DAVANGERE UNIVERSITY

Shivagangothri, Davangere.
B.Sc. IN BOTANY
First Semester

Paper –I Diversity of Microorganisms, Fungi and Algae

Theory:

Total Theory Marks : 80

Internal Assessment Marks : 20
Total No.of Teaching Hours per semester : 60.
Total No.of Teaching Hour per week : 04
Duration of Theory Exam : 03

Practical

Based on Theory Paper I : 01

Max Marks : 50
Duration of Practical : 04
Total no.of Practical per week : 01
Duration of Practical Exam : 03

Theory Syllabus

Paper –I Diversity of Microorganisms, Fungi and Algae

Unit 1: Introduction to Microorganisms: History, Spontaneous generation and biogenesis

theories, types of microorganisms, Classification of organisms. 5 hrs.

Unit 2: Viruses: Introduction, General characteristics and properties of viruses,

principles of virus taxonomy, mode of viral replication. Study of plant viruses:
morphology, structure and types of nucleic acids, plant virus taxonomy, plant
viral replication, transmission of plant viruses. Type study of TMV and
Bacteriophage λ. Symptoms of plant viral diseases. Study of Bean mosaic and
tobacco mosaic diseases. 8 hrs.

Unit 3: Bacteria: Introduction, rods, cocci, flagella, pili, Gram positive and negative
bacteria, reproduction, conjugation, transformation, and transduction, Principles
of bacterial taxonomy, Significance as plant pathogens. Study of bacterial plant
diseases – symptoms, appearance and significance of Citrus canker and Leaf
blight of Paddy. Mycoplasma.
 Cyanobacteria: Occurrence, general characters,
Type study :Scytonema, Spirulina, Economics importance 14 hrs.

Unit 4: Fungi: General characters, classification up to major classes based on

Alexopoulos. Economic importance

Type Study:

Oomycetes : Phytophthora, Albugo

Zygomycetes : Mucor
Ascomycetes : Penicillium,. Peziza.
Basidiomycetes : Puccinia, Agaricus.
Deuteromycetes : Cercospora.Symptoms and etiology of plant diseases - White
rust of mustard, smut disease of sorghum, powdery mildew of cucurbits, tikka
disease of groundnut. 14 hrs.

Unit 5: Algae: General characters, Thallus organization, classification based on Fritsech

system.

Type Study:

Chlorophyceae : Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, Oedogonium, Chara.

Bacillariophyceae : Diatoms.
Phaephyceae : Sargassum.
Rhodophyceae : Polysiphonia

Evolution of thallus in algae

Economic importance of algae 14 hrs.

Unit 6: Lichens : Occurrence, classification, general characters, (Crustose, Folise &

Fruticose}, Internal structure of thallus, Apothecium, Economic importance 5 hrs.

B.Sc. in Botany
First Semester

Practical Syllabus

{Diversity of Microorganisms, Algae and Fungi}

Max Marks -50hrs
Duration of Examination -03 hr

Based on Theory Syllabus.

1. Study of Bacterial types – simple staining, Gram staining.

 2. Study of fungi included in theory.

3. Microscopic examination of pond water for different algal forms.

4. Study of algae included in theory.

5. Preparation of bacterial smears, fungal slides, algal mounts

6. Study of plant disease symptoms in hosts infected by viruses, bacteria and fungi

7. Study of Crustose, foliose and fruitcose lichens

8. Collection of any 5 locally available specimens & their submission during

examination (Practical)

9. Records
10.Viva-Voce.

B.Sc. in Botany

First Semester

Practical –I Model Question Paper

Duration of Practical Examination: 03hrs
Max Marks 50 Marks
{Diversity of Microorganisms, Algae and Fungi}

Q I : Identify the specimens A, B and C. Sketch, label 4x3=12 Marks

Q II : Write critical notes on D,E and F (Macroscopic) 3x3=9 Marks

Q III : Write pathological aspects of G and H- 2x3=6 Marks

Q IV : Indentify the slides I,J,K and L with reasons - 4x2=08 Marks

Q-V : Submission of specimens 05 marks

Records - 05 Marks

Viva-Vice 05 Marks

.
 B.Sc. in Botany
First Semester Practical –I

Scheme of Evaluation for Botany Practical –I

Time -03hours Max Marks: 50

[Diversity of Microorganisms, Algae Fungi and Lichens, ]

I: Identify the specimens A, B, and c -12Marks

Identification -01 Marks
Sketch and Label -02 Marks
Reasons -01 Marks
[ Algae-01, Fungi-1, 1 Cyanobacteria/Lichens]

II: Write Critical notes D,E and F -09 Marks

Identification - 01 Marks
Diagram -01 Marks
Critical notes -01 Marks

[ Algae-01, Fungi-1, Viruis/Bacteria-01]

III: Identify and Comments G and H. (Plant diseases) - 06 marks

Identification -01 Marks

Symptoms -01 Marks
Control- -01 Marks

[Viruses/Bacteria-01 and Fungi-01]

IV: Identify the slides I, J,K and L with reasons -08 Marks
Identification -01 Marks
Reasons -01 Mraks

V: Submission 5 specimens representing different branches -05 Marks

Records -05 Marks

Viva-Voce -05 Marks
 B.Sc. Botany
Second Semester

Paper: II Diversity of Cryptogams, Gymnosperms and Paleobotany

Theory :

Total theory marks :80

Internal Assessment Marks :20
Total No.of teaching hours per semester :60
Total no. of teaching hours per week :04
Duration of theory Examination :03

Practical:

Based on theory paper: II

Max Marks : 50
Duration of Practical : 04
Total no. of Practical per week : 01
Duration of Practical Exam : 03

B.Sc. Botany II Semester

Theory Syllabus

Paper: II Diversity of Cryptogams, Gymnosperms and Paleobotany

Unit 1: BRYOPHYTA: Introduction, General characters and classification

Type study: Morphology, Structural organization and reproduction of the
following examples

Hepaticopsida: Riccia, Marchantia.

Anthocerotopsida: Anthoceros
Bryopsida: Funaria

A brief account of origin and evolution of thallus; Evolution of sporophytes;

Bryophytes as bioindicatiors of air and water pollution 20 hrs
Unit 2: PTERIDOPHYIA: Introduction, General characters and classification
Type study: occurrence, structural organization of the following examples
Psicopsida: Psilotum
Lycopsida: Lycopodium, Selaginella
Sptlenospsida: Equisetum
Pteropsida: Marsilea

A brief account of origin and evolution of Pteridophytes; Stelar Evolution;

Heterospory and seed habit. 20 hrs.

Unit 3: GYMNOSPERMS: Introduction, general characters and classification

Type study: Morphology, anatomy of stem, leaf and root;
reproduction and life cycles of Cycas, Pinus and Gnetum. 15 hrs.

Unit 4: PALEOBOTANY: Introduction, process of fossilization. Fossil types,

Geological time scale; A brief account of Rhynia, Calamites, and
Cycadeoiedea 05 hrs

B.Sc. Botany

Second semester practical Syllabus

Paper-II Diversity of Cryptogams, Gymnosperms and Paleobotany

Study of morphology, anatomy and reproductive structures of the following types

I: Bryophyta: Riccia, Marchantia, Anthoceros, & Funaria

II: Pteridophyta: Psilotum,Lycopodium, selaginella, Equisetum, Marsilea.

III: Gymnosperms: Cycar, Pinus and Gnmetum

IV: Paleobotany: Rhynia, (stem) Calamites and Cyeadeoidea.

 B.Sc. Botany

Second semester Practical Model Question Paper

Paper-II Diversity of Cryptogams, Gymnosperms and Paleobotany

Time -03 hrs Total: 50

Marks

I . Identify the specimens A, B and C. Sketch, label and give reasons. 3x4=12 Marks

II. Write, Comment on D, E, and F (Macroscopic) 3x3= 09 Marks

III. Identify the slides G, H, I and J with reasons. 4x3= 12 Marks

IV. Prepare a temporary stained mount of K. Identify, sketch and label with reasons.

Leave it for observation. 07 Marks

Records : 05 Marks

Viva-Voce :05 Marks

B.Sc. Botany
Second semester practical scheme
Paper-II: Scheme of Evaluation

Diversity of Cryptogams, Gymnosperms and Paleobotany

Max Marks: 50 Time: 3 hours

1. Identify the specimens A.B and C. Sketch, Label give reasons 12 marks

Identification -01 Marks

Sketch and label -02 Marks
Reasons: -01 Marks

(Bryophyta-01, Pteridophyta-01 and Gymnosperms-01)

2. Write comments on D,E and F. 09 hrs
Identification -01 Marks
Sketch- -01 Marks
Critical note -01 Marks
(Bryophyta/Paleobotany-01, Pteridophyta-01, Gymnosperms-01)

3. Identify the slides G, H, I and J with reasons. 12 marks

Identification -01 Marks

Reasons: - 02 Marks

(Bryophyta-01, Pteridophyta-02, Gymnosperms/Paleobotany (Slide) -01,

4. Prepare temporary stained mount of K. Sketch, label identify with reasons.

07 Hrs

Identification -1 Marks
Preparation -3 Marks
Sketch and label - 2 Marks
Reasons: - 1 Marks

Records : 05 Marks

Viva-Voce -05 Marks

 BOTANY
Third Semester
Paper- III, Plant Anatomy and Embryology
No. of Teaching Hours : 60
Maximum Marks : 80
Internal Assessment : 20 marks
No. of Teaching Hours / week : 04
Duration of Examination : 03 Hours

I Histology: Study of Meristematic tissues – occurrence, Characteristics,

Classification based on origin, position and function, including the study of L/s of
Shoot and root apex. Theories, cell theory, Histogen theory, and tunica carpus
theory 4 Hours

Permanent Tissues: Simple tissues, Distribution, Classification, structure and

function of parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma.
4 Hours

Complex Tissues: Xylem and phloem

II Laticiferous tissues:
III The tissue system: Dermal / Epidermal tissue System, structure and function of
epidermis (stomata, trichomes stinging, glandular hairs)
6Hours

IV Ground tissue system: The structure and function of cortex, endodermis,

pericycle and pith.
2 Hours

V The vascular tissue system: Primary vascular tissue constituents of vascular

bundle, types of vascular bundles, conjoint, bicollateral and concentric types.
2 Hours

Anatomy : Internal structure of

Dicot stem - Ex: Tridax and Cucurbita
Monocot stem- Ex: Grass
Dicot root - Ex: Cicer
Monocot root - Ex: Sorghum/ Maize
Dicot leaf – Ex: Tridax
Monocot leaf – Ex: Grass 8 Hours
 Study of normal secondary growth in dicot stem in detail.
Ex: Morus alba
Study of normal secondary growth in dicot root
4 Hours
Anmolous secondary growth in Stem
Ex: Achyranthes, Mirabilis
Anamolous secondary growth in Monocot stem
Ex: Dracaena
3 Hours

EMBRYOLOGY

Historical account, the flower and its parts, structure of stamen,

microsporogenesis, in detail; development of male gametophyte, pollen grain,
embryosac. 4 Hours

Structure of Carpel : Types of Ovules, Placentation types, structure of orthotropous ovule

2 Hours
Megasporogenesis : in detail types of tetrads
Female gametophyte (Embryosac)
Development of Monosporic type of female gametophyte
Ex: Polygonum type, structure of Mature embryosac
3 Hours

Pollination : Self and cross pollination- types of cross pollination, including advantages
and disadvantages.
Contrivances for cross pollination
3 Hours

Fertilization: Pollen germination and development of pollen tube up entry of embryosac.

Double fertilization and triple fusion, significance.
3 hours

Endosperm: Types- Cellular, Helobial and freenuclear

Development of free nuclear endosperm- endosperm hanstorium, vermiform,
appendage ruminate endosperm
3Hours
Embryo: Types, Dicot and monocot, Development of Dicot embryo crucifer type,
suspensor haustorium, types with examples.
3 Hours

Apomixis and Polymbryony- A brief account

2 Hours

Palynology: Scope, Pollen morphology, structure of Pollen wall- NPC system, Pollen kit.
5 Hours

Contribution of P.Maheshwari, BGL Swamy

2 Hours

B.Sc., Botany .
Third Semester- Practical Syllabus
Paper- III, Plant anatomy and Embryology

Histology: As per theory Syllabus

Anatomy: Ex Dicot Stem : Tridax and Cucurbita/ Coccinia

Monocot Stem: Ex Grass
Dicot Root : Ex: Gram
Monocot root: Maize/ Sorghum
Dicot leaf : Tridax
Monocot leaf: Grass
Anamolous : Secondary Growth
Ex: Achyranthes, Mirabilis & Draceana,
Embryology: TS of anther: Datura/ Cassia
Mounting of pollen : Ex: Hibiscus, Ipomea
Pollen fertility (By hanging drop method) : Vinca .
Mounting of endosperm of Cucumis
Placentation: Axile/ parietal /marginal
 B.Sc., Botany .
Third Semester
Practical Model Question Paper
Time : 3 Hours Paper- III, Plant anatomy and Embryology Max Marks : 50

I Prepare a temporary stained slide of ‘A’ identify, sketch

and label the parts 05 Mark
II Mount sketch and label, identify the specimen ‘B’ 03 Mark
III Calculate the percentage of fertility of ‘C’ by hanging
drop method 05 Mark
IV Mount and sketch the endosperm of ‘D’ 05 Mark
V Prepare a temporary stained slide of ‘E’
Sketch, label and identify with reasons 07 Mark
VI Identify the slides of ‘F’, G, H, I and J’ 15 Mark
Sketch label give reasons
Viva - 05 Mark
Record - 05 Mark

B.Sc. Botany
Third Semester
Practical Third– Scheme of Evaluation
Time : 3 Hours Paper- III, Plant anatomy and Embryology Max
Marks : 50

I Prepare a temporary stained slide of ‘A’ identify, sketch and label the parts
5 Mark
Identification - 1 Mark
Preparation - 2 Marks
Sketch and label - 2 Marks
(Embryology – stamen of Datura / Cassia)

II Mount sketch and label, identify the specimen ‘B’

3 Mark
Mounting - 1 Mark
Sketch and labeling - 1 mark
Identification - 1 Mark
(Polynology, Hibiscus/ Ipomea)
III Calculate the percentage of pollen fertility of ‘C’ by hanging
drop method
5 Mark
Preparation - 2 Marks
Sketch and label - 1 Mark
Calculation - 2 Marks

IV Mount and sketch the endosperm of ‘D’

5 Mark
Mounting - 3 Mark
Sketch and labeling - 1 mark
Identification - 1 Mark

V Prepare a temporary stained slide of ‘E’

7 Mark
Sketch, label and identify with reasons
Preparation - 3 Marks
Sketch and label - 2 Marks
Identification - 1 Mark
Reasons - 1 Mark [From anatomy]

VI Identify the slides of ‘F’, G, H, I and J’

15 Mark
Sketch label with reasons
Identification - 1 Mark
Sketch, label and reasons- 2 Marks
Viva -5 , Record -5
 B.Sc. Botany

Fourth Semester
Paper –IV, Ecology, Environmental and Conservation Biology
Theory ……………………………….………60 Hours
Max Marks …………………….…………....80
Internal Assessment marks.………………..20
No. of teaching hours/ week……………..….04 hours
Duration of Examination ……………….….03 hours

Ecology: Introduction, Ecology and its divisions,

Aim and scope: Ecological factors affecting plant growth and their distribution,
climatic, edaphic topographic and biotic factors.
Plant adaptations: Introduction, ecological classification of plants based on water.
Morphological and anatomical adaptations of Hydrophytes, xerophytes, mesophytes,
epiphytes, Halophytes and parasites 10 Hrs

Ecosystem: Definition, structure and components of ecosystem. Study of pond and forest
ecosystem, energy flow in ecosystem, food chain, food web, ecological pyramids.

Biogeochemical cycles: Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, phosphorous 10 Hrs

Ecological succession: Introduction, Hydrosere and xerosere-succession. 05 Hrs.

Biodiversity: Introduction, significance, types of Biodiversity. A brief account of

endangered, threatened, endemic and extinct plants.
Conservation of Biodiversity: In situ and Ex situ conservation.
Ecological Indicators: Characteristic features of plant indicators and types
(in brief) 10 Hrs

Environmental biology: Introduction, A brief account of renewable resources – Energy-

Water and Land
Environmental Pollution: A general account of air, water, land and noise pollution –
Effects and their Control 10 Hrs

Forest and Forest Management : Present status of forest, wealth of world and India-
importance of Forest, Deforestation (Causes). A brief account of (Afforestatioin,
reforestration, social forestry, & forest management)
Conservation ecology: Soil erosion, a brief account of conservation of soil, wild life,
National parks, gamesancturies 10 Hrs

Phytogeography: Phytogeographical regions of India with special reference to

Karnataka 5 hrs
 B.Sc. Botany
Fourth Semester
Practical Syllabus
Paper –IV, Ecology, Environmental and Conservation biology

Study of ecological groups

Hydrophytes examples: Hydrilla/ Pistia . Vallisnaria, Eichhornia, Lemna, Jussiaea
(any three)
Xerophytes: Ex: Casuarina/ Euphorbia tirukalli, Opuntia, Asparagus, Aloe, Acacia,
Nerium- leaf (Anatomy- Any two)
Mesophytes: Tridax/ Sunflower
Epiphytes: Vanda
Halophytes: Rhizophora, Avecenia, Vivipary, Pneuymatophores
Parasites: Cuscuta, Loranthes, Striga, Viscum,
Psamophytes : Spiniphix

ECOLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS
Wet and dry bulb Thermometer, Anemometer, Rainguage
Water holding capacity of any three different soils, pH,
Vegetation of Karnataka

PRACTICAL SYLLABUS
Time : 3 Hrs Practical Model Question Paper Max Marks:50
Paper IV – Ecology, Environmental and conservation biology

I Prepare a temporary stained mount of ‘A’ and ‘B’ sketch, label

Give reasons 5+5 marks
II Write critical note on ‘C’ and ‘D’ 3+3 marks
III Comment on ecological instrument of ‘E’ 04 marks
IV Determination of water holding capacity and pH of given soil
samples of ‘F’ 07 marks
V Identify the slides of ‘G’ ‘H’ and ‘I’. Sketch label wit 09 marks
VI Mark and label the vegetational types of Karnataka
[in supplied map] 04 marks
Viva 05 Mark
Record 05 Mark
 B.Sc. Botany
PRACTICAL SYLLABUS
Time : 3 Hrs Scheme of evaluation Max Marks:50
Paper IV – Ecology, Environmental and conservation biology

I Identification of Hydrophytes, xerophytes and epiphytes 5+5 Mark

Identification - 01 Mark
Preparation - 03 Marks
Sketch and Label + Reasons – 1 mark

II Write critical notes on ‘C’ and ‘D’ 3+3 Mark

(Any group)
Identification - 01 Mark
Comments - 02 Marks

III Comment on ecological instrument ‘E’ 04 Mark

Identification - 01 Mark
Comments - 02 Marks
Uses - 01 Mark

IV Water holding capacity & pH of ‘F’ 07 Mark

Procedure - 03 Mark
Result - 02 Marks
pH - 02 Mark

V Identification of slides G, H and I 09 Mark

Identification - 01 Mark
Reasons - 02 Marks Each

V Mapping of vegetaioin of Karnataka 04 Mark

Map should be supplied – any two types

Viva 05 Mark
Record 05 Mark
 B.Sc. Botany
Fifth Semester
Paper –V, Morphology, Taxonomy, Economic Botany and Ethnobotany
Theory ……………………………….………60 Hours
Max Marks …………………………………..80 Hours
Internal Assessment marks.………….……..20 Hours
No. of teaching hours/ week………………….03 hours
Duration of Examination …………………….03 hours

Morphology: Vegetative morphology

Root: Introduction, Classification, Underground root modifications (Fusiform, conical,
napiform, and fasciculated) aerial root modifications- [Support/ epiphytic/ respiratory.
Parasitic / floating / climbing roots]
Stem: Introduction, characteristics
Modification of stem : underground - Rhizome, stem tuber, corm and bulb
Sub-aerial modifications: Runner, offset, stolon, & sucker
Aerial stem modifications: Stem tendrils, phylloclade, cladode, thorns, bulbils
LEAF: General introduction, structure (brief) Stipules (Kinds) leaf blade (Shape, apex,
margin, surface)
Venation: Reticulate, parallel- types
Leaf modifications: Leaf tendrils, spines, hooks, phyllode- Insectivorous plants-
Nepenthes, Utricularia, & Drosera
Phyllotaxy: Types- alternate, opposite and whorled

FLORAL MORPHOLOGY
Inflorescence- Types-Racemose, cymose-Types, special types
Flower: A Complete account of floral morphology
Fruit: General account – classification, types of fruits.
Seed: Structure of monocot and dicot seed- Germination of seed. 20 Hours

TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS
Principles of classification, systems of classification
Ex: Bentham and Hooker, Engler and Prantel, Binomial nomenclature, species concept,
Botanical gardens, Herbareum, techniques, and important herbaria of India
Study of the following families with plants of economic importance. (Bentham
and Hooker- System to be followed)
Dicots: Magnoliaceae, Annonaceae, Brassicaceae, Capparidaceae, Malvaceae, Rutaceae,
Anacardiaceae, Fabaceae (including 3 sub-families) Myrataceae, Cucurbitaceae,
Apiaceae, Rubiaceae, Asteraceae, Apocynaceae, Asclepidaceae, Solanaceae,
Acanthaceae, Lamiaceae, Verbinaceae. Amaranthaceae and Euphorbiaceae
Monocots: Orchidaceae, Liliaceae, Arecaceae, Poaceae -30 Hours
ECONOMIC BOTANY
Introduction: Food plants: Cereals, millets, Rice, Wheat, Maize, Sorghum, Finger millet
(Ragi), Pearl millet (Bajra).
Pulses: Bengalgram, Green gram, Blackgram, Pigeon pea
Oil and Fats: Sunflower, Groundnut, Coconut, Safflower
Spices and condiments: Asafoetida, Coriander, Cardomom, Clove, Cinnamom, Red
pepper (Chilly)
Beverages: Coffee, Tea and cocoa
Timber plants: Teak, Rosewood, Neem
Textile Fibres: Cotton, Coir, Sunhemp
Narcotic drugs : Tobacco and Opium
Medicinal plants: Rauwolfia serpentina, Vinca rosea
Tylophora asthamatica, Cinchona officinalis, Withania somnifera, Tinospora,
Cordifolia, Adhathoda vasica 7 hours

ETHONOBOTANY
Definition and concept
Different aspects of ethnobotany, ethnic groups of Karnataka
Importance and plants of Ethnobotanical importance,
Tribal food and food plants. 3 Hours

PRACTICAL SYLLABUS
Time : 3 Hrs Paper V Morphology, Taxonomy, Max Marks:
50
Economic Botany and Ethnobotany

To be setup- Based on theory syllabus, morphology

Families and economic importance
Note: Submission of 5 herbarium and Botanical study tour report is compulsory.
 B.Sc., BOTANY
PRACTICAL MODEL QUESTION PAPER
Time : 3 Hrs Paper V Morphology, Taxonomy, Max Marks:50
Economic Botany and Ethnobotany

I Identify the families of ‘A’, ‘B and ‘C’ with their distinguishing

characters – 12 marks
II Describe ‘D’ in technical terms and Draw floral diagram, with
Diagram with floral formula of ‘E’ - 08 marks
III Write the morphological and biological importance of F.G.H and I - 10
marks
IV Write the economic importance J and K - 05
marks

Viva -05 marks

Record -05 marks
Submission of herbarium and
Tour report -05 marks

B.Sc., Botany
Time : 3 Hours Fifth Semester Scheme of Evaluation Max Marks : 50
Practical –V, Morphology, Taxonomy, Economic Botany
And Ethonobotany

I Identity the families ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ with their salient characters – 12
marks
Identification - 01 marks (4 Marks each)
Distinguishing characters
(5/6 characters) - 03 Marks
(One from – Polypetalae, one from- Gamopetalae, one from- monochlamydae)

II Describe ‘D’ in technical terms and Floral formula and floral diagram of ‘E’

- 4+4 marks

‘D’- Vegetative characters 02 marks

Reproductive characters 02 marks

 ‘E’ – Floral formula 01 mark

Floral diagram - 03 marks

III Write the morphological and biological importance of 10 marks

‘F’ ‘G’ ‘H’ and I

Two from Modifications

One from Inflorescence 2 ½ marks each

One from Fruits

IV Write the economic importance of J and K 05 Marks

Viva - 05 Marks
Record 05 marks
Herbareum + Tour report 05 marks

B.Sc. Botany .
Fifth Semester
Paper- VI, Cell biology, Molecular biology and Genetics
No. of Teaching Hours : 60
Maximum Marks : 80
Internal Assessment : 20 marks
No. of Teaching Hours / week : 03
Duration of Examination : 03 Hours
I Microscopy: Phase contrast and electron microscope (Structural features,
working principle, method of applications) 2 Hours

The cell: Ultrastructure of plant cell, organization, function and its components-
cell wall, plasma membrane [Fluid mosaic model] golgi complex, endoplasmic
reticulum, mitochondria, ribosome, plastids, peroxisomes, lysosoms)

Cytoplasm: Vacuole – Non living inclusions-nucleus- Ultrastructure 12 Hours

Chromosomes: Number size, classification (Based on Centromere) structure

(metaphase) nucleosome model, Karyotype, Idiogram, Heterochromatin and
Euchromatin.
Chromosomal Aberrations: Deletions, duplications, Translocations & Inversions
Mitosis and Meiosis in plants: Mitotic spindle – Synoptenemal complex -
Significance – differences
Variation in chromosome number: Polyploidy – types significance
 Nucleic acids: Chemical composition of DNA & RNA 14 Hours

DNA: Structure (Watson and Crick Model) forms and types (palindromic,
repetitive and cDNA) Experimental evidence for DNA as genetic material, DNA
replication.
RNA: Types, structure- function (t-RNA, m-RNA, r-RNA)
Concept of Gene: Fine structure, Characteristics, Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic gene
expression.
Genetic code: Characteristics, codon dictionary, Wobble hypothesis
Protein Synthesis: Mechanism, Central dogma, transcription- translation. 12 Hours

Regulation of gene expression: In prokaryotes- Inducible operon and Lac operon

Concept. Repressible – Operon –[Tryptophan]
Gene mutations:
Genetics: Biography of Mendel- Contrasting characters of pea plant- [Terms –
Homto and Heterozygous, Phenotype, genotype] Monohybrid cross- Explanation
of Law of dominance- Law of segregation- Dihybrid cross. Explanation – Law of
independent assortment Test Cross
Deviation from Mendelian Laws: Incomplete dominance (mirabilis Jalapa]
Codominance
Modification of Mendelian ratios : (with reference to plant examples) interaction
of genes- Epistasis- Complementary factor- Supplementary factors, Multiple allies
(self styerility in Nicotiana)
Linkage and Crossing over in maize: Chromosome mapping. 20 Hours

B.Sc., Botany .
Fifth Semester- Practical Syllabus
Time: 3 Hrs Paper VI Cell biology, Molecular Biology & Genetics
Marks 80

I. Preparation of Mitotic slides Ex: Onion (root tip)

II. Preparation of Meiosis Ex: Onion/ Rheo (Flower buds)
III. Study of different stages of mitosis and meiosis [from permanent slides]
IV. Genetic problems – From the given list
V. Technique of making permanent slides of mitosis and Meiosis
 B.Sc., Botany .
Fifth Semester- Practical Question Paper
Time: 3 Hrs Paper VI: Cell biology, Molecular Biology & Genetics Max. Marks: 50

I Prepare squash of material ‘A’ Identify, sketch label the

stage with reasons 10 Marks
II Prepare smear of material ‘B’ Identify sketch, label the
stage with reasons 10 Marks
III Identify the slides C and D – sketch, label with reasons
(one from mitosis, and one from Meiosis) 08 Marks
IV Solve the given genetic problems of ‘E’ and ‘F’ 12 Marks

Viva -5 Marks
Record -5 Marks

B.Sc. Botany
Fifth Semester- Practical Scheme of Evaluation
Time: 3 Hrs Paper- VI: Cell biology, Molecular Biology & Genetics Max. Marks 50

I Prepare squash of material ‘A’ Identify, sketch label the stage with reasons
10 Marks
For preparation - 6Marks
For Identifications - 1 Mark
Sketch and Label - 2 Marks
Reasons - 1 Mark (Onion root tip)
II Prepare smear of material ‘B’ Identify sketch, label the stage with reasons
10 Marks
For preparation - 6Marks
For Identification - 1 Mark
Sketch and Label - 2 Marks
Reasons - 1 Mark (Flower bud of Onion/ Rheo)
III Identify the slides C and D – sketch, label with reasons (one from mitosis, one
from Meosis) 8 Marks
Sketch and Label - 2 Marks
Reasons - 1 Mark
IV Solve the given genetic problems of ‘E’ and ‘F’ 12 Marks
Solution 6 Each

Viva - 5 Marks
Record -5 Marks
 B.Sc. Botany
Sixth Semester
Paper –VII- Plant Physiology
Theory ……………………………….………60 Hours
Max Marks …………………..….…………..80
Internal Assessment Marks…………….…..20
No. of teaching hours/ week………………..03 hours
Duration of examination ………………..03 hours

Plant water relations: Properties of water, significance of water for plants, sources,
solutions and its types

Osmosis: Potato osmoscope experiment, endosmosis, exosmosis (OP, TP, WP, DPDI)
water potential, plasmolysis, deplasmolysis, significance of osmosis.

Absorption of water: Introduction, Symplast, Apoplast, Mechanism of water absorption

(Active and passive)

Absorption of minerals: Mechanism:- passive absorption- ion exchange, Donnan

equilibrium. Active absorption (Lundergardh and Burstorm), Cytochrome pump theory.
Lecithin cycle, carrier concept.

Ascent of sap : Concept, (Balsam plant experiment), Mechanism- Pulsation theory, TCT
theory.

Mineral nutrition: Concept, macro and micronutrients, Role of Macronutrients,

deficiency symptoms – N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, & Mn, Cu, Zn Boron, Molybdenum,
Hydrophonics 15 Hours

Transpirtation: Types of transpiration, structure of stomata, mechanism of stomatal

transpiration- starch- sugar inter conversion theory, K+ ion exchange theory, significance.

Guttation: Structure of hydathode, differences between transpiration and Guttation.

Enzymes: Nomenclature, structure, classification and properties

Translocation of solutes: Types - Path of translocation, (Girdling experiment)

mechanism of translocation- protoplasmic streaming theory and mass flow hypothesis
15 Hours.
Nitrogen Metabolism- Role of N2 in plants, sources, Molecular nitrogen, Inorganic,
Organic Nitrogen, Conversion of Nitrate into Ammonia, Biological nitrogen fixation.
Mechanism- Symbiotic, non- symbiotic, Biosynthesis of Amino acids – Reductive
amination, Transmination, Amphoteric nature of Amino acids

Photosynthesis: Introduction, structure of chloroplast, photosynthetic pigments, PS-I

and PS-II, Mechanism Light reaction- Cyclic and non cyclic photo -phosphorylation
Dark reaction- C3 pathway, law of limiting factors, factors affecting photosynthesis, C4
pathway, CAM Photosynthesis.

Respiration: Introduction, structure of mitochondrion

Types of respiration- Aerobic, anaerobic, Mechanism of Aerobic respiration –
Glycolysis- Kreb’s cycle, Electron transport system and terminal oxidation.
Anaerobic Respiration- Mechanism- Alcoholic and Lactic acid fermentation - Rq
Pasteur’s effect. 25 Hrs
Phytohormones- Definition, types of hormones, physiological and practical application
of auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, ABA, Ethylene

Physiology of flowering – Photoperiodism, types role of phytochrome,

Vernalization and dormancy

Plant movements – A general account, classification, trophic movements. 05 Hrs

B.Sc., Botany
Paper VII – Practical Syllabus
Plant physiology
List of Major experiments:-

1) Measurement of DPD in plants by gravimetric (Potato) method.

2) To measure the rate of transpiration under different conditions of light and
wind by Ganong’s potometer.
3) Experiment to study the relation between absorption and transpiration
4) Suction force due to transpiration
5) Evolution of oxygen by bubble counting method, under different wavelengths
of light- using colour transparences- red, blue, green (yellow) (during exam
different conditions need not be asked)
6) Experiment to study synthesis of starch during photosynthesis
7) Separation of chlorophyll pigments by paper chromatographic method
8) To determine the respiratory quotient (Rq) of different kinds of germinating
seeds using Ganong’s respirometer.
List of Minor experiments:-

1) Experiment to demonstrate end and exosmasis using Potato Osmoscope

2) Experiment to demonstrate unequal transpiration in plants by Cobalt chloride
paper
3) Passage of air through Stomata using colocasia Leaf
4) To demonstrate that light is necessary for photosynthesis [Ganong’s light
screen experiment]
5) Mohl’s half leaf experiment
6) Dewar’s thermos flask experiment
7) Kuhne’s Fermentation vessel experiment
8) Experiment to show geotropism using clinostat (Nullifying effect)
9) Experiment to show phototropism in plants using phototrophic chamber.
10) Experiment to determine the rate of plant growth by using arc auxanometer

BIOCHEMICAL TESTS

Lignin, starch, protein, Glucose, Sucrose, Fats and oils.

B.Sc. Botany
MODEL QUESTION PAPER
Time : 3 Hrs Sixth Semester - Practical
Paper VII- Plant physiology Max. Marks: 50

I Conduct major experiment ‘A’. Write requirements, procedure, record the results
with conclusions 13 marks

II Comment on experiment ‘B’ ‘C’ and ‘D’ 5+5+5 marks

III Investigate the chemical substance of E & F 6+6 marks

(Positive and negative test should be conducted)

Viva - 05 marks
Record 05 marks
 B.Sc Botany
Time : 3 Hrs Sixth Semester – Scheme of evaluation
Paper VII- Plant physiology Max. Marks:50

I Major experiment ‘A’ 13 marks

Indent /requirements - 02
Procedure - 05
Experiment setting - 04
Conclusion - 02
II Minor experiment ‘B’ ‘C’ & ‘D’ 05 each
Identification - 01
Diagram+ Comment - 03
Comment on result - 01
III Chemical Test: E & F 06 each
Negative test 02 marks
Positive test 04 Marks

B.Sc., Botany
Sixth Semester
Paper –VIII- Plant Breeding, Bio Technology, Plant Tissue culture and Evolution
Theory ……………………………….………60 Hours
Max Marks …………………..….…………..80
Internal Assessment Marks…………….…..20
No. of teaching hours/ week…………….…..03 hours
Duration of examination ……….………..03 hours
Plant breeding: introduction, Principles, and objectives of plant breeding

Methods of plant breeding; mass selection, pure line selection, clonal selection,
Significance. Plant breeding for disease resistance, resistance to insect and pests. Plant
breeding in producing new and improved varieties of medicinal plants.

Hybridization: Introduction, Definition, types, objectives, techniques, selection of

parents, emasculation, Artificial cross pollination, Harvest, Hybrid varieties, Inbreeding
depression Hybrid vigour

Mutation breeding- Breeding for disease resistance- New varieties.

Vegetative propagation: Introduction, cutting, gooty, Grafting (types) Approach, bud,
wedge grafting
Evolution : Origin of life (in brief) – A brief account of theories of evolution of
Lamarck, Darwin, Hugo devries, Modern synthetic theory. 25 Hrs

BIOTECHNOLOGY: Introduction, Scope of bio technology, A brief account of tools

used in genetic engineering, Recombinant DNA technology, DNA finger printing and its
applications.
Production of human insulin through Recombinant DNA technology
Production of monoclonal antibodies through hybridoma technology and their
applications.

Gene therapy: Kinds, somatic and Gene therapy,

Applications of biotechnology – in Agriculture, pharmaceutical and Industries

Sustainable agriculture: Bio-fertilizers, advantages, Production of GM plants Ex:

Golden rice, Bt –Cotton, Biopesticides, Biopatent, Biowar, Biopiracy, Bioethics. 25 Hrs

Tissue culture: Aim and Scope, Totipotency, types of tissue culture, callus culture and
its importance. Organogenesis through callus culture. Somatic embryogenesis, Anther
culture and its importance. Applications of tissue culture in agriculture and human
welfare. 10 Hrs

B.Sc., Botany
Paper VIII: Preparation of Project
Practical Syllabus[ Project Based on syllabus]

B.Sc., Botany
Practical VIII, Project Report Max Marks : 50
Scheme of Evaluation

Submission - 30 Marks
Presentation - 10 marks
Viva - 10 Marks