points.

25.2.3 Output items

All output items are optional, i.e. the user is free to select among the items
in the input file. However, for volume series (3D output) the Z coordinate
item must be selected in order for the output file to be treated as a proper
3D unstructured data file in for example the Data Viewer.

264 MIKE Zero

UNIT BASE GROUP EDITING

265
266 MIKE Zero
Introduction

26 UNIT BASE GROUP EDITING UTILITY

26.1 Introduction
All MIKE Zero products use a standard library of data units, called the
Engineering Unit Management (EUM) library. Every time you open a
model the default Unit Base Groups (.ubg) file is read. This file is located
in (default installation):

C:\Program Files\Common Files\DHI\MIKEZero\MIKEZero.ubg

The Unit Base Group Editing Utility is a tool for the advanced user to edit
the default units for various data types.This allows you to change the dis-
played units for any value that is included in the library.

Note: Not all modules in MIKE Zero are prepared for showing alternate
units in the dialogs.

26.2 Dialog Overview

To change the display units of any EUM Data Type, you must close all
open documents and then select ’Edit unit base groups...’ from the File
pull down menu shown below.

Figure 26.1 File pull-down menu

UNIT Base Group Editing 267

 Unit Base Group Editing Utility

When you select this menu item, the Unit Base Group Editing dialog
appears, see Figure 26.2. By default all of the data units for each active
module are displayed. For a clearer overview of the data types, close all of
the model engines that are not relevant.

Figure 26.2 Unit Base Group Editing Dialog

To change a unit select the data item that you want to change the units of.
Then select the new units from the combo box list of available units.

After you have changed the data units, click ’Save and Close’. This saves
your changes to the default Unit Base Groups file (MIKEZero.ubg).

Note: If you have already added data to your model, changing the Unit
Base Group will not convert any of your data. This process simply
changes the displayed units in the user interface and the conversion factors
used to make the input files internally consistent.

In some cases the relevant data item name is not clear, as there may be
several data items with similar names. This is more likely to occur if sev-

268 MIKE Zero

Changing from SI to Imperial (American) data units.

eral modules are selected at the same time. To find out which data item is
correct, close the dialog and re-open your model. Then either move the
mouse to the relevant text box, where a fly-over text box should appear
telling you what is the relevant data type for this field. Alternatively, for
gridded data, you can use the Create button to create a data file and then
notice the data type that is displayed in the dialog.

Finally, occasionally, you may find that the data unit that you are looking
for is not available. In this case, contact your local Technical Support
Center, who should forward your request to the developer for inclusion in
the next release.

26.3 Changing from SI to Imperial (American) data units.

The default Unit Base Groups (.ubg) file (default installation):

C:\Program Files\Common Files\DHI\MIKEZero\MIKEZero.ubg

is read every time you open a model.

In the same directory there are two standard Unit Base Group files:

MIKEZero_Default_Units.ubg

MIKEZero_US_Units.ubg

The first is the default file and contains standard SI units for all data items
in all of the MIKE Zero products. The second contains standard Imperial
(US) units for most data items in all of the MIKE Zero products.

To change the display units for all of your data items to Imperial units,
load the MIKEZero_US_Units.ubg file, Save and Close the dialog and
then reopen your model.

If you want to change individual data items to SI or Imperial, you can

change the items individually. Then use the Save and Close button to save
your changes back to the MIKEZero.ubg file. If you want to create special
unit versions, then you can copy the MIKEZero.ubg to a different
filename and reload it.

Note: Not all modules in MIKE Zero are prepared for showing Imperial
(American) Data Units.

UNIT Base Group Editing 269

 Unit Base Group Editing Utility

26.4 Restoring the default units

You can return to your default unit specification at any time, by loading
either of the default .ubg files:

MIKEZero_Default_Units.ubg

MIKEZero_US_Units.ubg

which are found in the directory (default installation):

C:\Program Files\Common Files\DHI\MIKEZero\

Note: If you want to save any of your model specific changes, then you
should first save the MIKEZero.ubg to a new name.

26.5 Verification of Data Types

When you create a .dfs data file, you must also define the EUM data type
for each parameter in the file. When you assign a .dfs file to a parameter
value, then MIKE Zero automatically verifies that the correct EUM data
type is being used. If the wrong data type is present then you will not be
able to select OK in the file browser dialog.

For example, in the following set of dialogs shown in Figure 26.3, an Eva-
potranspiration time series was selected instead of the correct Precipita-
tion time series file.

The first error is in the Select Item tab (upper dialog), where there is a
message that no Valid Items are found.

To find out why there is no valid items, you should look in the Constraints
Info tab (centre dialog). In you can see that the Item type is supposed to be
Precipitation Rate, but this constraint has failed.

To find out what the Item Type of the selected file is, look at the Item Info
tab (lower dialog) where you can see that the current Item Type is Eva-
potranspiration Rate.

270 MIKE Zero

Changing the EUM data type of a Parameter

Figure 26.3 Verification of EUM type validity

26.6 Changing the EUM data type of a Parameter

The next two sections outline how to change the EUM Type of an existing
dfs0 file and dfs2 file, respectively.

Alternatively you may change the EUM type of any existing data file by
using the MIKE Zero tool ‘Data Utility...’ shown at the bottom of the File
pull-down menu.

26.6.1 Changing the EUM Type of a .dfs0 Parameter

To change the EUM Data Type of a parameter in a .dfs0 file, open the time
series in the Time Series Editor and then select the Properties... item from
the Edit drop down menu, see Figure 26.4.

UNIT Base Group Editing 271

 Unit Base Group Editing Utility

Figure 26.4 Edit drop down menu in Time Series Editor

This opens the item properties dialog (Figure 26.5) where you can change
the EUM Type and the EUM Unit that is assigned for each time series in
the file.

Figure 26.5 Dfs0 Item Properties dialog

272 MIKE Zero

Changing the EUM data type of a Parameter

26.6.2 Changing the EUM Type of a .dfs2 Parameter

To change the EUM Data Type of a parameter in a .dfs2 file, open the grid
file in the Grid Editor and then select the Items... item from the Edit drop
down menu, see Figure 26.6.

Figure 26.6 Edit drop down menu in Grid Editor

This will open the Edit Properties dialog for the Grid Editor (Figure 26.7)
where you can change the EUM Type and the associated data EUM Unit
of the item.

Figure 26.7 Dfs2 Item Properties dialog

UNIT Base Group Editing 273

 Unit Base Group Editing Utility

274 MIKE Zero

GEODESY UTILITIES

275
276 MIKE Aqua
Introduction

27 BASIC GEODESY
Geodesy is the branch of science concerned with the determination of the
size and shape of the earth. This section will in the following discuss the
following aspects of geodesy:

1 Geoid
2 Ellipsoid
3 Datum
4 Map Projection
5 Datum Transformation

27.1 Introduction
As the earth is an almost spherical object, mathematical methods have
been developed by cartographers to project the curved surface of the earth
to the flat surface of a map. These methods, known as map projections
involve the concept of wrapping an imaginary cylinder or cone around an
ellipsoid model of the geoid, and then projecting from the ellipsoid model
to a cylinder or cone. Cylinders and cones are called developable surfaces
because they can be cut and placed on a flat surface, such as a map, with-
out distorting the projected features.

Figure 27.1 Mapping of the world onto plane coordinates

27.2 Geoid
The geoid is an invisible, continuous closed surface and is an equipotential
surface or a level surface. It is a surface at which the potential of gravity is
constant and the vector sum of the force of gravity and centrifugal force

277
 Basic Geodesy

due to the rotation of the earth is normal to the surface at every point. A
level surface undulates over a geographic area due to variations in the
mass of the earth's terrain and seas. A level surface is chosen that, on aver-
age, coincides with the surface of the oceans. This surface is called the
geoid. As a result, the geoid is often defined as the mean sea level. The
geoid undulates even in areas of the earth where there are oceans, because
the mass and density of the water and rock beneath the ocean are not con-
stant.

Figure 27.2 Definition of geoid, ellipsoid and the earth surface

27.3 Ellipsoid
The ellipsoid is a three-dimensional model formed by rotating an ellipse
about its minor axis. An ellipsoid, sometimes called a spheroid, is used as
the reference system of the geoid instead of a sphere because the earth is
slightly flattened. The earth's polar axis is shorter than the diameter of the
earth measured at the equator. An ellipsoid serves two purposes. It serves

278 MIKE Aqua

Ellipsoid

as a reference system for creating the geoid model, and it serves as a math-
ematical model for locating the earth's features geographically. The earth's
features are projected from the earth's surface to the ellipsoid.

An ellipsoid is uniformly defined through two parameters:

1 a semi-major axis (a)

2 a semi-minor axis (b)

Figure 27.3 Outline of Ellipsoid

From the ellipsoid they are geometrically projected to a map, or their geo-
graphic locations on the map are mathematically computed in some man-
ner. There are many mathematical algorithms for transferring features
from the ellipsoid to the map. Figure 27.4 show the geographical position
of point P described by various parameters related to an ellipsoid.

279
 Basic Geodesy

Figure 27.4 Geographical coordinates

27.4 Datum
27.4.1 Geodetic datum
A geocentric coordinate system has its origin at the centre of the earth,
with the x axis and y axis in the equatorial plane, with the x axis passing
through the prime meridian, and with the z axis along the polar axis. The
production of a new ellipsoid and its geocentric and geodetic coordinate
systems is called a geodetic datum. Maps using the new geodetic datum
will have their features shifted geographically relative to the old datum.
Differences between different datums are illustrated in Figure 27.5.

280 MIKE Aqua

Map Projection

Figure 27.5 Position shifts for a point using different geodetic datums

27.4.2 Vertical Datum

A vertical datum is a network of benchmarks whose elevations (orthomet-
ric heights) have been measured and adjusted simultaneously relative to
mean sea level (the geoid).

Vertical datums are independent of horizontal datums (i.e. geodetic

datums).

27.5 Map Projection

A projection is a mathematical expression for the curved surface of an
ellipsoid on a rectangular coordinate grid. Distortions of the Map charac-
teristics (conformality, distance, direction, scale, and area) always result
from a map projection.

27.5.1 Types of projection

Some projections minimize distortions in some of the Map characteristics
at the expense of maximizing errors in others. Some projections are
attempts to only moderately distort all of these characteristics.

281
 Basic Geodesy

Cone
In normal aspect, the cone is placed tangent to the globe along a parallel of
latitude or secant to the globe, intersecting the globe along two parallels.
Meridians are represented as straight lines radiating from the apex of the
cone and parallels of latitude are represented as concentric circular arcs.
The standard parallel(s) is/are true to scale.

Figure 27.6 Map projection: Cone

Distortion is minimized in a narrow band along the standard parallel(s)

and increases with distance from the standard parallel(s).

Figure 27.7 Pattern of distortion

Cylinder
The normal aspect for cylindrical projections assumes that the cylinder is
tangent to the globe along the Equator. In this orientation, the graticule
appears as a rectangular grid. Meridians of longitude are straight lines,

282 MIKE Aqua

Map Projection

equally spaced along, and perpendicular to the Equator. Parallels of lati-

tude are represented as straight line parallel to and having the same length
as the Equator.

Figure 27.8 Map projection: cylinder

In the tangent case, the Equator is true to scale and distortion increases
with distance from the Equator. In the secant case, the standard parallels
which lie equidistant north and south of the Equator are true to scale and
distortion increases with distance from the standard lines.

Figure 27.9 Pattern of distortion

Transverse Mercator Projection is a type of cylinder projection that result

from projecting the sphere onto a cylinder secant around a central merid-
ian (e.g. rotated 90 deg from equator). Transverse Mercator maps are often

283
 Basic Geodesy

used to portray areas with larger north-south than east-west extent. Distor-
tion of scale, distance, direction and area increases away from the central
meridian.

Plane
Plane projections are projections to a plane placed tangent to the globe at a
point. In normal (or polar) aspect, the point of tangency is either the north
or south pole and meridians of longitude are represented as radial straight
lines through the pole while parallels of latitude appear as concentric cir-
cles.

Figure 27.10 Map projection: plane

Distortion in the map increases with distance from the point of tangency.
Since distortion is minimal near the point of tangency, azimuthal projec-
tions are useful for representing areas having approximately equal extents
in the north-south and east-west directions.

Figure 27.11 Pattern of distortion

284 MIKE Aqua

Map Projection

27.5.2 Map characteristics

Map projections are attempts to portray the surface of the earth or a por-
tion of the earth on a flat surface. Some distortions of conformality, dis-
tance, direction, scale, and area always result from this process. Some
projections minimize distortions in some of these properties at the expense
of maximizing errors in others. Some projection are attempts to only mod-
erately distort all of these properties.

Conformality
When the scale of a map at any point on the map is the same in any direc-
tion, the projection is conformal. Meridians (lines of longitude) and paral-
lels (lines of latitude) intersect at right angles. Shape is preserved locally
on conformal maps (Transverse Mercator projections).

Distance
A map is equidistant when it portrays distances from the centre of the pro-
jection to any other place on the map.

Direction
A map preserves direction when azimuths (angles from a point on a line to
another point) are portrayed correctly in all directions.

Scale
Scale is the relationship between a distance portrayed on a map and the
same distance on the earth.

Area
When a map portrays areas over the entire map so that all mapped areas
have the same proportional relationship to the areas on the earth that they
represent, the map is an equal-area map.

27.5.3 Mercator Projection

The projection can be thought of as being mathematically based on a cyl-
inder tangent at the equator.

The use of the Mercator map projection as the base for nautical charts is
universal. (Which does not mean that all nautical charts are based on the
Mercator projection, but most are)

The major navigational feature of the projection is found in the fact that a
sailing route between two points is shown as a straight line, if the direction
or azimuth of the ship remains constant with respect to north. This kind of
route is called a loxodrome, or rhumb line. Conversely, it is also true that

285
 Basic Geodesy

any straight line depicts a rhumb line. This implies, that all angles main-
tain the sizes that they have on the surface of the globe.

Lines of longitude and latitude are both straight and parallel. The linear
scale is not true, i.e. not isometric. Aerial distortion is extreme away from
the equator. Shape is true only within any small area.

27.5.4 Transverse Mercator Projection

Transverse Mercator projections result from projecting the sphere onto a
cylinder secant around a central meridian (longitude). Transverse Merca-
tor maps are often used to portray areas with larger north-south than east-
west extent. The projection is not valid in polar regions. Distortion of
scale, distance, direction and area increases away from the central merid-
ian.

The Transverse Mercator projection is also called the Gauss-Kruger (or

Gauss) projection in some parts of the world. Many national grid systems
are based on the Transverse Mercator projection.

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

A commonly used projection system is the Universal Transverse Mercator
System (UTM). UTM coordinates are isometric coordinates referred to a
specific UTM zone. There are 60 UTM zones, together covering all of the
globe. However, UTM is not not defined north of 84° North and south of
80° South.

Figure 27.12 show the UTM zone numbers as distributed across the world.
For example UTM Zone 32 extend from 6° East to 12° East and covers
most of Denmark.

286 MIKE Aqua

Map Projection

Figure 27.12 UTM Zone numbers

The relation between central meridian (CM) and primary UTM Zone is
given below. CM is negative for western meridians and positive for east-
ern meridians.

Calculation of UTM Zone

Equation: Zone = (177 + CM)/6 + 1

Example: Central Meridian 9° East equals zone 32:

Zone = (177 + 9)/6 + 1 = 31 + 1 = 32

Calculation of Central Meridian

Equation: CM = 6*(Zone - 1) - 177

Example: Zone 33 has a Central Meridian of 15° East:

CM = 6*(33 - 1) - 177 = 192 - 177 = 15

Coordinates are not always referred to the primary UTM Zone. When an
area spans several UTM zones, it may be more practical to refer all coordi-
nates within an area to the same UTM zone. Therefore, it must always be
ascertained just what UTM zone coordinates refer to, and when UTM
coordinates are passed on to someone else, they should be accompained
by the proper UTM zone information.

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 Basic Geodesy

27.6 Datum Transformation

27.6.1 Introduction
The process of converting coordinates from one datum to another datum is
called a datum transformation. Some commonly used geodetic datums and
their ellipsoids are shown in the following table

Table 27.1 Sample of geodetic datums and ellipsoids

Geodetic datum Ellipsoid

WGS 84 World Geodetic System of 1984 WGS84

NAD 27 North American Datum of 1927 Clarke Spheroid of 1866

OSGB36 Airy 1830

Ideally, a single datum should be used in a country or region so that all

data can be referenced to a common coordinate system. In practice it is
never so: it is frequently necessary to deal with two or more datums (for
example, a local datum for existing mapping and a newer geocentric
datum for satellite navigation).

The latitude, longitude and height of a point defined on Datum 1 will be

different to its latitude, longitude and height defined on Datum 2 as a con-
sequence of:

z the ellipsoids being different shapes

z the centres of the ellipsoids being displaced
z the Cartesian coordinate axes of the two datums not being parallel or
being subject to a scale difference

Coordinates can be converted from one datum to another if the relation-

ship between the two is known. The relationship is described by two com-
ponents, being:

1 a set of Formulae, which describes the mathematics of the transforma-

tion process
2 a set of Parameters, referred to as transformation parameters

27.6.2 Formulae
Two common transformation models are available for the conversion of
parameters from one datum to another.

288 MIKE Aqua

Datum Transformation

Molodensky transformation
The Molodensky transformation requires 3 parameters, see Equation
(27.1) and Figure 27.13.

X 1 = X 2 + ∆X
Y 1 = Y 2 + ∆Y (27.1)
Z 1 = Z 2 + ∆Z

where

X1, Y1, Z1 is the Cartesian Coordinates of Datum 1,

X2, Y2, Z2 is the Cartesian Coordinates of Datum 2 and
∆X, ∆Y, ∆Z is the difference between the centres of the two spheroids.

1 common point is adequate for the determination of the 3 parameters.

Figure 27.13 Molodensky transformation parameters.

3D Helmert transformation
The 3D Helmert Transformation requires 7 parameters, see Equation
(27.2) and Figure 27.14.

X1 ∆X 1 –RZ RY X2
Y1 = ∆Y + ( 1 + S c ) R Z 1 – R X Y 2 (27.2)
Z1 ∆Z –RY RX 1 Z2

289
 Basic Geodesy

where

X1, Y1, Z1 is the Cartesian Coordinates of Datum 1,

X2, Y2, Z2 is the Cartesian Coordinates of Datum 2,
∆X, ∆Y, ∆Z is the difference between the centres of the two spheroids,
RX, RY, RZ is the rotations around the three coordinate axes and
Sc is the scale difference between the coordinate systems.

The sign convention of RX, RY and RZ is such that a positive rotation about
an axis is defined as a clockwise rotation of the position vector when
viewed from the origin of the Cartesian coordinate reference system in the
positive direction of that axis.

3 common point are adequate for the determination of the 7 parameters.

Figure 27.14 3D Helmert Transformation

27.6.3 Parameters
The transformation parameters which are substituted into the Formulae
(i.e. ∆X, ∆Y, ∆Z, RX, RY, RZ and Sc) identify the relationship between the
particular datums in question. They are calculated by comparing coordi-
nate sets from the two datums.

The transformation parameters are derived by analysing survey control

stations which have coordinates on both datums. The minimum number of
stations required for this process depends on the transformation method
being proposed. However, there is no maximum limit, and in general, as
many stations as possible are normally used.

290 MIKE Aqua

References

27.7 References
Further reading about geodesy and map projections in general can be
found on the following web-sites:

http://www.posc.org/Epicentre.2_2/DataModel/ExamplesofU-
sage/eu_cs34.html

http://mathworld.wolfram.com/LambertConformalConicProjection.html

291
 Basic Geodesy

292 MIKE Aqua

Introduction

28 GEODESY IN MIKE ZERO

28.1 Introduction
All MIKE Zero products that work with spatial data relate the data ele-
ments to geographical positions on the planet earth. This is managed
through the use of map projections. A map projection is basically a for-
mula for converting between Cartesian (x,y)-coordinates - often in map
projections referred to as easting and northing - and longitudes and lati-
tudes.

Most data files in MIKE Zero are tagged with:

z The map projection that the actual data is given in, and
z The coordinates - expressed in the given map projection - of a refer-
ence point within the data.

This makes it possible for MIKE Zero to calculate the exact geographical
position of each point in a given data file.

MIKE Zero provides a comprehensive list of pre-defined map projections.

However, there might be situations where you will need a projection not
supplied with the predefined projections available in the MIKE Zero
installation. For these situations MIKE Zero provides a simple utility tool
that allows you to create new map projections (see section 29.2 New Map
Projection (p. 298)).

28.2 Definition of Map Projection

The map projections used in MIKE Zero must be defined in one of two
type of format:

1 By specification in a DHI pfs-file, or

2 By using Open Standard GIS projection files

A collection of pre-defined map projections in both formats are included

in the installation of MIKE Zero.

28.2.1 DHI map projection

The pre-defined DHI map projections are specified by 5 files situated in
the Common Files directory for MIKE Zero:

293
 Geodesy in MIKE Zero

z one file containing the available ellipsoids (ellopsoid.pfs)

z four files containing projection parameters for a number of map projec-
tions. The map projections are generally sorted in separate files accord-
ing to their datum:
- Miscellaneous (Map_projection.pfs)
- North American Datum 1927 (State_plane_nad27.pfs)
- North American Datum 1983 (State_plane_nad83.pfs)
- User defined (Custom_projection.pfs)

The latter file contains custum projections, e.g. map projections you can
define yourself by giving a set of projection parameters. This is done from
the menu item "Edit Map Projections" found in the MIKE Zero File menu
under “Options”.

28.2.2 Open standard GIS projection

Included in the installation is a sample of the open standard GIS projection
files, similar to those used in ESRI’s ArcGIS information system.

The files are self-extracted during the installation and installed in a direc-
tory within the DHI common files folder.

It is not possible to edit these files.

28.3 Selection of Map Projection

When specifying a map projection, just select from the drop down list in
the different programs. The drop-down list will contain names of the latest
10 map projections that has been used along with a browse facility that
enables you to select from all the available map projections or to create a
new map projection.

28.4 Grid Orientation

Model areas in MIKE Zero can (among others) be specified by a grid
series file (dfs2), that is defined by the grid extension, map projection,
geographical position of origin and grid orientation.

The grid orientation is defined as the angle between True North and the y-
axis of the grid measured clockwise. A mnemonic way of remembering
this definition is by thinking of NYC, which normally means New York
City, but which for our purpose means "from North to the Y-axis Clock-
wise", see Figure 28.1.

294 MIKE Aqua

Grid Orientation

Figure 28.1 Definition of grid orientation

When plotting a grid in the Plot Composer, you have the option to plot an
Indication of Convergence. The convergence defines the angle between
the longitude at the specific location and the northing line for the specific
map projection. As such it is independent of the grid orientation.

295
 Geodesy in MIKE Zero

296 MIKE Aqua

Map Projection

29 MAP PROJECTION EDITING

You use the menu item "Edit Map Projections…" menu item in the MIKE
Zero File menu (see Figure 29.1).

Figure 29.1 MIKE Zero File pull-down menu

After you have selected the menu item, you will be presented with a dialog
from where you can create a new map projection, delete or edit an existing
one (see Figure 29.2).

29.1 Map Projection

You use the map projection dialog to view, edit and delete projections.
You edit a projection by changing the parameters defining the projection.
The dialog is shown below in Figure 29.2.

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 Map Projection Editing

Figure 29.2 Map Projection Dialog

Note: All new map projections you create will be placed in the Custom
map projections group node.

29.2 New Map Projection

You define a new projection by specifying a set of map projection parame-
ters, see Figure 29.3.

Figure 29.3 New Map Projection dialog

The number and type of parameters depends on the type of map projec-
tion.

298 MIKE Aqua

New Map Projection

MIKE Zero understands three types of map projections:

1 UTM Projection (Universal Transverse Mercator)

2 Lambert Conic Projection with 1 standard parallel
3 Lambert Conic Projection with 2 standard parallels

All new map projections you create will be saved in the file
‘Custom_projection.pfs’ located in the folder:

C:\Documents and Settings\[User]\Local Settings\Application

Data\DHI\MIKEZero

where [User] is the user identification name, e.g. initials.

29.2.1 UTM Projection

For a UTM projection you need to specify:

z The name of your new projection

z The ellipsoid the projection is based upon
z The centre of the projection
z The scale of the projection
z The false easting and northing
z The latitude origin

29.2.2 Lambert Conic Projection with 1 standard parallel

For a Lambert Conic projection with 1 standard parallel you need to spec-
ify:

z The name of your new projection

z The ellipsoid the projection is based upon
z The first parallel
z The false easting and northing
z The longitude and latitude origin

29.2.3 Lambert Conic Projection with 2 standard parallels

And for a Lambert Conic projection with 2 standard parallels you specify:

z The name of your new projection

z The ellipsoid the projection is based upon

299
 Map Projection Editing

z The first and second parallel

z The false easting and northing
z The longitude and latitude origin

29.3 Edit Map Projection

You use the Edit Map Projection dialog to redefine the map projection
parameters defining the projection. The dialog is shown in Figure 29.4.

Figure 29.4 Edit Map Projection dialog

Usually the pre-defined projections that are installed along with the MIKE
Zero are write-protected and cannot be edited.

Note: The number of parameters you can modify in an existing projection

depends on the projection itself.

300 MIKE Aqua

Datum Conversion

30 DATUM CONVERSION UTILITY

You use the menu item "Datum Convert…" menu item in the MIKE Zero
File menu (see Figure 30.1).

Figure 30.1 MIKE Zero File pull-down menu

After you have selected the menu item, you will be presented with a dialog
from where you can convert xyz data between different coordinate sys-
tems (see Figure 30.2).

30.1 Datum Conversion

The Datum Conversion utility is a tool for converting spatial data coordi-
nates from one coordinate system to another. This can be between two dif-
ferent projected coordinate systems, from projected data to geographical
data (or vice/versa), and with or without datum transformation.

A log containing the session history keeps track of the conversions for the
active data set.

You may save the conversion parameters in a conversion template for

future use.

The dialog is shown below in Figure 30.2.

301
 Datum Conversion Utility

Figure 30.2 Datum Conversion dialog

30.2 Spatial Data

The Datum Conversion utility converts the XYZ data, shown in the
spreadsheet to the right in the dialog, according to the definitions of coor-
dinate system A and B, respectively.

You can add the spatial data to the dialog in two ways:

z By manual input in the spreadsheet to the right

(press Enter in the lower right Text cell to add new line)
z By opening an ascii-file containing rows with the XYZ coordinates
(and maybe text) organised in columns (Select File->Open).

NOTE: In an ascii-file the first three columns must be numeric data. All
characters in the line after the third column are regarded as text and
inserted in the fourth column in the speadsheet, including spaces.

You can export the data in the spreadsheet to an ascii-file at any time by
selecting File->Save or File->Save as.

Per default the program search for ascii-files with extension .xyz, but it is
possible to apply other extensions.

302 MIKE Aqua

Coordinate System

30.3 Coordinate System

When converting XYZ data you need to specify the properties for the
coordinate system that the data is defined by now AND the properties for
the coordinate system by which you want to define your data after the con-
version.

A coordinate system used for the conversion is defined by a Map projec-

tion, the Type of coordinates and Datum shift.

30.3.1 Map projection

You must specify the map projection of the data. You can select from a
wide assortment of map projections installed with MIKE Zero.

30.3.2 Type of coordinates

You must specify the type of coordinates. The XYZ data can be displayed
in two ways:

z Cartesian coordinates (Map projection, meters)

z Geodetic coordinates (Geographical, longitude/latitude)

The definition of cartesian and geodetic coordinates, respectively, is

shown in Figure 30.3.

Figure 30.3 Geodetic coordinates versus Cartesian coordinates

303
 Datum Conversion Utility

30.3.3 Datum shift

If you want to simply translate spatial coordinates between a map projec-
tion and corresponding geographical coordinates, keeping the same
datum, you specify ‘none’ for Datum shift.

If you want to add a datum shift to the map projection already defined you
must specify some datum transformation parameters. The parameters are
as follows:

z dx, dy, dz
The difference between the centres of the two spheroids
z Rx, Ry, Rz
The rotations around the three coordinate axes)
z Sc (scale difference between the coordinate systems)

Additional description of how the parameters are defined and how the
datum shift is calculated can be found in Datum Transformation (p. 288)
and below.

30.4 Datum Transformation Process

The sequence in converting coordinates from Datum ‘1’ to Datum ‘3’ is
given below and illustrated in Figure 30.4 (Datum ‘2’ denotes the refer-
ence datum, handled internally by the program).

1 Transformation of map grid coordinates (eg. UTM) on Datum '1' to

geodetic coordinates on Datum '1’.
2 Conversion of the geodetic coordinates on Datum '1' to XYZ Cartesian
values on Datum '1’.
3 Conversion of the XYZ Cartesian values on Datum '1' to XYZ Carte-
sian values on Datum '2' or '3'.
4 Convert the XYZ Cartesian values on Datum '2' or '3' to geodetic coor-
dinates on Datum '2' or '3'.
5 Convert the geodetic coordinates on Datum '2' or '3' to map grid coor-
dinates on Datum '2' or '3'.

304 MIKE Aqua

Session History

Figure 30.4 Datum transformation process

30.5 Session History

After each conversion of xyz data, the program writes the conversion
parameters in the Session History log window located down left in the dia-
log. This enables you to keep track of the conversions taken place after the
initial input of XYZ data into the spreadsheet.

30.6 Conversion Template

If you are frequently going to convert data from coordinate system A to
coordinate system B, it can be time saving to save the conversion parame-
ters in a Conversion Template (extension .cvt) that can be opened and re-
applied on a new data set.

The Open - and Save Conversion Template utilities can be assessed

through the Tools button in the top toolbar.

As an example Qatar_WGS84.cvt is shown in Figure 30.5. This file

defines the entire transformation.

305
 Datum Conversion Utility

Figure 30.5 Template content displayed in NotePad.

Coordinate system A: Qatar National Grid + datum shift
Coordinate system B: WGS 84 UTM Zone 39N.

306 MIKE Aqua

DATA UTILITY

307
308 MIKE Zero
Introduction

31 DATA UTILITY EDITOR - THE DFS HEADER

EDITING UTILITY

31.1 Introduction
The Data Utility is a tool for the advanced user to edit header information
in DFS data files.

From the Main Menu of the MIKE Zero window choose FileÆData Util-
ity to open the MzDataUtility window.

From the Main Menu of the MzDataUtility window you may use
FileÆOpen to open an existing DFS file.

With Data Utility, you can edit various DFS header information, such as:

z File Overview
z Item Information
z Custom Blocks
z Data Type and Delete Values

Data Utility 309

 Data Utility Editor - the DFS Header Editing Utility

31.2 File Overview

Figure 31.1 File Overview dialog

In this dialog you can edit the common file information such as file title,
time axis and geographical information.

310 MIKE Zero

Item Information

31.3 Item Information

Figure 31.2 Item Information dialog

In this dialog you can edit the item information such as item name, type
and unit.

You may also edit the spatial axis.

Data Utility 311

 Data Utility Editor - the DFS Header Editing Utility

31.4 Custom Blocks

Figure 31.3 Custom blocks dialog

In this dialog you may edit the custom blocks.

For some files model specific information are stored in the custom blocks
(for example the coastline orientation in a LITPACK line series file).

312 MIKE Zero

Data Type and Delete Values

31.5 Data Type and Delete Values

Figure 31.4 Data Type and Delete Values

In this menu you may edit the data type and the delete values used in the
model.

Various data types are for example used in the LITPACK model.

Data Utility 313

 Data Utility Editor - the DFS Header Editing Utility

314 MIKE Zero

IMAGE RECTIFIER

315
316 MIKE Zero
Introduction

32 IMAGE RECTIFIER EDITOR

32.1 Introduction
The Image rectifier aka 'ImRec.Exe' is an editor that can be used to rectify
raster images.

For those who are unfamiliar with rectification a short introduction to rec-
tification is given here. Rectification is the process of transforming the
data from one grid system to another grid system using an nth order poly-
nomial. Since the pixels of the new grid may not align with the pixels of
the original grid, the pixels must be resampled. Resampling is the process
of extrapolating data values for the pixels on the new grid from the values
of the source pixels. In other words the Image Rectifier can bend and twist
a scanned image of a seamap, or anything else, so that it aligns with a
coordinate system of a specific map projection.

The rectification process is necessary because an image intended as back-

ground in a GIS application not always is aligned with the underlying
coordinate system. The image can be of a different map projection or sim-
ply be distorted by a scanning process.

Figure 32.1 Demo map

The Image Rectifier will use a non rectified image as input and will output
a rectified image and a world coordinate file that indirectly assigns coordi-

Image Rectifier 317

 Image Rectifier Editor

nates to the image data of the output image. Doing this is referred to as
Georeferencing, which refers to the process of assigning map coordinates
to image data. The image data may already be projected onto the desired
plane but not yet referenced to the proper coordinate system. Rectifica-
tion, by definition, involves georeferencing, since all map projection sys-
tems are associated with map coordinates.

The output from the Image Rectifier is a world coordinate file and an
image that is rectified to a particular map projection (for most modelling
applications UTM) and Georeferenced to this map projections coordinate
system as explained above.

These two files and the input image are connected as an 'Image Rectifier'
project.

Figure 32.2 Twisted application

The Image Rectifier can only handle 24 bit bitmaps (This is the windows
image format with the extension .bmp). Any image must be converted to
this format with a paint program before it can be used. If you have an
image ready, you can start rectifying it by selecting New from the File
menu. New opens a file selector where you can select your input image
and accept it by pressing OK. This will open up theTarget Area (p. 319)
dialog, where you must define your graphical working area.

318 MIKE Zero

Target Area

32.2 Target Area

The Target Area dialog is where you can define the position and size of the
output area. You have to define the origin point of the lower left corner,
the width and the height of the output area where the output image will be
mapped to.

Figure 32.3 Target Area Settings

Press OK after you have defined these values. These values can be found
by analysing the input image. Find a number of keypoints that you know
or can calculate the output coordinates of to get an idea of the extents of
the output area. It is recommended to make the output area a little larger
than needed. When you have accepted your values the Source View
(p. 319) will appear and you can now use the Toolbar Functions (p. 323).

32.3 Source and Target Views

32.3.1 Source View
The source view is a window that initially shows the input image. This
window is used to view the image and place Ground Controls Points
(GPCs) at certain user specified positions.

Image Rectifier 319

 Image Rectifier Editor

Figure 32.4 Image rectifier windows

You can place these points by clicking the Add New GCP Toolbar Func-
tions (p. 323) button which will make the Specify Target Point (p. 323)
dialog popup. GCPs are shown in red in the target view, they can be
added, deleted and moved via theToolbar Functions (p. 323).

32.3.2 Target View

When all the GCPs have been defined you can rectify the image via the
Operations menu. you rectify the image by using a 1st., 2nd. or 3rd. poly-
nomia. To make a 1st. order rectification at least 3 GPCs must be defined,
to make a 2nd. order rectification at least 6 GPCs must be defined and a
3rd. order rectification needs at least 11 GPCs.

320 MIKE Zero

Source and Target Views

Figure 32.5 Operations Menu

If you have defined enough GPCs you can select the appropriate Rectifica-
tion item in the menu. A progress bar will show the progress of the rectifi-
cation and disappear when the rectification is done. To view the output
image, select the Target View in the View menu. This will open the target
view, which is a window that contains the output image. The target posi-
tion of the GPCs can be deleted and moved in this view via theToolbar
Functions (p. 323).

Image Rectifier 321

 Image Rectifier Editor

Figure 32.6 Resulting map

Notice the 'R' in front of the 'HelpMap.bmp' in the title caption of the Tar-
get View. If a project is called 'HelpMap' then the input image will be
called 'HelpMap.bmp', the output image will be called 'RHelpMap.bmp'
and the world coordinate file will be called 'RHelpMap.bmpw'. If you
move the cursor around in the views you can se information about the
pixel where the cursor is at in the status bar.

Figure 32.7 Status bar

If the cursor is over a pixel in the focused Target View, the coordinates
after the Area (x,y) label is the output area coordinates of that pixel. The
information in the first box is the pixel position and color of the pixel
under the cursor in the focused view. The last box contains information on
Zoming and image in the focused view.

322 MIKE Zero

Toolbar Functions

32.4 Toolbar Functions

The toolbar contains four buttons:

Figure 32.8 The toolbar

1 The Normal Mode button sets the editor in normal mode where you can
pick out single GCPs and delete them if that is wanted. To delete you
mark one of the GCPs; press delete on the keyboard or choose delete
from the edit menu.
2 The Move Mode button sets the editor in a mode where GCPs can be
moved by placing the cursor over a GCP and holding the left mouse
button down while moving the mouse. When you release the button,
the GCP will be placed at the position where the cursor is when the
release happens.
3 The Zoom mode button set the editor in a mode where you can zoom in
either the input (Source View (p. 319)) or output image (Target View
(p. 320)). Left clicking will zoom in and right clicking will zoom out.
4 The Add GCP button sets the editor in a mode where you can add
GCPs. You add GCPs by pointing at a location in the input image
(Source View (p. 319)) and left clicking the mouse. This will make the
Specify Target Point (p. 323) dialog popup. This button will not be ena-
bled when the Target View (p. 320) is focused.

32.5 Target Point

To define a Ground Control Point (GPC), you click the Add New GCP
Toolbar Functions (p. 323) button when the Source View (p. 319) is
focused. Then you click on a position you know the location of in the
Source View (p. 319) and the Specify Target Point dialog appears. For
maximum accuracy it advised to zoom in to pixel resolution.

Image Rectifier 323

 Image Rectifier Editor

Figure 32.9 Definition of target point

Type in the X and the Y and click OK when you are satisfied with the val-
ues. Easting and Northing is used here because modelling applications use
the UTM system. If you type a value that is outside the extents of the Tar-
get View (p. 320) you will be asked to correct the values so that they are
valid. If the GPC is accepted, it will be displayed as a red square in the
Source View (p. 319) and an Orange square in the Target View (p. 320).
The points are numbered with a label in both views to enable you to see
which points are related.

32.6 Example
The following example will show how to rectify an image and use the rec-
tified image in the MIKE Zero bathymetry editor. This example will also
show the use at the Southern Hemisphere, with co-ordinates transferred
from standard UTM co-ordinates to signed co-ordinates.

Note: Transferring co-ordinates from standard UTM (southern hemi-

sphere) to signed co-ordinates to be used in MIKE Zero, is obtained by
subtracting 10.000.000 from the original Northing co-ordinate.

32.6.1 Input image

A Sea Chart copied from MIKE-Cmap from Sydney, Australia is used as
an example, see Figure 32.10.

324 MIKE Zero

Example

Figure 32.10 Sea Chart covering Sydney, Australia.

32.6.2 Reference points

The crossing longitude and latitude lines are used as reference points and
the corresponding UTM co-ordinates have been calculated, Table 32.1.

Table 32.1 Coordinates for reference points

Geographical UTM-56 WGS 1984

Longitude Latitude Easting Northing
151° 0’ 34° 5’ 315471 -3773201
151° 0’ 33° 55’ 315110 -3754717
151° 10’ 34° 0’ 330685 -3763671
151° 20’ 34° 5’ 346229 -3772649
151° 20’ 33° 55’ 345928 -3754167
151° 20’ 34° 0’ 346078 -3763408

Image Rectifier 325

 Image Rectifier Editor

To insure that all points will fall within the working area the co-ordinates
and dimension given in Table 32.2 has been selected in order to describe
the Sea Chart..

Table 32.2 Origo and dimention of working area

Origo Easting 315000

Northing -3775000
Dimension Length 32000
Height 21000

32.6.3 Rectify Image Step-by-step

Start the Image Rectifier program and load the image Sydney.BMP (24-bit
colour) and specify these values as the target area as shown in
Figure 32.11.

Figure 32.11 Specify the target area.

Next specify the control points from Table 32.1 as indicated on

Figure 32.12.

326 MIKE Zero

Example

Figure 32.12 Map with control point at crossing lines.

After rectifying the picture the output would look like Figure 32.13.

Image Rectifier 327

 Image Rectifier Editor

Figure 32.13 Rectified Map in UTM-56 co-ordinates.

32.6.4 Background image in Bathymetry Editor

The rectified image can then be used as background picture in Bathymetry
editor as show in Figure 32.14. Remember to switch on "Show Back-
ground Images".

The work area in the bathymetry editor is defined as follows:

- Origo (310000 m, -3780000 m)
- Dimension (40000 m, 30000 m)
- UTM zone 56.

328 MIKE Zero

Example

Figure 32.14 Imported background Image in the Bathymetry Editor

Image Rectifier 329

 Image Rectifier Editor

330 MIKE Zero

INDEX

331
 Index

A Exclude from Triangulation . . . . . 174

Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Export Boundary . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Arc Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Export Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
ASCII File . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 62, 79 Export Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
ASCII files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Export of Boundaries . . . . . . . . . 196
Attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Export to ASCII File . . . . . . . . . . 27
Axis information . . . . . . . . . . 28, 56
Azimuth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 F
False easting . . . . . . . . . . 299, 300
B False northing . . . . . . . . . . 299, 300
Bilinear Interpolation . . . . . . . . . 144 Field type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Box Grouping . . . . . . . . . . .132, 143 File Formats . . . . . . . . . . .38, 60, 75
File Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
C File Properties Dialog . . . . . . . . . 28
Calculator . . . . . . . . 40, 65, 104, 249 Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Cartesian coordinates . . . . . . . . 293 Fixed Aspect Ratio . . . . . . . . . . 179
Centre of the projection . . . . . . . 299 Flexible Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Closed Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . 156 Font Settings Dialog . . . . . . . . . . 37
Colour ramp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Conformality . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Contour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 G
Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Gap Filling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Convert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Gauss-Kruger . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Coordinate Overlays . . . . . . . . . 177 General Information . . . . . . . . 28, 56
Crop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Geodetic datum . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Custom map projection . . . . . . . 298 GIS application . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Go To . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
D Graphical and font settings . . . . 33, 59
Datum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 Graphical Settings . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Datum transformation . . . . . . . . 288 Graphical View . . . . . . . . .32, 59, 90
Delete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Grid orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Delete Mesh . . . . . . . . . . .166, 189 Ground Control Point . . . . . . . . . 323
DFS2 files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Ground Controls Points . . . . . . . 319
DFSU files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 I
Double Buffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Imperial (US) units . . . . . . . . . . 269
Draw Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Import Boundary . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Import Graphic Layers . . . . . . . . 191
E Import Scatter Data . . . . . . . . . . 183
Editing modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Ellipsoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Insert Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Equal-area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Interpolate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Equidistant map . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Interpolation . . . . . . . . . 41, 168, 255
EUM Data Type . . . . . . 267, 271, 273 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
EUM Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Item information . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 57

332 MIKE Zero

Index

L R
Lambert Conic . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 rectifification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Land Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Redistribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Land Generation . . . . . . . . 132, 143 Redo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Latitude . . . . . . . . . . .293, 299, 300 Reduce Scatter Data . . . . . . . . . 183
Linear Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . 188 Refine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
LITPACK Orientation . . . . . . . . . . 55 Refine Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Local Maximum . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Resampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Longitude . . . . . . . . . .293, 299, 300
S
M Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285, 299
Map projection . . . . . . .262, 263, 293 Select area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Mark element values . . . . . . . . . 245 Select Sub-Set . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Select Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Mesh Definition File . . . . . . . . . 153 Shading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Mesh files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 SI units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Move Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Smooth Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Smoothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
N Southern Hemisphere . . . . . . . . 324
Natural Neighbour Interpolation . . . 187 Spatial properties . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 256
Navigation View . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Status Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
New data file . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
New File . . . . . . . . . . . . .19, 49, 77 T
Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Tabular View . . . . . . . . . . 31, 58, 89
Normal Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Target Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
NYC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 Target View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Temporal range . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
O Time axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Open Boundaries . . . . . . . . 156, 158 Time step . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Toolbars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Transverse Mercator . . . 283, 285, 286
Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Triangular Interpolation . . . . . . . . 148
Triangulate . . . . . . . . . . . . 164, 185
P TS Types graphical representation . 34
Palette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Point Attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 U
Point Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Undo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Polygon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Undo level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Polygon fill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Unit Base Groups . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Polygon Properties . . . . . . . . . . 195 Universal Transverse Mercator 286, 299
Polygon selection . . . . . . . . . . . 245 UTM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 UTM projection . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . 158, 190

333
 Index

V
Vertex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
View Colour Legend . . . . . . . . . 178
View Mesh Element Numbers . . . 178
View Mesh Node Numbers . . . . . 179
View Scatter Data . . . . . . . . . . 178

W
Workspace . . . . . . . . . . . .155, 190

X
XYZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
XYZ files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

Z
Zoom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 59
Zoom In . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Zoom mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Zoom Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Zoom to Extent of Data . . . . . . . 177

334 MIKE Zero