🔹 List Methods (For Lists)
Method Description Example
append(x) Adds x to the end of the list. numbers.append(4) # [1, 2,
3, 4]
extend(itera Adds elements from iterable to numbers.extend([4, 5]) #
ble) the end. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
insert(i, x) Inserts x at index i. numbers.insert(1, 1.5) #
[1, 1.5, 2, 3]
remove(x) Removes the first occurrence of x. numbers.remove(2) # [1, 3,
2]
pop(i) Removes and returns item at index removed = numbers.pop(1) #
i (last if not specified). removes 2
sort() Sorts list in ascending order. numbers.sort() # [1, 2, 3,
4, 5]
reverse() Reverses the list. numbers.reverse() # [3, 2,
1]
copy() Creates a shallow copy of the list. numbers_copy =
numbers.copy()
count(x) Counts occurrences of x. numbers.count(2) # 3
index(x) Finds the first index of x. numbers.index(2) # 1
clear() Removes all elements. numbers.clear() # []
max() Returns largest element. max(numbers) # 5
min() Returns smallest element. min(numbers) # 1
sum() Returns sum of elements. sum(numbers) # 15
len() Returns number of elements. len(numbers) # 5
sorted(itera Returns sorted copy of a list. sorted(numbers) # [1, 2,
ble) 3, 4, 5]
reversed() Returns an iterator for the list in list(reversed(numbers)) #
reverse order. [3, 2, 1]
enumerate() Returns an index-element pair list(enumerate(numbers))
iterator.
zip() Combines multiple iterables list(zip(a, b))
element-wise.
🔹 String Methods (For Text)
Method Description Example
upper() Converts string to uppercase. "hello".upper() # "HELLO"
lower() Converts string to lowercase. "HELLO".lower() # "hello"
strip() Removes whitespace from " hello ".strip() # "hello"
start and end.
replace(old, Replaces part of a string. "hello".replace("h", "y") #
new) "yello"
split(separato Splits into a list based on "hello world".split() #
r) separator. ["hello", "world"]
join(iterable) Joins list elements into a ' '.join(["hello", "world"])
string. # "hello world"
find(substring Returns the index of "hello".find("e") # 1
) substring.
startswith(pre Checks if string starts with "hello".startswith("he") #
fix) prefix. True
endswith(suffi Checks if string ends with "hello".endswith("lo") # True
x) suffix.
isalpha() Checks if all characters are "hello".isalpha() # True
letters.
isdigit() Checks if all characters are "123".isdigit() # True
digits.
isalnum() Checks if all characters are "hello123".isalnum() # True
alphanumeric.
🔹 Dictionary Methods (For Key-Value Pairs)
Method Description Example
keys() Returns all keys. d.keys()
values() Returns all values. d.values()
items() Returns key-value pairs. d.items()
get(key, Gets a value (without error if missing). d.get("name",
default) "Unknown")
update(dict2) Merges another dictionary. d.update({"age":
30})
pop(key) Removes and returns value for key. d.pop("name")
clear() Removes all items. d.clear()
🔹 Set Methods (For Unordered Unique Elements)
Method Description Example
add(x) Adds x to the set. s.add(4)
remove(x) Removes x (error if missing). s.remove(2)
discard(x) Removes x (no error if s.discard(2)
missing).
union(set2) Combines two sets. s1.union(s2)
intersection(s Gets common elements. s1.intersection
et2) (s2)
difference(set Gets elements not in set2. s1.difference(s
2) 2)
clear() Removes all elements. s.clear()
🔹 Tuple Methods (For Immutable Lists)
Method Description Example
count( Counts occurrences of t.count(
x) x. 2)
index( Returns first index of x. t.index(
x) 2)
BONUS: Built-in Functions Useful for Lists & More
Function Description Example
len() Returns number of items. len(numbers) # 5
max() Returns largest item. max(numbers) # 5
min() Returns smallest item. min(numbers) # 1
sum() Returns sum of all sum(numbers) # 15
elements.
sorted() Returns a sorted copy. sorted(numbers) # [1, 2,
3, 4, 5]
reversed( Returns a reversed iterator. list(reversed(numbers))
)
enumerate Returns index-value pairs. list(enumerate(numbers))
()
zip() Merges multiple iterables. list(zip(a, b))
