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CHAPTER Anu Ma`am Email ID :- [email protected]

1 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS-2

Exercise 1: NCERT Based Topic-wise MCQs
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1. If 𝐴 = {1,2}, 𝐵 = {3}, then which of the following are not relation?
(a) R = {(1,3), (2,3)}
(b) R = {(1,3)}
(c) R = {(2,3)}
(d) R = {(1,1), (2,2), (1,3, (2,3)}
is known as relat
2. given as A & B.
(a) Proper Set
(b) Empty Set
(c) Subset
(d) None of these

1.2 TYPES OF RELATIONS

3. Let R and S be two non-void relations in a set A. Which of the following statements is not true.
(a) R and S transitive
⇒ R ∪ S is transitive
(b) 𝑅 and 𝑆 transitive
⇒ R ∩ S is transitive
(c) R and S symmetric
⇒ R ∪ S is symmetric
(d) R and S reflexive
⇒ R ∩ S is reflexive
4. The relation "less than" in the set of natural numbers is :
(a) only symmetric
(b) only transitive
(c) only reflexive
(d) equivalence relation
5. Let R be the relation in the set N given by R = {(a, b) : a = b − 2, b > 6}, then
(a) (2,4) ∈ 𝑅
(b) (3,8) ∈ R
(c) (6,8) ∈ R
(d) (8,7) ∈ R
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6. Let R be a relation on the set N be defined by

7. {(x, y) ∣ x, y ∈ N, 2x + y = 41}. Then, R is
(a) Reflexive
(b) Symmetric
(c) Transitive
(d) None of these
7. Let 𝑆 be the set of all real numbers. Then, the relation R = {(a, b): 1 + ab > 0} on S is
(a) Reflexive and symmetric but not transitive NCERT Page -4/N-4
(b) Reflexive and transitive but not symmetric
(c) Symmetric, transitive but not reflexive
(d) Reflexive, transitive and symmetric
8. Let L denote the set of all straight lines in a plane. Let a relation R be defined by 𝛼R𝛽 ⇔ 𝛼 ⊥ 𝛽, 𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ L.
Then, R is NCERT Page-3/N-3
(a) Reflexive
(b) Symmetric
(c) Transitive
(d) None of these
9. For real numbers 𝑥 and 𝑦, we write 𝑥𝑅𝑦 ⇔ 𝑥 − 𝑦 + √2 is an irrational number.
Then, the relation 𝑅 is NCERT/ Page- 2/N − 2
(a) Reflexive
(b) Symmetric
(c) Transitive
(d) None of these
10. Let 𝑃 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∣ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1, 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅}. Then, 𝑃 is NCERT/ Page- 2/N − 2
(a) Reflexive
(c) Transitive
(b) Symmetric
(d) Anti-symmetric
11. Let 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 be two relations defined on ℝ by a 𝑅1 𝑏 ⇔ 𝑎𝑏 ≥ 0 and 𝑎𝑅2 𝑏 ⇔ 𝑎 ≥ 𝑏, then NCERT Page N-2
(a) 𝑅1 is an equivalence relation but not 𝑅2
(b) 𝑅2 is an equivalence relation but not 𝑅1
(c) both 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 are equivalence relations
(d) neither 𝑅1 nor 𝑅2 is an equivalence relation
12. For 𝛼 ∈ 𝑁, consider a relation 𝑅 on 𝑁 given by 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 3𝑥 + 𝛼𝑦 is a multiple of 7}. The relation 𝑅 is an
equivalence relation if and only if : NCERT Page N − 4
(a) 𝛼 = 14
(b) 𝛼 is a multiple of 4
(c) 4 is the remainder when 𝛼 is divided by 10
(d) 4 is the remainder when 𝛼 is divided by 7
13. Let 𝑅 = {(3,3)(5,5), (9,9), (12,12), (5,12), (3,9), (3,12), (3,5)} be a relation on the set 𝐴 = {3,5,9,12}.
Then, 𝑅 is: NCERT Page-3/N-7
(a) reflexive, symmetric but not transitive.
(b) symmetric, transitive but not reflexive.
(c) an equivalence relation.
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(d) reflexive, transitive but not symmetric.

14. Let the relation 𝑅 in the set 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑍: 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12}, given by 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): |𝑎 − 𝑏| is a multiple of 4}.
Then [1], the equivalence class containing 1 , is: NCERT Page-4/N-6 I CBSE Sample 2021-22
(a) {1,5,9}
(b) {0,1,2,5}
(c) 𝜙
(d) A
15. A relation 𝑅 in set 𝐴 = {1,2,3} is defined as 𝑅 = {(1,1), (1,2), (2,2), (3,3)}. Which of the following ordered
pair in 𝑅 shall be removed to make it an equivalence relation in 𝐴 ?
(a) (1,1) NCERT Page-4/N-4 I CBSE Sample 2021-22
(b) (1,2)
(c) (2,2)
(d) (3,3)
16. A relation 𝑅 in a set 𝐴 is said to be an equivalence relation, if 𝑅 is NCERT Page-3
(a) symmetric only
(c) transitive only
(b) reflexive only
(d) All of these
17. A relation 𝑅 in a set 𝐴 is called universal relation, if NCERT Page-4/N-2
(a) each element of A is not related to every element of A
(b) no element of 𝐴 is related to any element of 𝐴
(c) each element of 𝐴 is related to every element of 𝐴
(d) None of the above
18. A relation R in a set A is called empty relation, if NCERT Page-3/ N − 2
(a) no element of 𝐴 is related to any element of 𝐴
(b) every element of 𝐴 is related to every element of 𝐴
(c) some elements of 𝐴 are related to some elements of 𝐴
(d) None of the above
19. If 𝑅 is a relation in a set 𝐴 such that (𝑎, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅 for every 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴, then the relation 𝑅 is called
(a) symmetric NCERT Page-2/N-2
(b) reflexive
(c) transitive
(d) symmetric or transitive
20. Let 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4} and let 𝑅 = {(2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (1,2)} be a relation on 𝐴. Then R is: NCERT Page-3/N-4
(a) reflexive
(b) symmetric
(c) transitive
(d) None of these
21. Let 𝐴 be the non-empty set of children in a family. The relation ' 𝑥 is brother of 𝑦 ' in 𝐴 is:
(a) reflexive NCERT Page-4/N-5
(c) transitive
(b) symmetric
(d) None of these
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22. The relation R = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3)} on the set {1,2,3} is : NCERT Page-4/N-4
(a) symmetric only
(b) reflexive only
(c) an equivalence relation
(d) transitive only
23. Let 𝑅 be the relation on the set of all real numbers defined by a 𝑅 iff |𝑎 − 𝑏| ≤ 1. Then, 𝑅 is
(a) Reflexive and symmetric NCERT Page-4/N-6
(b) Symmetric only
(c) Transitive only
(d) Anti-symmetric only
24. The relation 𝑅 on the set 𝑍 defined by 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): (𝑎 − 𝑏) is divisible by 5} divides the set 𝑍 into how
many disjoint equivalence classes ? NCERT Page-4/N-4
(a) 5
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
25. Let 𝑅 be a relation on the set 𝐴 of ordered pairs of positive integers defined by (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑅(𝑢, 𝑣), if and only if
xv = yu. Then, R is
(a) reflexive
(c) transitive
(b) symmetric
(d) an equivalence relation
26. Let A = (1,2,3). We define NCERT Page-3/N-5
R1 = {(1,2), (3,2), (1,3)}
𝑅2 = {(1,3), (3,6), (2,1), (1,2)}. Then, the relation on 𝐴
(a) 𝑅1 is relation and 𝑅2 is not
(b) 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 are both is relation
(c) 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 are both non-relation
(d) None of these
27. Let 𝑅 be the relation in the set {1,2,3,4} given by R = {(1,2), (2,2), (1,1), (4,4), (1,3), (3,3), (3,2)}.
(a) R is reflexive and symmetric but not transitive NCERT Page-2/N-7
(b) R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric
(c) R is symmetric and transitive but not reflexive
(d) 𝑅 is equivalence relation
28. Let 𝑅 be the relation in the set 𝑍 of all integers defined by R = {(x, y): x − y is an integer }.
Then R is NCERT Page-3/N-5
(a) reflexive
(c) transitive
(b) symmetric
(d) an equivalence relation
29. If 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 is wife of 𝑦, then 𝑅 is
(a) reflexive
(b) symmetric
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(c) transitive
(d) an equivalence relation
30. If 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 is exactly 7cm taller than 𝑦}, then 𝑅 is NCERT Page-3/N-5
(a) not symmetric
(b) reflexive
(c) symmetric but not transitive
(d) an equivalence relation
31. If 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 is father of 𝑦}, then 𝑅 is
(a) reflexive but not symmetric NCERT Page- 3/N − 5
(b) symmetric and transitive
(c) neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive
(d) Symmetric but not reflexive
32. A relation 𝑅 in a set 𝐴 is called transitive, if for all 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 ∈ 𝐴, (𝑎1 , 𝑎2 ) ∈ 𝑅 and (𝑎2 , 𝑎3 ) ∈ 𝑅 implies
(a) (𝑎2 , 𝑎1 ) ∈ 𝑅 NCERT Page-2/N-2
(b) (𝑎1 , 𝑎3 ) ∈ 𝑅
(c) (𝑎3 , 𝑎1 ) ∈ 𝑅
(d) (𝑎3 , 𝑎2 ) ∈ 𝑅
33. Let 𝑅1 = {(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑁 × 𝑁: |𝑎 − 𝑏| ≤ 13} and
𝑅2 = {(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑁 × 𝑁: |𝑎 − 𝑏| ≠ 13}. Then on 𝑁 : NCERT Page N − 4
(a) Both 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 are equivalence relations
(b) Neither 𝑅1 nor 𝑅2 is an equivalence relation
(c) 𝑅1 is an equivalence relation but 𝑅2 is not
(d) 𝑅2 is an equivalence relation but 𝑅1 is not
34. Let a set 𝐴 = 𝐴1 ∪ 𝐴2 ∪ … ∪ 𝐴𝑘 , where 𝐴𝑖 ∩ 𝐴𝑗 = 𝜙 for 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗, 1 ≤ 𝑖, 𝑗 ≤ 𝑘. Define the relation 𝑅 from 𝐴 to
𝐴 by 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴𝑖 if and only if 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴𝑖 , 1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑘}. Then, 𝑅 is : NCERT Page N-4
(a) reflexive, symmetric but not transitive
(b) reflexive, transitive but not symmetric
(c) reflexive but not symmetric and transitive
(d) an equivalence relation
35. Let 𝐴 = {1,2,3}. Then, the number of relations containing (1,2) and (1,3), which are reflexive and
symmetric but not transitive, is NCERT Page-3/N-3
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
36. Let A = {1,2,3} and R = {(1,2), (2,3)} be a relation in A. Then, the minimum number of ordered pairs may
be added, so that R becomes an equivalence relation, is NCERT Page-3/N-3
(a) 7
(b) 5
(c) 1
(d) 4
37. A relation 𝑅 is defined over the set of non-negative integers as
𝑥𝑅𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 36 what is 𝑅 ? NCERT Page- 2/N − 5
(a) {(0,6)}
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(b) {(6,0)(√11, 5), (3,3, √3)

(c) {(6,0)(0,6)}
(d) (√11, 5), (2,4√2), (5√11), (4√2, 2)}
38. On the set N of all natural numbers, define the relation 𝑅 by R𝑏, iff GCD of 𝑎 and 𝑏 is 2 . Then, 𝑅 is
(a) reflexive, but not symmetric NCERT Page- 2/N − 4
(b) symmetric only
(c) reflexive and transitive
(d) - not reflexive, not symmetric, not transitive
39. For the set 𝐴 = {1,2,3}, define a relation R in the set A as follows R = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (1,3)}. Then, the
ordered pair to be added to 𝑅 to make it the smallest equivalence relation is NCERT Page-2/N-4
(a) (1,3)
(b) (3,1)
(c) (2,1)
(d) (1,2)
40. Let R be the relation defined in the set A of all triangles as R = {(T1, T2 ): T1 is similar to T2 }. If R is an
equivalence relation and there are three right angled triangles 𝑇1 with sides 3,4,5; 𝑇2 with sides 5,12,13
and 𝑇3 with sides 6,8 , 10 . Then, NCERT Page-3/N-6
(a) T1 is related to T2
(c) 𝑇1 is related to 𝑇3
(b) T2 is related to T3
(d) None of these
41. Which one of the following relations on the set of real numbers R is an equivalence relation ?
(a) 𝑎𝑅1 𝑏 ⇔ |𝑎| = |𝑏| NCERT Page-3/N-3
(b) aR 2 b ⇔ a ≥ b
(c) aR 3 b ⇔ a divides b
(d) aR 4 b ⇔ a < 𝑏

1.3 TYPES OF FUNCTIONS

42. Let 𝐴 = {1,2,3} and 𝐵 = {2,4,6,8}. Consider the rule f: A → B, f(x) = 2x∀x ∈ A. The domain, codomain and
range of 𝑓 respectively are NCERT Page-7/N-8
(a) {1,2,3}, {2,4,6}, {2,4,6,8}
(b) {1,2,3}, {2,4,6,8}, {2,4,6}
(c) {2,4,6,8}, {2,4,6,7}, {1,2,3}
(d) {2,4,6}, {2,4,6,8}, {1,2,3}
43. The function f: R → R given by f(x) = x 3 − 1 is NCERT Page-8/N-8
(a) a one-one function
(b) an onto function
(c) a bijection
(d) neither one-one nor onto
44. The mapping 𝑓: 𝑁 → 𝑁 given by 𝑓(𝑛) = 1 + 𝑛2 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 when N is the set of natural numbers, is
(a) one-one and onto NCERT Page- 9/N − 9
(b) onto but not one-one
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(c) one-one but not onto

(d) neither one-one nor onto
45. Let 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5, then NCERT/ Page-8/N-8
(a) 𝑔 is one-one on 𝑅
(b) g is not one-one on R
(c) g is bijective on R
(d) None of these
46. Let 𝑋 = {−1,0,1}, Y = {0,2} and a function f: X → Y defined by 𝑦 = 2𝑥 4 , is NCERT Page-7/N-8
(a) one-one onto
(b) one-one into
(c) many-one onto
(d) many-one into
47. A function 𝑓 from the set of natural numbers to integers defined NCERT Page-7/N-8
𝑛−1
, when 𝑛 is odd
by 𝑓(𝑛) = { 2𝑛 is
− 2 , when 𝑛 is even
(a) neither one-one nor onto
(b) one-one but not onto
(c) onto but not one-one
(d) one-one and onto both
48. Which of the following function is an odd function?
(a) f(x) = √1 + x + x 2 − √1 − x + x 2
𝑎𝑥 +1
(b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 (𝑎𝑥 −1)
1−𝑥 2
(c) 𝑓(𝑥) = log⁡ (1+𝑥 2)
(d) f(x) = k, k is a constant
49. Which of the following functions from 𝐼 to itself is a bijection? NCERT Page- 7/N − 8
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3
(b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2
(c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1
(d) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥
50. The number of bijective funcitons f: {1,3,5,7, … .99} → {2,4,6,8 … 100}, such that 𝑓(3) ≥ 𝑓(9) ≥ 𝑓(15) ≥
𝑓(21) ≥ ⋯ ≥ f(99) is NCERT Page-8/N-8
50
(a) P17
(b) 50 P33
(c) 33! × 17!
50!
(d) 2
51. Let 𝑓, 𝑔: ℕ − {1} → ℕ be functions defined by 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝛼, where 𝛼 is the maximum of the powers of those
primes 𝑝 such that 𝑝𝛼 divides 𝑎, and 𝑔(𝑎) = 𝑎 + 1, for all a ∈ ℕ − {1}. Then, the function 𝑓 + 𝑔 is
(a) one-one but not onto NCERT Page-7/N-8
(c) both one-one and onto
(b) onto but not one-one
(d) neither one-one nor onto
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52. A function 𝑓: 𝑅 → [−1,1] defined by

𝑓(𝑥) = sin⁡ 𝑥, ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, where 𝑅 is the subset of real numbers is one-one and onto
if 𝑅 is the interval: NCERT Page-9/N-8
(a) [0,2𝜋]
𝜋 𝜋
(b) [− 2 , 2 ]
(c) [−𝜋, 𝜋]
(d) [0, 𝜋]
53. The function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = sin⁡ 𝑥 is : NCERT Page-10/N-9
(a) into
(b) onto
(c) one-one
(d) many one
54. Let 𝐴 = {1,2,3} and 𝐵 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐}, and let 𝑓 = {(1, 𝑎), (2, 𝑏), (P, c)} be a function from A to B. For the
function f to be one-one and onto, the value of P = NCERT Page-8/N-9
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
55. Let 𝐴 = {1,2,3} and 𝐵 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐}, then the number of bijective
functions from 𝐴 to 𝐵 are NCERT Page-8/N-9
(a) 2
(b) 8
(c) 6
(d) 4
56. The function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 is.
(a) one-one
(b) onto
(c) many-one
(d) None of the above
57. Let 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 be defined as 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 , then
(a) 𝑓 is one-one onto NCERT Page-7/N-8
(b) fis many-one onto
(c) fis one-one but not onto
(d) fis neither one-one nor onto
58. Consider the four functions 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , 𝑓3 and 𝑓4 as follows NCERT Page-8/N-8
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(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(a) 𝑓1 and 𝑓2 are onto

(c) 𝑓2 and 𝑓3 are onto
(b) 𝑓2 and 𝑓4 are onto
(d) 𝑓3 and 𝑓4 are onto
59. Let 𝑓: {𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧} → {1,2,3} be a one-one mapping such that only one of the following three statements is true
and remaining two are false: f(x) ≠ 2, f(y) = 2, f(z) ≠ 1, then
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) > 𝑓(𝑦) > 𝑓(𝑧) NCERT Page-8/N-9
(b) f(x) < f (y) < f (z)
(c) f(y) < f (x) < f(z)
(d) 𝑓(𝑦) < 𝑓(𝑧) < 𝑓(𝑥)
60. 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 is onto, if and only if NCERT Page-7/N-7
(a) range of 𝑓 = 𝑌
(c) range of f < 𝑌
(b) range of 𝑓 ≠ 𝑌
(d) range of 𝑓 ≥ 𝑌
61. A function 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 is said to be onto, if for every 𝑦 ∈ 𝑌, there exists an element x in X such that
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦
(c) 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑦 = 0
(b) 𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑥
(d) 𝑓(𝑦) + 𝑥 = 0
62. Let a function 𝑓: 𝑁 → 𝑁 be defined by NCERT Page N-11
2𝑛, 𝑛 = 2,4,6,8, … … .
𝑛 − 1, 𝑛 = 3,7,11,15, … . .
𝑓(𝑛) = [ then 𝑓 is
𝑛+1
, 𝑛 = 1,5,9,13, … … . .
2
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(a) one-one but not onto

(b) onto but not one-one
(c) neither one-one nor onto
(d) one-one and onto
x2 +1
63. Let f: R → R be defined as f(x) = 2 , then
(a) 𝑓 is one-one onto NCERT Page-7/N-9
(b) fis one-one but not onto
(c) f is onto but not one-one
(d) fis neither one-one nor onto
64. Let 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 be defined as 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 . then
(a) 𝑓 is one-one onto NCERT Page-8/N-9
(b) 𝑓 is one-one but not onto
(c) f is onto but not one-one
(d) f is neither one-one nor onto
65. Which of the following functions is NOT one-one? NCERT Page-8/N-9
(a) 𝑓: R → R defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 1.
(b) 𝑓: R → R defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 7.
(c) 𝑓: R → R defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 :
2𝑥+1
(d) 𝑓: R − {7} → R defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−7 .
66. The signum function, 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 is given by
1 if 𝑥 > 0
𝑓(𝑥) = { 0, if 𝑥 = 0 is
−1 if 𝑥 < 0
(a) one-one NCERT Page-9/N-11
(b) onto
(c) many-one
(d) None of these
67. The smallest integer function 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥] is NCERT Page-7/N-8
(a) one-one
(b) many-one
(c) Both (a) & (b)
(d) None of these
68. The function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 7, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 is NCERT Page 8/N-9
(a) one-one
(b) many-one
(c) odd
(d) even
69. Let function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 be defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + sin⁡ 𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, then 𝑓 is NCERT Page-8/N-9
(a) one-one and onto
(b) one-one but NOT onto
(c) onto but NOT one-one
(d) neither one-one nor onto
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70. If 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑆, defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = sin⁡ 𝑥 − √3cos⁡ 𝑥 + 1, is onto, then the interval of 𝑆 is NCERT Page-7/N-9
(a) [−1,3]
(c) [0,1]
(b) [−1,1]
(d) [0,3]
71. The number of surjective functions from 𝐴 to 𝐵 where A = {1,2,3,4} and B = {a, b} is
(a) 14 NCERT Page-7/N-9
(b) 12
(c) 2
(d) 15
72. The number of surjection from NCERT Page-7
𝐴 = {1,2
n}, n ≥ 2 onto B = {a, b} is
(c) 2n − 1
(b) 2n − 2
(d) None of these
73. The function f: R → R defined by NCERT Page-8/N-9
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3) is
(a) one-one but not onto
(b) onto but not one-one
(c) both one-one and onto
(d) neither one-one nor onto
74. The function 𝑓: [0, 𝜋] → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = cos⁡ 𝑥 is NCERT Page-7/N-9
(a) one-one function
(b) onto function
(c) a many one function
(d) None of these
75. The number of equivalence relations in the set {1,2,3} containing (1,2) and (2,1) is NCERT Page-3
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 1
(d) 4
76. Let A = {1,2,3}, B = {4,5,6; 7} and let 𝑓 = {(1,4), (2,5), (3, 6)} be a function from 𝐴 to 𝐵. Based on the
given information, 𝑓 is best defined as:
(a) Surjective function NCERT Page-8/N-9 I CBSE Sample 2021-22
(b) Injective function
(c) Bijective function
(d) Function
77. The function 𝑓: R → R defined as 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 is: NCERT Page-7/N-9 | CBSE Sample 2021-22
(a) One-one but not onto
(b) Not one-one but onto
(c) Neither one-one nor onto
(d) One-one and onto
78. If the function gof is defined and is one-one then
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(a) neither 𝑓 nor 𝑔 is one-one NCERT Page-7/N-12

(b) fand g both are necessarily one-one
(c) g must be one-one
(d) None of the above
79. If 𝐴 = {1,3,5,7} and 𝐵 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}, then the number of one-to-one functions from 𝐴 into 𝐵 is
(a) 1340 NCERT/ Page-9
(b) 1680
(c) 1430
(d) 1880
80. The number of all one-one functions from set A = {1,2,3} to itself is NCERT Page-9
(a) 2
(b) 6
(c) 3
(d) 1
81. Let 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 be a function defined by NCERT Page-10/N-9
3
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 4, then 𝑓 is
(a) injective
(b) surjective
(c) bijective
(d) None of these

1.4 COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS AND INVERTIBLE FUNCTIONS

𝑥2
82. Let 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ be defined as 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1 and 𝑔: ℝ → {1, −1} → ℝ be defined as g(𝑥) = 2 .
𝑥 −1
Then the function fog is : NCERT/ Page N-12
(a) one-one but not onto
(b) onto but not one-one
(c) both one-one and onto
(d) neither one-one nor onto
83. Let f: R → R, g: R → R be two functions such that 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 5. The function (𝑓 ∘
𝑔)−1 (𝑥) is equal to NCERT Page-15/N-12
𝑥+7 1/3
(a) ( )
2
7 1/3
(b) (𝑥 − 2)
𝑥−2 1/3
(c) ( )
7
𝑥−7 1/3
(d) ( 2 )
84. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 4 + ⋯ to ∞ for |𝑥| < 1, then 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = NCERT Page-15/N-12
x
(a) 1+x
𝑥
(b) 1−𝑥
1−x
(c) x
1
(d) x
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85. Let 𝑓: [4, ∞) → [1, ∞) be a function defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥(𝑥−4) , then 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) is NCERT Page-13/N-12
(a) 2 − √4 + log 5 ⁡ 𝑥
(b) 2 + √4 + log 5 ⁡ 𝑥
1 𝑥(𝑥−4)
(c) (5)
(d) None of these
86. If 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑔: 𝑅 → 𝑅 and ℎ: 𝑅 → 𝑅 are such that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , 𝑔(𝑥) = tan⁡ 𝑥 and ℎ(𝑥) = log⁡ 𝑥, then the
value of (go (foh)) (x), if 𝑥 = 1 will be NCERT Page-12/N-12
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) -1
(d) 𝜋
1+𝑥 3𝑥+𝑥 3
87. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = log⁡ (1−𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) = 1+3𝑥 2 , then 𝑓 ∘ (x) equals
(a) −𝑓(𝑥) NCERT Page-12/N-12
(b) 3f(x)
(c) [f(x)]3
(d) None of these
88. If 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 is given by
−1, when 𝑥 is rational
𝑓(𝑥) = {
1, when 𝑥 is irrational,
then (fof) (1 − √3) is equal to NCERT Page-12/N-12
(a) 1
(b) -1
(c) √3
(d) 0
89. If 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 and 𝑔: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 7, then the value of 𝑥 for which
𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 25 is NCERT Page-12/N-12
(a) ±1
(b) ±2
(c) ±3
(d) ±4
𝑥−2
90. Let A = R − {3} and B = R − {1}. If f: A → B defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−3 is invertible, then the inverse of 𝑓 is
3𝑦+2
(a) 𝑦−1
3𝑦−2
(b) 𝑦+1
3𝑦−2
(c) 𝑦−1
(d) None of these
91. Let 𝑓: (2,3) → (0,1) be defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − [𝑥]. Then, 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) equals to NCERT Page-15/N-12
(a) 𝑥 − 2
(b) 𝑥 + 1
(c) x − 1
(d) x + 2
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2𝑥 + 𝑎; 𝑥 ≥ −1
92. If 𝑓(𝑥) = { 2 and
𝑏𝑥 + 3; 𝑥 < −1
𝑥 + 4 ;0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4
𝑔(𝑥) = {
−3𝑥 − 2; −2 < 𝑥 < 0
If domain of 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) is [−1,4], then - NCERT Page-16/N-14
(a) 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 > 5
(b) 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 > 7
(c) 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 > 10
(d) 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅
𝑎𝑥+𝑏
93. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑥+𝑑 . Then fof (𝑥) = 𝑥 provided that
(a) 𝑑 = −𝑎 NCERT Page-15/N-14
(b) 𝑑 = 𝑎
(c) a = b = c = d = 1
(d) 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 1
94. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = −1 + |𝑥 − 1|, −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2 − |𝑥 + 1|, −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2,
then (𝑓𝑜𝑔)(𝑥) is equal to NCERT Page- 14/N − 12
𝑥 + 1 −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0
(a) {
𝑥−1 0<𝑥 ≤2
𝑥 − 1 −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0
(b) {
𝑥+1 0<𝑥 ≤2
−1 − 𝑥 −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0
(c) {
𝑥−1 0<𝑥≤2
(d) None of these
95. The domain of the function NCERT Page-15/N-15
𝑓(𝑥) = 24−𝑥 𝐶3𝑥−1 + 40−6𝑥 𝐶8𝑥−10 is,
(a) {2,3}
(c) {1,2,3,4}
(b) {1,2,3}
(d) None of these
2 10𝑥 −10−𝑥
96. The inverse of 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 10𝑥 +10−𝑥 is NCERT Page-16/N-12
1 1+𝑥
(a) 3 log10 ⁡ 1−𝑥
1 2+3𝑥
(b) 2 log10 ⁡ 2−3𝑥
1 2+3𝑥
(c) 3 log10 ⁡ 2−3𝑥
1 2−3𝑥
(d) log10 ⁡
6 2+3𝑥
97. Which of the following option is correct? NCERT Page-13/N-12
(a) gof is one-one ⇒ 𝑔 is one-one
(b) gof is one-one ⇒ 𝑓 is one-one
(c) gof is onto ⇒ g is not onto
(d) gof is onto ⇒ 𝐼 is onto
98. If f: X → Y is a function such that there exists a function 𝑔: 𝑌 → 𝑋 such that gof = 𝐼𝑋 and fog = 𝐼𝑌 , then
𝑓 must be NCERT Page-12/N-14
(a) one-one
(b) onto
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(c) one-one and onto

(d) None of these
99. If 𝑓 is an even function and 𝑔 is an odd function, then the function 𝑓𝑜𝑔 is
(a) an even function
(c) neither even nor odd
(b) an odd function
(d) a periodic function
100. If 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 is given by 𝑓(𝑥) = √1 − 𝑥 2 , then fof is NCERT Page-13/N-12
3
(a) √x
(b) x 2
(c) x
(d) 1 − 𝑥 2
𝑥
101. Let 𝑓: (4,6) → (6,8) be a function defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + [2] (where [.] denotes the greatest
integer function), then 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) is equal to NCERT Page-14/N-12
𝑥
(a) 𝑥 − [2]
(b) −x − 2
(c) 𝑥 − 2
1
(d) 𝑥
𝑥+[ ]
2
102. Let A = {1,2,3,4,5} and functions NCERT Page-12/N-12
f: A → A and g: A → A be defined by
f(1) = 3, f(2) = 5, f(3) = 3, f(4) = 1, f(5) = 2; g(1) = 4,
g(2) = 1, g(3) = 1, g(4) = 2, g(5) = 3. Then
(a) fog = {(1,1), (2,3), (3,2), (4,5)}
(b) 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = {(1,1), (2,3), (3,3), (4,5), (5,3)}
(c) gof = {(1,1), (2,3), (3,3), (4,4), (5,5)}
(d) gof = {(2,2), (2,3), (3,1), (4,1), (5,1)}
𝑥
103. If 𝑓(𝑥) = √1+𝑥 2, then (fof of) ( 𝑥 ) is NCERT Page-13/N-12
3𝑥
(a) √1+𝑥 2
𝑥
(b) √1+3𝑥2
3x
(c) √1−x2
(d) None of these
2 4𝑥+3
104. Consider the function f in A = R − {3} defined as 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥−4, then 𝑓 −1
is equal to NCERT Page-13/N-12
3+4𝑥
(a) 6𝑥−4
6𝑥−4
(b) 3+4𝑥
3−4𝑥
(c) 6𝑥−4
9+2𝑥
(d) 6𝑥−4
2𝑥−7
105. If 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = is an invertible function,
4
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then 𝑓 −1 is equal to NCERT Page-16/N-12

(4𝑥+5)
(a) 2
(4𝑥+7)
(b) 2
3𝑥+2
(c) 2
9𝑥+3
(d) 5
𝑥−1
106. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+1 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 − {0, −1,1). If 𝑓 𝑛+1 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑓 𝑛 (𝑥)) for all 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁, then 𝑓 6 (6) + 𝑓 7 (7) is
equal to: NCERT Page N − 12
7
(a) 6
3
(b) − 2
7
(c) 12
11
(d) − 12
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
107. The inverse of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 + 2 is NCERT Page-16/N-12
𝑥−3 1/2
(a) log 𝑒 ⁡ (𝑥−1)
𝑥−1 1/2
(b) log 𝑒 ⁡ (3−𝑥)
x+2 1/2
(c) log e ⁡ (x−3)
x+1 1/2
(d) log e ⁡ (x−2)
108. If 𝑓(𝑥) = sin⁡ 𝑥 + cos⁡ 𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1, then
𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) is invertible in the domain NCERT Page-14/N-12
𝜋
(a) [0, 2 ]
𝜋 𝜋
(b) [− 4 , 4 ]
𝜋 𝜋
(c) [− 2 , 2 ]
(d) [0, 𝜋]
109. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = log 𝑒 ⁡ 𝑥, then which of the following is true? NCERT Page-14/N-12
(a) f{g(x)} ≠ g{f(x)}
(b) f{g(x)} = g{f(x)}
(c) f{g(x)} + g{f(x)} = 0
(d) 𝑓{𝑔(𝑥)} − 𝑔{𝑓(𝑥)} = 1
110. If 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| and 𝑔(𝑥) = |5𝑥 − 2|, then NCERT Page-13/N-12
(a) gof⁡(x) = |5x − 2|
(c) 𝑓 ∘ (𝑥) = |5|𝑥| − 2|
(b) gof⁡(𝑥) = |5|𝑥| − 2|
(d) 𝑓 ∘ (𝑥) = |5𝑥 + 2|
1
111. If 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 be given by 𝑓(𝑥) = (3 − 𝑥 3 )3 , then 𝑓(𝑥) is NCERT Page-13/N-12
1
(a) 𝑥 3

(b) 𝑥 3
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(c) x
(d) (3 − 𝑥 3 )
112. If 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2 is the inverse of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2, then graph of 𝑔(𝑥) is the image of
graph of 𝑓(𝑥) about the line 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥. Here k = NCERT Page-12/N-12
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
𝜋 𝜋 5
113. If 𝑓(𝑥) = sin2 ⁡ 𝑥 + sin2 ⁡ (𝑥 + 3 ) + cos⁡ 𝑥cos⁡ (𝑥 + 3 ) and g (4) = 1, then gof (x) is equal to
(a) 1 NCERT Page-17/N-12
(b) 48
(c) -48
(d) -1
𝑥 ( fofo........of )(𝑥)
114. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−1, then is equal to : NCERT Page-16/N-12
19 times
𝑥
(a) 𝑥−1
𝑥 19
(b) (𝑥−1)
19𝑥
(c) 𝑥−1
(d) x
2 2+ax
115. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−3 , 𝑥 ≠ 3 The inverse of 𝑓(𝑥) is g(x) = x , x ≠ 0. Then a = NCERT Page-16/N-13
(a) 5
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
116. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 , 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 2 and fog (𝑥) = 18𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 + 𝑐, then 𝑐 = NCERT Page 14/N − 12
(a) 2
(b) 8
(c) 6
(d) 4
117. If 𝑓: 𝑄 → 𝑄(𝑥) = 2𝑥; 𝑔: 𝑄 → 𝑄, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2, then value of (𝑓𝑜𝑔)−1 (20) is
(a) 5 NCERT Page-15/N-12
(b) -8
(c) 4
(d) 8
𝑥 3 − 1, 𝑥 < 2
118. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = { 2 . Then NCERT Page-13/N-12
𝑥 + 3, 𝑥 ≥ 2
(𝑥 + 1)1/3 , 𝑥 < 2
(a) 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = {
(𝑥 − 3)1/3 , 𝑥 ≥ 2
(𝑥 + 1)1/3 , 𝑥 < 7
(b) 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = {
(𝑥 − 3)1/2 , 𝑥 ≥ 7
(𝑥 + 1)1/3 , 𝑥 < 1
(c) 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = {
(𝑥 − 3)1/2 , 𝑥 ≥ 7
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(d) 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) does not exist

119. Let 𝑓 be a function with domain 𝑋 and range 𝑌. Let 𝐴, B ⊆ X and C, D ⊆ Y. Which of the following
is not true? NCERT Page-13/N-12
(a) 𝑓(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑓(𝐴) ∪ 𝑓(𝐵)
(b) 𝑓(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑓(𝐴) ∩ 𝑓(𝐵)
(c) 𝑓 −1 (𝐶 ∪ 𝐷) = 𝑓 −1 (𝐶) ∪ 𝑓 −1 (𝐷)
(d) 𝑓 −1 (𝐶 ∩ 𝐷) = 𝑓 −1 (𝐶) ∩ 𝑓 −1 (𝐷)
120. The range of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 7 − 𝑥𝑃𝑥−3 is NCERT Page-14/N-15
(a) {1,2,3}
(c). {1,2,3,4}
(b) {1,2,3,4,5,6}
(d) {1,2,3,4,5}
121. If 𝑓 → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 2, then 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) is NCERT Page-15/N-12
(a) (𝑥 − 1)1/2
(b) 𝑥 − 2
(c) (𝑥 − 2)1/3
(d) (𝑥 − 2)1/2

1.5 BINARY OPERATIONS

122. The binary operation * defined on 𝑁 by 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 for all 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑁 is NCERT Page-22
(a) commutative only
(b) associative only
(c) both commutative and associative
(d) None of these
𝑎
123. For binary operation * defined on R − {1} such that 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑏+1 is
(a) not associative NCERT Page-21
(c) commutative
(b) not commutative
(d) both (a) and (b)
124. If the binary operation * on the set of integers 𝑍, is defined by 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 3𝑏 2 , then the value of
8 ∗ 3 is NCERT Page-20
(a) 32
(b) 40
(c) 36
(d) 35
ab
125. If the binary operation * is defined on the set 𝑄 + of all positive rational numbers by a ∗ b = 4 .
1 1
Then 3 ∗ (5 ∗ 2) is equal to NCERT Page-20
3
(a) 160
5
(b) 160
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3
(c) 10
3
(d) 40
Exercise 2 : NCERT Exemplar & Past Years JEE
Main
NCERT EXEMPLAR QUESTIONS
1. Let 𝑇 be the set of all triangles in the Euclidean planen and let a relation 𝑅 on 𝑇 be defined as 𝑎𝑅𝑏, if a is
congruent to 𝑏, ∀𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑇. Then, 𝑅 is NCERT Page-3/N-3
(a) reflexive but not transitive
(b) transitive but not symmetric
(c) equivalence
(d) None of these
2. Consider the non-empty set consisting of children in a family and a relation 𝑅 defined as 𝑎𝑅𝑏 if 𝑎 is brother
of 𝑏. Then 𝑅 is
(a) symmetric but not transitive NCERT Page-2/ N − 2
(b) transitive but not symmetric
(c) neither symmetric nor transitive
(d) both symmetric and transitive
3. The maximum number of equivalence relations on the set A = {1,2,3} are NCERT Page-5/N-4
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 5
4. If a relation R on set {1,2,3} be defined by R = {(1,2)}, then R is NCERT Page- 3/N − 2
(a) reflexive
(b) transitive
(c) symmetric
(d) None of these
5. Let us define a relation 𝑅 in 𝑅 as 𝑎𝑅𝑏 if 𝑎 ≥ 𝑏. Then 𝑅 is NCERT Page- 4/N − 2
(a) an equivalence relation
(b) reflexive, transitive but not symmetric
(c) symmetric, transitive but not reflexive
(d) neither transitive nor reflexive but symmetric
6. The relation R = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (1,2), (2,3), (1,3)} on set A = {1,2,3} is
(a) Reflexive but not symmetric NCERT Page-2/N-7
(b) Reflexive but not transitive
(c) Symmetric and transitive
(d) Neither symmetric nor transitive
𝑎𝑏
7. The identity element for the binary operation * defined on 𝑄 − {0} as 𝑎∗ 𝑏 = 2 , ∀𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑄 − {0} is
(a) 1 NCERT Page-20
(b) 0
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(c) 2
(d) None of these
8. If the set 𝐴 contains 5 elements and the set 𝐵 contains 6 elements, then the number of one-one and onto
mapping from 𝐴 to 𝐵 is NCERT Page-8/N-10
(a) 720
(b) 120
(c) 0
(d) None of these
9. If 𝐴 = {1,2,3, … . , 𝑛} and 𝐵 = {𝑎, 𝑏}. Then, the number of surjections from 𝐴 into 𝐵 is
(a) 𝑛 𝑃2 NCERT Page -7/N-9
𝑛
(c) 2 − 1
(b) 2𝑛 − 2
(d) None of these
1
10. Let 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 be defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑅. Then 𝑓 is
(a) one-one NCERT Page-7/N-9
(b) onto
(c) bijective
(d) 𝑓 is not defined
𝑥
11. Let 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 be defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 5 and 𝑔: 𝑅 → 𝑅 by 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +1. Then gof is
3x2 −5
(a) 9x4−30x2+26 NCERT Page-15/N-12
3𝑥 2 −5
(b) 9𝑥 4−6𝑥 2 +26
3𝑥 2
(c) 𝑥 4 +2𝑥 2−4
3𝑥 2
(d) 9𝑥 4+30𝑥 2 −2
12. Which of the following functions from 𝑍 into 𝑍 are bijective? NCERT Page-7/N-9
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3
(b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2
(c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1
(d) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1
13. If 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 be the function defined by
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 5, then 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) is equal to: NCERT Page-15/N-12
(a) (𝑥 + 5)1/3
(b) (𝑥 − 5)1/3
(c) (5 − 𝑥)1/3
(d) (5 − 𝑥)
14. If f: A → B and g: B → C be the bijective functions, then (gof) )−1 is NCERT Page-16/N-12
(a) 𝑓 −1 og −1
(b) 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔
(c) 𝑔−1 of −1
(d) 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓
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3 3x+2
15. Let f: R − {5} → R be defined by f(x) = 5x−3. Then
(a) 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) NCERT Page-15/N-12
(b) 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
(c) (fof) 𝑥 = −𝑥
1
(d) 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 19 𝑓(𝑥)
16. If 𝑓(𝑥) is defined on [0,1] by the rule
𝑥: 𝑥 is rational
𝑓(𝑥) = {
1 − 𝑥: 𝑥 is irrational
then for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) is NCERT Page-16/N-12
(a) constant
(b) 1 + 𝑥
(c) x
(d) None of these
17. If 𝑓: [2, ∞) → R be the function defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5, then the range of 𝑓 is NCERT Page-9/N-15
(a) R
(b) [1, ∞)
(c) [4, ∞)
(d) [5, ∞)
2𝑥−1
18. Let 𝑓: 𝑁 → 𝑅 be the function defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 and 𝑔: 𝑄 → 𝑅 be another function defined by 𝑔(𝑥) =
3
𝑥 + 2. Then (gof) 2 is NCERT Page-20/N-12
(a) 1
(b) 0
7
(c) 2
(d) 3
19. Let 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 be defined by
2𝑥 : 𝑥>3
𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥 2 : 1 < 𝑥 ≤ 3
3𝑥 : 𝑥≤1
Then 𝑓(−1) + 𝑓(2) + 𝑓(4) is NCERT Page-9/N-11
(a) 9
(b) 14
(c) 5
(d) None of these
20. Let 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 be given by 𝑓(𝑥) = tan⁡ 𝑥. Then 𝑓 −1 (1) is NCERT Page-21/N-12
𝜋
(a) 4
𝜋
(b) {𝑛𝜋 + 4 : 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍}
(c) does not exist
(d) None of these
PAST YEARS JEE MAIN
1 1 x
21. The function f: R → [− 2 , 2] defined as f(x) = 1+x2, is: NCERT Page-8/N-9 | 2017, A
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(a) neither injective nor surjective

(b) invertible
(c) injective but not surjective
(d) surjective but not injective
1 1
22. For 𝑥 ∈ 𝐑 − {0,1}, let 𝑓1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 , 𝑓2 (𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥 and 𝑓3 (𝑥) = 1−𝑥 be three given functions. If a function,
J(𝑥) satisfies (𝑓2 ∘ Jof1 )(𝑥) = f3 (𝑥) then 𝐽(𝑥) is equal to: NCERT Page-21/N-12 | 2019, C
(a) 𝑓3 (𝑥)
1
(b) 𝑥 𝑓3 (𝑥)
(c) 𝑓2 (𝑥)
(d) 𝑓1 (𝑥)
𝑥2
23. If the function f: R − {1, −1} → A defined by f(𝑥) = is surjective, then A is equal to:
1−𝑥 2
(a) R − {−1} NCERT Page-7/N-9 / 2019, C
(b) [0, ∞)
(c) R − [−1,0)
(d) R − (−1,0)
5
24. If 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1 and (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 5, then 𝑓 (4) is equal to:
3
(a) 2 NCERT Page-22/N-12 | 2020, C
1
(b) − 2
1
(c) 2
3
(d) − 2
𝑥−2
25. Let 𝑓: R − {3} → R − {1} be defined by f(𝑥) = 𝑥−3. Let 𝑔: R → R be given as 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3. Then, the sum
13
of all the values of x for which 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) + 𝑔−1 (𝑥) = 2 is equal to. NCERT Page-21/N-12 | 2021, C
(a) 3
(b) 5
(c) 7
(d) 2
26. Let 𝐴 = {−4, −3, −2,0,1,3,4} and 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝐴 × 𝐴: 𝑏 = |𝑎| or 𝑏 2 = 𝑎 + 1} be a relation on 𝐴. Then the
minimum number of elements, that must be added to the relation R so that it becomes reflexive and
symmetric, is 2023, C
27. For 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, two real valued functions 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are such that, 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 1 and 𝑓𝑜𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3 −
√𝑥. Then 𝑓(0) is equal to NCERT Page-22/N-12 2023, A
(a) 1
(b) -3
(c) 5
(d) 0

Exercise 3 : Skill Enhancer MCQs

𝜋
1. If 𝑓(𝑥) = (1 + tan⁡ 𝑥) {1 + tan⁡ ( 4 − 𝑥)} and let 𝑔(𝑥) be defined for all real 𝑥, then which of the following
statements is/are true for 𝑔𝑜𝑓(𝑥) ?
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(a) domain of 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝐑

(b) 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) is constant ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑓
(c) 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) is surjective function
(d) None of these
𝑎𝑥 2 +6𝑥−8
2. If the function 𝑓: 𝐑 → 𝐑 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎+6𝑥−8𝑥 2 is onto for 𝑎 ∈ [𝑚, 𝑛], then √𝑚𝑛 − 3 is equal to.
(a) 4
(c) 5
(b) 19
(d) None of these
3. Let 𝑓: 𝑅 + → {−1,0,1} defined by
𝑓(𝑥) = sgn⁡(𝑥 − 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 7 − 𝑥 8 − 1) where sgn denotes signum function. Then 𝑓(𝑥) is
(a) many-one and onto
(b) many-one and into
(c) one-one and onto
(d) one-one and into
4. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏cos⁡ 𝑥, a being an integer and 𝑏 is a real number. Find the number of ordered pairs
(𝑎, 𝑏) for which the equations 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 and 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) = 0 have the same (nonempty) set of real roots
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
2log10 ⁡ 𝑥+2
5. If 𝑓(𝑥) = log100𝑥 ⁡ ( −𝑥 ) ; 𝑔(𝑥) = {𝑥}; where {𝑥} denotes the fractional part of 𝑥. If the function (𝑓 ∘
𝑔)(𝑥) exists, then the maximum possible range of 𝑔(𝑥) is
(a) (0, 10−1 )
(b) (0, 10−2 )
(c) (0, 10−2 ) ∪ (10−2 , 10−1 )
(d) None of these
6. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = max{1 + sin⁡ 𝑥, 1,1 − cos⁡ 𝑥}, 𝑥 ∈ [0,2𝜋] and 𝑔(𝑥) = max{1, |𝑥 − 1|}, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, then which of the
following is incorrect.
(a) 𝑔(𝑓(0)) = 1
(b) 𝑔(𝑓(1)) = 1
(c) f(g(1)) = 1
(d) 𝐟(g(0)) = 1 + sin⁡ 1
7. Let 𝑋 and 𝑌 be two non-empty sets. Let 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 be a function: For 𝐴 ⊂ 𝑋 and 𝐵 ⊂ 𝑌, define 𝑓(𝐴) =
{𝑓(𝑥): 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴}; 𝑓 −1 (𝐵) = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑋: 𝑓(𝑥) ∈ 𝐵}, then
(a) 𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝐵)) = 𝐵
(b) 𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝐵)) ⊂ 𝐵
(c) 𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝐴)) = 𝐴
(d) 𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝐴)) ⊂ 𝐴
8. If 𝑓(𝑥) = √3|𝑥| − 𝑥 − 2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = sin⁡ 𝑥, then domain of definition of fog (𝑥) is
𝜋
(a) {2𝑛𝜋 + 2 }
𝑛∈𝐼
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7𝜋 11𝜋
(b) ⋃𝑛∈𝐼 (2𝑛𝜋 + , 2𝑛𝜋 + )
6 6
7𝜋
(c) {2𝑛𝜋 + }
6 𝑛∈𝐼
𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋
(d) {(4𝑚 + 1) 2 : 𝑚 ∈ 𝐼} ⋃𝑛∈𝐼 [2𝑛𝜋 + 6 , 2𝑛𝜋 + 6 ]
9. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = sin⁡ 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = log 𝑒 ⁡ |𝑥|. If the ranges of the composition functions fog and gof are 𝑅1 and
𝑅2 , respectively, then
(a) R1 = {u: −1 ≤ u < 1}, R 2 = {v: −∞ < 𝑣 < 0}
(b) R1 = {u: −∞ < 𝑢 < 0}, R 2 = {v: −∞ < 𝑣 < 0} (c) R1 = {u: −1 < 𝑢 < 1}, R 2 = {v: −∞ < 𝑣 < 0}
(d) R1 = {u: −1 ≤ u ≤ 1}, R 2 = {v: −∞ < 𝑣 ≤ 0}
𝑧 −𝑧
10. 𝐴 relation 𝑅 on the set of complex numbers is defined by 𝑧1 𝑅𝑧2 if and only if 𝑧1+𝑧2 is real, then 𝑅 is
1 2
(a) Not reflexive
(c) Not transitive
(b) Symmetric
(d) None of these
11. For positive real numbers 𝑥 and 𝑦, let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 log2⁡ 𝑦 . If the sum of the solutions of the equation
𝑚
4096𝑓(𝑓(𝑥, 𝑥), 𝑥) = 𝑥13 can be expressed as 𝑛 (where 𝑚, 𝑛 are coprime numbers), then (𝑚 − 10𝑛) is
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) -1
(d) None of these
12. If two roots of the equation
1−𝑥
(𝑝 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)2 − (𝑝 + 1)(𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 + 1) = 0 are real and distinct and 𝑓(𝑥) = , then 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) +
1+𝑥
1
𝑓 (𝑓 (𝑥)) is equal to
(a) 𝑝
(b) −𝑝
(c) 2𝑝
(d) −2𝑝
13. Let 𝑓(𝑧) = sin⁡ 𝑧 and 𝑔(𝑧) = cos⁡ 𝑧. If * denotes a composition of functions, then the value of (f + ig) ∗
(f − ig) is :
−i𝑧
(a) ie−e
iz
(b) ie−e
−i𝑧
(c) −ie−e
(d) None of these
2 𝜋−2
14. If 𝐴 = {𝑥: − 5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5 } , 𝐵 = {𝑦: −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1} and 𝑓(𝑥) = cos⁡(5𝑥 + 2), then the mapping 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is
(a) one-one but not onto
(c) both one-one and onto (d)
(b) onto but not one-one
(d) neither one-one nor onto
15. Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be functions from 𝑅 to 𝑅 defined as
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7𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 8, 𝑥 ≤ 1
𝑓(𝑥) = { 4𝑥 + 5,1 < 𝑥 ≤ 7
8𝑥 + 3, 𝑥 > 7
|𝑥|, 𝑥 < −3
𝑔(𝑥) = {0, −3 ≤ 𝑥 < 2
𝑥 2 + 4, 𝑥 ≥ 2
Then
(a) (fog)(−3) = 8
(c) (gof)(0) = −8
(b) (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(9) = 683
(d) ( gof )(6) = 427
Exercise 4: Numeric Value Answer
Questions
1. Let 𝑆 = {1,2,3,4}. Then the number of elements in the set {𝑓: 𝑆 × 𝑆 → 𝑆: 𝑓 is onto and 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) = 𝑓(𝑏, 𝑎) ≥
𝑎∀(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑆 × 𝑆} is
1
2. Let 𝑓(𝑥) be a quadratic polynomial with leading coefficient 1 such that f(0) = p, p ≠ 0 and f(1) = 3. If the
equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 and fofofof (𝑥) = 0 have a common real root, then 𝑓(−3) is equal to
3. Set 𝐴 has 3 elements and set 𝐵 has 4 elements. The number of injection that can be defined from 𝐴 to 𝐵 is
4. If 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| and 𝑔(𝑥) = [𝑥], then value of
1 1
fog (− 4) + gof⁡ (− 4) is
3 1−𝑥 2 𝜋
5. For 𝑥 ∈ (0, 2), let 𝑓(𝑥) =, 𝑔(𝑥) = tan⁡ 𝑥 and ℎ(𝑥) = 1+𝑥 2. If 𝜙(𝑥) ( 3 ) = (( hof ) ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥). If 𝜙 is equal to
𝑝𝜋
tan⁡ , then 𝑝 + 𝑞 is
𝑞
𝛼𝑥
6. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+1 , 𝑥 ≠ −1. Then, the value of 𝛼 > 0 for which 𝑓[𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑥 is
7. Let 𝑅 be the set of real numbers and the functions 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 and 𝑔: 𝑅 → 𝑅 be defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +
2𝑥 − 3 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1. If 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) for some value of 𝑥, then |𝑥| is
8. Let 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) be two real polynomials of degree 2 and 1 respectively. If 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 8𝑥 2 − 2𝑥, and
𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 4𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 1, then the value of 𝑓(2) + 𝑔(2) is
9. Let 𝑆 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}. Define
2𝑛, if 𝑛 = 1,2,3,4,5
𝑓: 𝑆 → 𝑆 as 𝑓(𝑛) = {
2𝑛 − 11 if 𝑛 = 6,7,8,9,10
Let 𝑔: 𝑆 → 𝑆 be a function such that
𝑛 + 1 , if 𝑛 is odd
fog (𝑛) = {
𝑛 − 1 , if 𝑛 is even
𝑔(10)((𝑔(1) + 𝑔(2) + 𝑔(3) + 𝑔(4) + 𝑔(5)) is equal to
−1, 𝑥 < 0
10. Let 𝑔(𝑥) = 1 + 𝑥 − [𝑥] and 𝑓(𝑥) = {0, 𝑥 = 0, then for
1, 𝑥>0
all 𝑥, 𝑓[𝑔(𝑥)] is equal to
R
Answer Keys
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Hints & Solutions

Chapter
Relations and Functions-2
EXERCISE - 1
1. (d) A = {1,2}, B = {3}; A × B{1,2} × {3} = {(1,3), (2,3)} Relation is a subset of 𝐴 × 𝐵.
(c) For two sets 𝐴 and 𝐵, 𝑅 ⊂× 𝐵
3. (a) Let (𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑏, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅 ∪ 𝑆 It is possible that (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 − 𝑆 and (𝑏, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑆 − 𝑅. In such a case, we cannot
say that
(𝑎, 𝑐) ∈ R or (𝑎, 𝑐) ∈ S. ∴ (a, c) may not be in R ∪ S.
∴ R ∪ S is not transitive.
(b) Let (a, b), (b, c) ∈ R ∩ S ∴ (a, b), (b, c) ∈ R and (a, b), (𝑏, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑆. ∴ (𝑎, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅 and (𝑎, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑆
∴ (a, c) ∈ R ∩ S ∴ R ∩ S is transitive.
(c) Let (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 ∪ 𝑆 ∴ (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 or (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑆
Now, (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ (𝑏, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅. (∵ 𝑅 is symmetric)
(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑆 ⇒ (𝑏, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑆(∵ 𝑆 is symmetic )
∴ (𝑏, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅 ∪ 𝑆 ∴ 𝑅 ∪ 𝑆 is symmetric.
(d) Let 𝑎 ∈ A. ∴ (𝑎, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅 and (𝑎, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑆.
∴ (a, a) ∈ R ∩ S. . R ∩ S is reflexive.
4. (b) Only transitive
Since for three numbers 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐
𝑎 is less than 𝑏 and 𝑏 is less than 𝑐. ⇒ 𝑎 is less than 𝑐. not reflexive and symmetric
Since 𝑎 is not less than 𝑎 and 𝑎 is less than 𝑏 does not implies 𝑏 is less than a.
5. (c) 𝑎 = 𝑏 − 2 and 𝑏 > 6
⇒ (6,8) ∈ R
6. (d) On the set N of natural numbers.
R = {(x, y); x, y ∈ N, 2x + y = 41}
Reflexive: (1,1) ∉ 𝑅 as 2.1 + 1 = 3 ≠ 41. So, 𝑅 is not reflexive.
Symmetric: (1,39) ∈ 𝑅 but (39,1) ∉ 𝑅. So 𝑅 is not symmetric.
Transitive: (20,1) ∈ 𝑅 and (1,39) ∈ 𝑅. But⁡(20,39) ∈ 𝑅, so 𝑅 is not transitive.
7. (a) Reflexive: As 1 + a: a = 1 + a2 > 0, 𝑎 ∈ 𝑆
∴ (a, a) ∈ R ∴ R is reflexive.
Symmetric: (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 1 + 𝑎𝑏 > 0
⇒ 1 + ba > 0 ⇒ (𝑏, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅, ∴ 𝑅 is symmetric.
Transitive: (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 and (𝑏, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅 need not imply (𝑎, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅. Hence, 𝑅 is not transitive.
8. (b) Given 𝛼R𝛽 ⇔ 𝛼 ⊥ 𝛽 ∴ 𝛼 ⊥ 𝛽 ⇔ 𝛽 ⊥ 𝛼 ⇒ 𝛽R𝛼 Hence, R is symmetric.
9. (a) Reflexive: For any 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, we have 𝑥 − 𝑥 + √2 = √2 an irrational number. ⇒ xR for all x. So, R is
reflexive.
Symmetric: 𝑅 is not symmetric, because √2R1 but 1R√2, Transitive: 𝑅 is not transitive also because
√2 𝑅 1 and 1R2√2 but √2R2√2.
10. (b) The relation is not reflexive and transitive but it is symmetric, because 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 ⇒ 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 = 1
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11. (d) R1 = {ab ≥ 0, a, b ∈ R}

For reflexive a × 𝛼 ≥ 0 which is true.
For symmetric
If 𝑎𝑏 ≥ 0 ⇒ 𝑏𝑎 ≥ 0
If 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 0 and 𝑐 = −3
Then 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑏 ≥ 0 and 𝑏𝑐 ≥ 0 but 𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0 is not true
⇒ not transitive relation.
⇒ R1 is not equivalence
𝑅2 if 𝑎 ≥ 𝑏 it does not implies 𝑏 ≥ 𝑎
⇒ 𝑅2 is not equivalence relation
⇒D
12. (d) For R to be reflexive ⇒ xR
⇒ 3x + 𝛼x = 7x ⇒ (3 + 𝛼)x = 7K
⇒ 3 + 𝛼 = 7𝜆 ⇒ 𝛼 = 7𝜆 − 3 = 7N + 4, K, 𝜆, N ∈ I
∴ when 𝛼 divided by 7 , remainder is 4 .
R to be symmetric xRy ⇒ yRx
3x + 𝛼y = 7N1 , 3y + 𝛼x = 7N2
⇒ (3 + 𝛼)(x + y) = 7(N1 + N2 ) = 7N3
Which holds when 3 + 𝛼 is multiple of 7
∴ 𝛼 = 7N + 4 (as did earlier)
R to be transitive xRy&𝑦𝑅𝑧 ⇒ 𝑥𝑅𝑧.
3𝑥 + 𝛼𝑦 = 7𝑁1 &3𝑦 + 𝛼𝑧 = 7𝑁2 and
3x + 𝛼z = 7N3
∴ 3x + 7N2 − 3y = 7N3
∴ 7N1 − 𝛼y + 7N2 − 3y = 7N3
∴ 7(N1 + N2 ) − (3 + 𝛼)y = 7N3
∴ (3 + 𝛼)𝑦 = 7N
Which is true again when 3 + 𝛼 divisible by 7 , i.e. when 𝛼 divided by 7 , remainder is 4 .
13. (d) Let R = {(3,3), (5,5), (9,9), (12,12), (5,12), (3,9), (3,12), (3,5)} be a relation on set 𝐴 = {3,5,9,12}
Clearly, every element of 𝐴 is related to itself.
Therefore, it is a reflexive.
Now' 𝑅 is not symmetry because 3 is related to 5 but 5 is not related to 3.
Also 𝑅 is transitive relation because it satisfies the property that if 𝑎R𝑏 and 𝑏R𝑐 then 𝑎R𝑐.
14. (a) (1,5,9)
15. (b) (1,2)
16. (d) 𝐴 relation 𝑅 in a set 𝐴 is said to be an equivalence relation, if 𝑅 is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
17. (c) A relation R in a set A is called universal relation, if each element of 𝐴 is related to every element of 𝐴,
i.e.,
18. (a) A relation 𝑅 in a set 𝐴 is called empty relation, if no element of 𝐴 is a related to any element of 𝐴, i.e.,
𝑅 = 𝜙 ⊂ 𝐴 × 𝐴.
19. (b) A relation 𝑅 in a set 𝐴 is called reflexive, if (𝑎, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅 for every 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴.
20. (c) The relation 𝑅 is not reflexive as
for 1 ∈ 𝐴, (1,1) ∉ 𝑅
Similarly, 𝑅 is not symmetric as
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(1,2) ∈ 𝑅 but (2,1) ∉ 𝑅

But R is transitive as:
(1,2) ∈ R and (2,2) ∈ R imply (1,2) ∈ R.
21. (c) Let 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , are three brothers 𝑥1 𝑅𝑥2 , 𝑥2 𝑅𝑥3
⇒ 𝑥1 𝑅𝑥3 are element of relation ' 𝑥 is brother of 𝑦 '. So, transitive.
22. (b) Given relation is R = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3)}
on the set {1,2,3}.
This relation is not symmetric, not transitive. only reflexive. ( ∵ aRa, bRb, cRc ).
23. (a) Reflexive: |a − a| = 0 < 1 ∴ 𝑎R𝑎 ∀a ∈ R ∴ R is reflexive.
Symmetric: 𝑎𝑅𝑏 ⇒ |𝑎 − 𝑏| ≤ 1 ⇒ |𝑏 − 𝑎| ≤ 1 ⇒ 𝑏𝑅𝑎
∴ R is symmetric.
1 1 1
Anti-symmetric: 1R and R1 but ≠ 1
2 2 2
∴ R is not anti-symmetric.
Transitive: 1R2 and 2R3 but 1R3, [∵ |1 − 3| = 2 > 1]
∴ R is not transitive.
24. (a) Five disjoint equivalence classes which are
{… . . −15, −10, −5,0,5,10,15 …..},
{… . . −14, −9, −4,1,6,11,16 …..},
{… . .13, −8, −3,2,7,12,17 …..},
{… . .12, −7, −2,3,8,13,18 …..},
{… . . −11, −6, −1,4,9,14,19 …..},
25. (d) Clearly, (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑅(𝑥, 𝑦)∀(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝐴, since 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑦𝑥. This shows that 𝑅 is reflexive. Further (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑅(𝑢, 𝑣)
⇒ xv = yu
⇒ 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 and hence (𝑢, 𝑣)𝑅(𝑥, 𝑦). This shows that 𝑅 is symmetric. Similarly, (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑅(𝑢, 𝑣) and
(𝑢, 𝑣)𝑅(𝑎, 𝑏).
𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
⇒ 𝑥𝑣 = 𝑦𝑢 and 𝑢𝑏 = 𝑣𝑎 ⇒ 𝑥𝑣 𝑢 = 𝑦𝑢 𝑢 ⇒ 𝑥𝑣 𝑣 = 𝑦𝑢 𝑢
⇒ xb = ya and hence (x, y)R(a, b). Therefore, R is transitive.
Thus, 𝑅 is an equivalence relation.
26. (a) 𝑅1 ⊆ 𝐴 × 𝐴. So, 𝑅1 is a relation on 𝐴. But (3,6) ∈ 𝐴 × 𝐴, so 𝑅2 ⊆ 𝐴 × 𝐴 and hence 𝑅2 is not a relation
on 𝐴.
Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
27. (b) Here, R = {(1,2), (2,2), (1,1), (4,4), (1,3), (3,3), (3,2)}
Since, (𝑎, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅, for every 𝑎 ∈ {1,2,3,4}. Therefore, 𝑅 is reflexive.
Now, since (1,2) ∈ 𝑅 but (2,1) ∉ 𝑅. Therefore, 𝑅 is not symmetric.
Also, it is observed that (𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑏, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅
⇒ (a, c) ∈ R for all a, b, c ∈ {1,2,3,4}
Therefore, R is transitive. Hence, R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.
28. (d) Here, R = {(x, y): x − y is an integer } is a relation in the set of integers.
For reflexivity, put 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑥 − 𝑥 = 0 which is an integer for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑍. So, 𝑅 is reflexive in 𝑍.
For symmetry, let (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅, then (𝑥 − 𝑦) is an integer
𝜆 (say) and also 𝑦 − 𝑥 = −𝜆. (∵ 𝜆 ∈ 𝑍 ⇒ −𝜆 ∈ 𝑍)
∴ 𝑦 − 𝑥 is an integer ⇒ (𝑦, 𝑥) ∈ 𝑅. So, 𝑅 is symmetric.
For transitivity, let (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅 and (𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ 𝑅,
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so 𝑥 − 𝑦 = integer and 𝑦 − 𝑧 = integers, then 𝑥 − 𝑧 is also an integer.

∴ (x, z) ∈ R. So, R is transitive.
29. (c) Here, 𝑅 is not reflexive; as 𝑥 cannot wife of 𝑥, 𝑅 is not symmetric, as if 𝑥 is wife of 𝑦, then 𝑦 is husband
(not wife) of 𝑥 and 𝑅 is transitive as transitivity is not contradicted in this case. Whenever (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅, then
(𝑦, 𝑧) ∉ 𝑅 for any 𝑧 as if 𝑥 is wife of 𝑦, then 𝑦 is a male and a male cannot be a wife.
30. (a) Here, 𝑅 is not reflexive as 𝑥 is not 7cm taller than 𝑥. 𝑅 is not symmetric as if 𝑥 is exactly 7cm taller than
𝑦, then 𝑦 cannot be 7cm taller than 𝑥 and 𝑅 is not transitive as if 𝑥 is exactly 7cm taller than 𝑦 and 𝑦 is
exactly 7cm taller than 𝑧, then 𝑥 is exactly 14cm taller than 𝑧.
31. (c) Here, 𝑅 is not reflexive; as 𝑥 cannot be father of 𝑥, for any 𝑥, 𝑅 is not symmetric as if 𝑥 is father of 𝑦,
then 𝑦 cannot be father of 𝑥. 𝑅 is not transitive as if 𝑥 is father of 𝑦 and 𝑦 is father of 𝑧, then 𝑥 is
grandfather (not father) of 𝑧.
32. (b) A relation 𝑅 in a set 𝐴 is called transitive, if (𝑎1 , 𝑎2 ) ∈ 𝑅 and (𝑎2 , 𝑎3 ) ∈ 𝑅, implies that (𝑎1 , 𝑎3 ) ∈ 𝑅 for
all 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 ∈ 𝐴.
33. (b) We are given that
𝑅1 = {(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑁 × 𝑁: |𝑎 − 𝑏| ≤ 13}
𝑅2 = {(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑁 × 𝑁: |𝑎 − 𝑏| ≠ 13}
Now for 𝑅1 :
(i) Reflexive relation
(𝑎, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑁 × 𝑁: |𝑎 − 𝑎| ≤ 13
(ii) Symmetric relation
(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅1 , (𝑏, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅1 |a − b| ≤ 13 ⇒ |𝑏 − 𝑎| ≤ 13
(iii) Transitive relation
(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅1 , (𝑏, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ (𝑎, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅1 :
Let (1,3) ∈ 𝑅1 (3,16) ∈ 𝑅1 but (1,16) ∉ 𝑅1
For 𝑅2 :
(i) Reflexive relation
(𝑎, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑁 × 𝑁: |𝑎 − 𝑎| ≠ 13
(ii) Symmetric relation
(𝑏, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑁 × 𝑁: |𝑏 − 𝑎| ≠ 13
(iii) Transitive relation
(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅2 , (𝑏, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅2 ⇒ (𝑎, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅2
Let (1,3) ∈ 𝑅2 , (3,14) ∈ 𝑅2 but (1,14) ∉ 𝑅2
𝑦 ∈ Ai
34. (d) Since according to definition of 𝑅, , iff,
𝑥 ∈ Ai
1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑘} it is clear 𝑅 is an equivalence relation.
e.g. Let 𝐴 = {1,2,3}
𝑅 = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (3,1), (3,2), (3,3)}
35. (a) Let R be a relation containing (1,2) and (1,3)𝑅 is reflexive, if (1,1), (2,2), (3,3) ∈ 𝑅.
Relation 𝑅 is symmetric, if (2,1) ∈ 𝑅 but (3,1) ∉ 𝑅.
But relation 𝑅 is not transitive as (3,1), (1,2) ∈ 𝑅 but (3,2) ∉ 𝑅.
Now, if we add the pair (3,2) and (2,3) to relation 𝑅, then relation 𝑅 will become transitive.
Hence, the total number of desired relations is one.
36. (a) The given relation is R = {(1,2), (2,3)} in the set A = {1,2,3}.
Now, 𝑅 is reflexive, if (1,1), (2,2), (3,3) ∈ 𝑅.
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𝑅 is symmetric, if (2,1), (3,2) ∈ 𝑅.

𝑅 is transitive, if (1,3) and (3,1) ∈ 𝑅.
Thus, the minimum number of ordered pairs which are to be added, so that R becomes an equivalence
relation, is 7 .
37. (c) 𝑅 is defined over the set of non negative integers,
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 36 ⇒ 𝑦 = √36 − 𝑥 2 = √(6 − 𝑥)(6 + 𝑥), 𝑥 = 0
or 6 for x = 0, y = 6 and for x = 6, y = 0 So, y is 6 or 0
so, R = {(6,0), (0,6)}
38. (b) 𝑎𝑅 a, then GCD of 𝑎 and 𝑎 is a. ∴ 𝑅 is not reflexive. Now, 𝑎𝑅𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏𝑅𝑎
If GCD of 𝑎 and 𝑏 is 2 , then GCD of 𝑏 and 𝑎 is 2 .
∴ R is symmetric.
Now, aRb, bRc ⇏ aRc
If GCD of 𝑎 and 𝑏 is 2 and GCD of 𝑏 and 𝑐 is 2 , then it need not be GCD of 𝑎 and 𝑐 is 2 . ∴ R is not transitive.
e.g., 6𝑅2,2𝑅12 but 6𝑅 ′ 12.
39. (b) The given relation is R = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (1,3)} on the set 𝐴 = {1,2,3}.
Clearly, R is reflexive and transitive.
To make 𝑅 symmetric, we need (3,1) as (1,3) ∈ 𝑅.
∴ If (3,1) ∈ 𝑅, then 𝑅 will be an equivalence relation.
Hence, (3,1) is the single ordered pair which needs to be
added to R to make it the smallest equivalence relation.
40. (c) Here, R = {(T1 , T2 ): T1 is similar to T2 }
𝑅 is reflexive; since every triangle is similar to itself.
Further, if (𝑇1 , 𝑇2 ) ∈ 𝑅, then 𝑇1 is similar to 𝑇2 .
⇒ T2 is similar to T1 ⇒ (T2 , T1 ) ∈ R
Therefore, 𝑅 is symmetric.
Now, let (𝑇1 , 𝑇2 ), (𝑇2 , 𝑇3 ) ∈ 𝑅
⇒ 𝑇1 is similar to 𝑇2 and 𝑇2 is similar to 𝑇3 .
⇒ T1 is similar to T3 ⇒ (T1 , T3 ) ∈ R
Therefore, 𝑅 is transitive. Thus, 𝑅 is an equivalence relation (which is already given).
3 4 5 1
Now, we can observe that 6 = 8 = 10 = (2)
i.e., the corresponding sides of triangles 𝑇1 and 𝑇3 are in the same ratio. Therefore, triangle 𝑇1 is similar to
triangle 𝑇3 . Hence, 𝑇1 is related to 𝑇3 .
41. (a) The relation 𝑅1 is an equivalence relation
∀𝑎 ∈ 𝑅, |𝑎| = |𝑎|, i.e. 𝑎𝑅1 𝑎∀𝑎 ∈ 𝑅
∴ R1 is reflexive.
Again ∀𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅, |𝑎| = |𝑏| ⇒ |𝑏| = |𝑎|
∴ 𝑎𝑅1 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏𝑅1 𝑎. Therefore 𝑅 is symmetric.
Also, ∀𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑅, |𝑎| = |𝑏| and |𝑏| = |𝑐|
⇒ |a| = |c| ∴ aR1 b and bR1 c ⇒ aR1 c
⇒ 𝑅1 is transitive
R 2 and R 3 are not symmetric.
𝑅4 is neither reflexive nor symmetric.
42. (b) Given, f(x) = 2x, ∀x ∈ A
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Domain

Value of function at 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓(1) = 2(1) = 2

Value of function at 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓(2) = 2(2) = 4
Value of function at 𝑥 = 3, 𝑓(3) = 2(3) = 6
Domain of 𝑓 = {1,2,3}; Codomain of 𝑓 = {2,4,6,8}
Range of 𝑓 = {2,4,6}
43. (c) Given, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 1
Let x1 , x2 ∈ R. Now, f(x1 ) = f(x2 )
⇒ 𝑥13 − 1 = 𝑥23 − 1 ⇒ 𝑥13 = 𝑥23 ⇒ 𝑥1 = 𝑥2
∴ f(x) is one-one. Also, it is onto.
Hence, it is a bijection.
44. (c) Since, f(n) = 1 + n2 . For one-one, 1 + n12 = 1 + n22
⇒ n12 − n22 = 0 ⇒ n1 = n2 (∵ n1 + n2 ≠ 0)
∴ f(n) is one-one.
f(n) is not onto.
Hence, 𝑓(𝑛) is one-one but not onto.
45.
(b) Let 𝑔(𝑥1 ) = 𝑔(𝑥2 ) ⇒ 𝑥12 − 4𝑥1 − 5 = 𝑥22 − 4𝑥2 − 5
⇒ 𝑥12 − 𝑥22 = 4(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ) ⇒ (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 4) = 0
Either 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 or 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 4. Either 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 or 𝑥1 = 4 − 𝑥2
∴ There are two values of x1 , for which g(x1 ) = g(x2 )
∴ g(x) is not one-one ∀x ∈ R
46. (c) We have, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 4
∴ y(−1) = y(1) = 2, y(0) = 0 (many-one onto)
Here, we see that for two different values of 𝑥, we will get a same image and no element of 𝑦 is left, which
do not have preimage.
∴ Function is many-one onto.
47. (d) f: N → I; f(1) = 0, f(2) = −1, f(3) = 1, f(4) = −2,
𝑓(5) = 2, and 𝑓(6) = −3 so on.
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In this type of function every element of set 𝐴 has unique image in set 𝐵 and there is no element left in set
𝐵.
Hence 𝑓 is one-one and onto function.
48. (a)
(a) (a) 𝑓(𝑥) = √1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − √1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2
𝑓(−𝑥) = √1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − √1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 = −𝑓(𝑥)
∴ f(x) is an odd function
𝑎𝑥 +1
(b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 ( )
𝑎𝑥 −1
𝑎−𝑥 + 1 1 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑥 + 1
⇒ 𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥) ( ) = (−𝑥) ( ) = 𝑥 ( ) = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑎−𝑥 − 1 1 − 𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑥 − 1
∴ It is an even function
1−𝑥 2 1−𝑥 2
(c) 𝑓(𝑥) = log⁡ (1+𝑥 2) ⇒ 𝑓(−𝑥) = log⁡ (1+𝑥 2) = 𝑓(𝑥)
∴ It is an even function
(d) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘 ⇒ 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑘 = 𝑓(𝑥)
∴ It is an even function
49. (b) (a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 is one-one as the cube of every integer can be found but it is not onto, because many
integers have no integral cuberoots. For example, 2,3,4, ….. do not have pre-images. [Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 ⇒ 𝑥 =
(𝑦)1/3, which is not an integer if 𝑦 = 2,3,4, … ….
(b) f(x) = x + 2 is a bijection on I as it is one-one as well as onto on I.
(c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 is one-one but not onto.
𝑦−1
if 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2
That is for many values of 𝑦, 𝑥 will not be integer, e.g. 𝑦 = 2,4, 6 ... or no even number has its pre-image.
(d) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 is not one-one (quadratic function can never be one-one), hence not bijective.
50. (b) Given that fis bijective function and
𝑓(3) ≥ 𝑓(9) ≥ 𝑓(15) ≥ 𝑓(21) ≥ ⋯ … . ≥ 𝑓(99)
So, all elements 3, 9, 15 … . .99 i.e. 17 elements as 1 choice. Remaining 50 − 17 = 33 elements has taken
from 50 elements.
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∴ Number of ways = 50 P33

51. (d) f: N − {1} → N; f(a) = 𝛼
Where 𝛼 is max of powers of prime 𝑃 such that 𝑝𝛼 divides 𝑎.
Also g(a) = a + 1
∴ f(2) = 1g(2) = 3
f(3) = 1g(3) = 4
𝑓(4) = 2𝑔(4) = 5
𝑓(5) = 1g(5) = 6
⇒ f(2) + g(2) = 1 + 3 = 4
(f(3) +g(3) = 1 + 4 = 5
f(4) + g(4) = 2 + 5 = 7
𝑓(5) + 𝑔(5) = 1 + 6 = 7
∴ Many one f(x) + g(x) does not cotain 1
⇒ into function
52. (b) We know that 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be one-one
If 𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥2 ) ⇒ 𝑥1 = 𝑥2

𝑓(𝑥) is said to be onto if 𝑓(𝑥) is always increasing.

𝜋 𝜋
∴ x ∈ [− , ] (∵ f(x) = sin⁡ x)
2 2
53. (d) We have 𝑓(𝑥) = sin⁡ 𝑥. clearly domain of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑅
but its Range is [−1,1] further sin⁡ 0 = sin⁡ 𝜋 = sin⁡ 2𝜋 = ⋯ . . sin⁡ n𝜋 = 0.
Hence, it is many one function
54. (c) The value of 𝑃 is 3 .
55. (c) Initially when no element of 𝐴 is mapped with any element of 𝐵, the element 1 of set 𝐴 can be mapped
with any of the elements a, b and c of set B. Therefore 1can be mapped in 'three' ways. Having mapped 1
with one element of B, now we have 'two' ways in which element 2 can be mapped with the remaining two
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elements of 𝐵. Having mapped 1 and 2 we have one element left in the set 𝐵 so there is only 'one' way in
which the element 3 can be mapped. Therefore the total number of ways in which the elements of 𝐴 can
be mapped with elements of 𝐵 in this way are 3 × 2 × 1 = 6. Hence the number of bijective functions
from A to B are 6 .
56. (c) The given function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥
Now, for x = 0 and -1
We have, 𝑓(0) = 0 and 𝑓(−1) = 0
Hence, 𝑓(0) = 𝑓(−1) but 0 ≠ −1
⇒ 𝑓 is not one-one ⇒ 𝑓 is many-one.
57. (d) Function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 is defined as 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4
Let 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅 such that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑦)
⇒ x4 = y4
⇒ x = ±y (considering only real values)
Therefore, f(x1 ) = f(x2 ) does not imply that x1 = x2
For instance, 𝑓(1) = 𝑓(−1) = 1
Therefore, 𝑓 is not one-one.
Consider an element -2 in codomain 𝑅. It is clear that there does not exist any 𝑥 in domain 𝑅 such that
𝑓(𝑥) = −2.
Therefore, 𝑓 is not onto. Hence, function 𝑓 is neither one-one nor onto.
58. (d) The function 𝑓3 and 𝑓4 in (iii) and (iv) are onto and the function 𝑓1 in (i) is not onto as elements 𝑒, 𝑓 in 𝑋2
are not the image of any element in 𝑋1 under 𝑓1 . Similarly, 𝑓2 is not onto.
59. (c) Let 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 2 be true and 𝑓(𝑦) = 2, 𝑓(𝑧) ≠ 1 are false ⇒ f(x) ≠ 2, f(y) ≠ 2, f(z) = 1
⇒ f(x) = 3, f(y) = 3, f(z) = 1 but then function is many one, similarly two other cases.
60. (a) 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 is onto, if and only if range of 𝑓 = 𝑌.
61. (a) A function 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 is said to be onto (or surjective), if every element of 𝑌 is the image of some
element of 𝑋 under 𝑓 *i.e., for every 𝑦 ∈ 𝑌, there exists an element 𝑥 in 𝑋 such that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦.
𝑛+1
62. (d) Given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = [( 2 ) ; 𝑛 = 1,5,9,13, ….
When 𝑛 = 2,4,6, then 2𝑛 is the multiple of 4 ,
When 𝑛 = 3,7,11,15 then (𝑛 − 1) is not multiple of 4 .
𝑛+1
When 𝑛 = 1,5,9,13, then ( 2 ) is the odd number.
Every number gives exactly one value.
Thus, 𝑓 is one-one & onto.
63. (d) f is neither one-one nor onto.
64. (a) fis one-one onto.
65. (b)
(a) We have 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 1, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅.
Let 𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥2 ), 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ 𝑅
⇒ 6𝑥1 − 1 = 6𝑥2 − 1 ⇒ 6𝑥1 = 6𝑥2 ⇒ 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 . ∴ ' 𝑓 ' is one-one.
(b) We have 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 7, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅.
𝑓(−2) = (−2)2 + 7 = 11, 𝑓(2) = (2)2 + 7 = 11
∴ The images of distinct elements -2 and 2 of 𝑅 are equal.
∴ ' f ' cannot be one-one.
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f(x) = x 3 , x ∈ R. Let f(x1 ) = f(x2 ), x1 , x2 ∈ R ⇒ 𝑥1 3 = 𝑥2 3

⇒ 𝑥13 − 𝑥23 = 0 ⇒ (x1 − x2 )(x12 + x1 x2 + x22 ) = 0
⇒ x1 − x2 = 0 ⇒ x1 = x2 ,
because the other factor cannot be zero ' ∴ f ' is one-one
2𝑥+1
(d) We have 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−7 , 𝑥 ∈ R − {7}.
Let 𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥2 ), 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ R − {7}.
2x1 + 1 2x2 + 1
⇒ = ⇒ −15𝑥1 = −15𝑥2
x1 − 7 x2 − 7
⇒ 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 . ∴ 𝑓 is one-one.
66. (c) We have, f(1) = f(2) = f(3) = 1, f(0) = 0
𝑓(−1) = 𝑓(−2) = 𝑓(−3) = −1
Hence, function 𝑓 is not one-one, so signum function is manyone function.

67. (b) We have, [1.4] = [1.6] = 2

Here, two elements in A, 1.4 and 1.6 have the same image i.e., 2 in B.

Thus 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥] is a many-one function.

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68. (a) We have, 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 7, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅

Let x1 , x2 ∈ R, such that f(x1 ) = f(x2 )
⇒ 4𝑥1 + 7 = 4𝑥2 + 7 ⇒ 4𝑥1 = 4𝑥2 ⇒ 𝑥1 = 𝑥2
So, 𝑓 is one-one.
69. (a) Given that
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + sin⁡ 𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2 + cos⁡ 𝑥
But −1 ≤ cos⁡ 𝑥 ≤ 1 ⇒ 1 ≤ 2 + cos⁡ 𝑥 ≤ 3
⇒ 1 ≤ 2 + cos⁡ 𝑥 ≤ 3 ∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0, ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) is strictly increasing and hence one-one
Also as 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑓(𝑥) → ∞ and 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑓(𝑥) → −∞
∴ Range of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑅 = domain of 𝑓(𝑥) ⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) is onto.
Thus, 𝑓(𝑥) is one-one and onto.
70. (a) 𝑓(𝑥) is onto ∴ 𝑆 = range of 𝑓(𝑥)
𝜋
Now 𝑓(𝑥) = sin⁡ 𝑥 − √3cos⁡ 𝑥 + 1 = 2sin⁡ (𝑥 − 3 ) + 1
𝜋 𝜋
∵ −1 ≤ sin⁡ (𝑥 − ) ≤ 1 ⇒ −1 ≤ 2sin⁡ (𝑥 − ) + 1 ≤ 3
3 3
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) ∈ [−1,3] = 𝑆
71. (a) If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two sets having 𝑚 and 𝑛 elements such that
𝑛
1 ≤ n ≤ m = ∑nr=1 (−1)n−r Cr r m
Number of surjection from 𝐴 to 𝐵
= ∑nr=1 (−1)2−r2 Cr (r)4
= (−1)2−12 C1 (1)4 + (−1)2−2 2 C2 (2)4 = −2 + 16 = 14
72. (b) We know that, if 𝑋 and 𝑌 are any two finite sets having 𝑚 and 𝑛 elements respectively, where 1 ≤ 𝑛 ≤
𝑚, then the number of onto functions from X to Y is given by
∑nr=1 (−1)n−r𝑛 Cr r m ⋅ r = 1
Thus, the number of surjective mappings is
∑2r=1 (−1)2−r Cr r n = (2n − 2)
73. (b) In the function 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3) for more than one value of 𝑥, i.e. 𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 =
3, value of the function is zero.
So, the function is not one-one.
Range of the function is the set of all real numberi.e. 𝑅.
Since Range = Co-domain = R, the function is onto.
Thus the given function f(x) is onto but not one-one.
74. (a)
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Since line parallel to 𝑥-axis cuts the graph at one point. So function is one-one.
75. (a) The smallest equivalence relation R1 containing (1,2) and (2,1) is {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (1,2), (2,1)}.
Now, we are left with only 4 pairs namely (2,3), (3,2), (1,3) and (3,1). If we add any one, say (2,3) to 𝑅1 ,
then for symmetry we must add (3,2) also and now for transitivity we are forced to add (1,3) and (3,1).
Thus, the only equivalence relation bigger than 𝑅1 is the universal relation. This shows that the total
number of equivalence relations containing (1,2) and (2,1) is two.
76. (b) As every per-image 𝑥 ∈ A has a unique image 𝑦 ∈ B but range = {4,5,6} ≠ 𝐵.
⇒ 𝑓 is injective function
77. (d)
Let 𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥2 )∀𝑥1 𝑥2 ∈ 𝑅
⇒ 𝑥13 = 𝑥23
⇒ 𝑥1 = 𝑥2
So, 𝑓(𝑥) is one-one
∴ 𝑓 is one-one and onto
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 = 𝑦
1
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑦 3 , ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑅 every image 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅 has a unique pre image in 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑓 is onto
78. (d) Consider f: {1,2,3,4} → {1,2,3,4,5,6} defined as 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥, ∀𝑥 and 𝑔: {1,2,3,4,5,6} → {1,2,3,4,5, 6} as
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥, for 𝑥 = 1,2,3,4 and 𝑔(5) = 𝑔(6) = 5. Then, gof (𝑥) = 𝑥 ∀𝑥 which shows that gof is one-one:
But 𝑔 is clearly not one-one.
79. (b) Let A = {1,3,5,7}, 𝑛(A) = 4 = 𝑚 (say) and B = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}, 𝑛(B) = 8 = 𝑛 (say)
Total number of one to one
function = 𝑛 C𝑚 (𝑚)!, 𝑛 ≥ 𝑚 = 8 C4 (4)! = 1680
80. (b) One-one function from {1,2,3} to itself is simply a permutation on three symbols 1,2,3. Therefore, total
number of one-one maps from {1,2,3} to itself is same as total number of permutations on symbols 1,2,3,
which is 3! = 6.
81. (c) Let 𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥2 ) for 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ 𝑅.
⇒ x13 + 4 = x23 + 4 ⇒ x13 − x23 = 0
⇒ (x1 + x2 )(x12 + x22 + x1 x2 ) = 0
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x2 2 3 2
⇒ (x1 − x2 ) ((x1 + ) + x )=0
2 4
x1 − x2 = 0 ⇒ x1 = x2 ∴ f is one-one.
Let k ∈ R.
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘 ⇒ 𝑥 3 + 4 = 𝑘 ⇒ 𝑥 = (𝑘 − 4)1/3 ∈ 𝑅
∴ f is onto
𝑥2
82. (d) Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1; 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −1
Now, 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑔(𝑥) − 1
𝑥2 𝑥2 − 𝑥2 + 1
= 2 −1=
𝑥 −1 𝑥2 − 1
1
Hence, 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑥 2 −1 ; 𝑥 ≠ ±1
Thus 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥) will be even function ⇒ 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) is many one function
1
Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 2−1
or 𝑦 ⋅ 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 = 1
1+𝑦
𝑥2 = ( )
𝑦
1+𝑦
( )≥0
𝑦

Range : −𝑦 ∈ (−∞, −1] ∪ (0, ∞)

Hence, Range ≠ Co-domain ⇒ f(g(x)) is into function.
83. (d) We have, 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 5
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥 3 + 5) = 2(𝑥 3 + 5) − 3 = 2𝑥 3 + 7
Let 𝑦 = (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 + 7
𝑦 − 7 1/3
⇒𝑥=( )
2
𝑥 − 7 1/3
⇒ (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)−1 𝑥 = ( )
2
84. (b) Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 4 + ⋯ to ∞
𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 = 1+𝑥 (Infinite G.) ) ⇒ 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥(1 − 𝑦)
𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
⇒𝑥= ⇒ 𝑓 −1 (𝑦) = ⇒ 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) =
1−𝑦 1−𝑦 1−𝑥
85. (b) Let
𝑦 = 5𝑥(𝑥−4) ⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 − 4) = log 5 ⁡ 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − log 5 ⁡ 𝑦 = 0
4 ± √16 + 4log 5 ⁡ 𝑦
⇒𝑥= = (2 ± √4 + log 5 ⁡ 𝑦)
2
But 𝑥 ≥ 4, so 𝑥 = (2 + √4 + log 5 ⁡ 𝑦)
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∴ f −1 (x) = 2 + √4 + log 5 ⁡ x
86. (a) (𝑔 ∘ (𝑓𝑜ℎ))(𝑥) = 𝑔𝑜(𝑓(ℎ))(𝑥) = 𝑔((log⁡ 𝑥)2 ) = (tan⁡(log⁡ 𝑥)2 ) = tan⁡(log⁡ 1)2 = tan⁡(0) = 0
3𝑥+𝑥 3
87. (b) Since, 𝑔(𝑥) = 1+3𝑥 2 = 𝑦, (say)
1+𝑦
∴ 𝑓[𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑓(𝑦) = log⁡ ( )
1−𝑦
3𝑥+𝑥 3
1 + 1+3𝑥 2
= log⁡ { 3𝑥+𝑥 3
}
1 − 1+3𝑥 2
1+𝑥 3 1+𝑥
⇒ 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = log⁡ ( ) = 3log⁡ ( ) = 3𝑓(𝑥)
1−𝑥 1−𝑥
−1, when 𝑥 is rational
88. (b) Given, 𝑓(𝑥) = {
1, when 𝑥 is irrational
Now, ( fof )(1 − √3) = 𝑓[𝑓(1 − √3)] = 𝑓(1) = −1
89. (b) f(g(x)) = f(x 2 + 7) = 2(x 2 + 7) + 3 = 25
⇒ 2x 2 = 8 ⇒ x = ±2
𝑥−2
90. (c) Let 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 such that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥−3 = 𝑦
⇒ 𝑥 − 2 = 𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 ⇒ 3𝑦 − 2 = 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥
3𝑦 − 2
⇒ 3𝑦 − 2 = 𝑥(𝑦 − 1) ⇒ 𝑥 =
𝑦−1
3y − 2
⇒ f −1 (y) = [∵ f(x) = y ⇒ x = f −1 (y)]
y−1
91. (d) The given function is 𝑓: (2,3) → (0,1) defined by
f(x) = x − [x]
Let y ∈ (0,1) such that y = f(x)
∴ y = x − 2{∵ 2 < 𝑥 < 3 ⇒ [𝑥] = 2}
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 2 ∴ 𝑓 −1 (𝑦) = 𝑦 + 2
[∵ x = f −1 (y)]
⇒ f −1 (x) = x + 2
92. (a) f(4) = g(4) ⇒ 8 + a = 8 ⇒ a = 0
𝑓(−1) = −2 for 𝑎 = 0; 𝑓(−1) > 𝑓(4); 𝑏 + 3 > 8 ⇒ 𝑏 > 5
𝑎𝑥+𝑏
93. (a) Given, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑥+𝑑 and 𝑓𝑜𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑎 (𝑐𝑥+𝑑 ) + 𝑏
⇒ 𝑓( ) = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 =𝑥
𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 𝑐( )+𝑑
𝑐𝑥+𝑑
𝑥(𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑐) + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑑
⇒ =𝑥
𝑥(𝑎𝑐 + 𝑐𝑑) + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑑 2
⇒ 𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑐 = 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑑2 , 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑑 = 0 and 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑐𝑑 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑 = −𝑎
𝑓(𝑥 + 3), 1≤𝑥+3≤2
94. (d) (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = {
𝑓(−𝑥 + 1), −1 ≤ −𝑥 + 2 ≤ 2
𝑓(𝑥 + 3), 1≤𝑥+3≤2
= {𝑓(−𝑥 + 1), −1 ≤ −𝑥 + 1 ≤ 1
𝑓(−𝑥 + 1), 1 ≤ −𝑥 + 1 ≤ 2
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x + 1, −2 ≤ x ≤ −1
= {−x − 1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 0
x − 1, 0≤x≤2
95. (a) 24−𝑥 𝐶3𝑥−1 is defined if,
24 − 𝑥 > 0,3𝑥 − 1 ≥ 0 and 24 − 𝑥 ≥ 3𝑥 − 1
1 25 1 25
⇒ x < 24, 𝑥 ≥ 3 and x ≤ 4 ⇒ 3 ≤ x ≤ 4
40−6𝑥
𝐶8𝑥−10 is defined if
40 − 6𝑥 > 0,8𝑥 − 10 ≥ 0 and 40 − 6𝑥 ≥ 8𝑥 − 10
20 5 25 5 25
⇒ x < 3 , x ≥ 4 and x ≤ 7 ⇒ 4 ≤ x ≤ 7
5 25
From (1) and (2), we get 4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 7
But 24 − 𝑥 ∈ 𝑁, ∴ 𝑥 must be an integer, 𝑥 = 2,3.
Hence domain (𝑓) = {2,3}.
2 10𝑥 −10−𝑥 3𝑦+2
96. (b) If 𝑦 = 3 10𝑥 +10−𝑥 , 102𝑥 = 2−3𝑦
1 2+3y 1 2+3x
or x = 2 log10 ⁡ 2−3y ∴ f −1 (x) = 2 log10 ⁡ 2−3x.
97. (b) In general, gof is one-one implies that 𝑓 is one-one. Similarly, gof is onto implies that 𝑔 is onto.
98. (c) If 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 is a function such that there exists a function 𝑔: 𝑌 → 𝑋 such that 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 = 𝐼𝑥 and 𝑓𝑜𝑔 = 𝐼𝑦 ,
then 𝑓 must be one-one and onto.
99. (a) We have, 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(−x) = f[g(−x)]
= f[−g(x)](∵ g is odd )
= f[g(x)] (∵ f is even)
= 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥)∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
∴ 𝑓𝑜𝑔 is an even function
100. (c) f[f(x)] = √1 − {f(x)}2 = √1 − (1 − x 2 ) = √x 2 = x
101. (c) Since 𝑓: (4,6) → (6,8) ⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2
−1
∴ f (x) = x − 2
102. (b)
103. (b)
𝑥
𝑥 √1+𝑥2 𝑥
(b) 𝑓(𝑥) = √1+𝑥 2 ; fof = = √2𝑥 2
𝑥2 +1
√1+
1+𝑥2
𝑥
√2𝑥2 +1 𝑥
fofof = 2
= √1+3𝑥 2
√1+ 𝑥2
2𝑥 +1
4𝑥+3
104. (a) Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥−4
4𝑥+3
Let 𝑦 = 6𝑥−4
⇒ 6xy − 4y = 4x + 3 ⇒ x(6y − 4) = 3 + 4y
3 + 4𝑦
⇒𝑥=
6𝑦 − 4
3 + 4x
f −1 (x) =
6x − 4
2𝑥−7
105. (b) Given, that, 𝑓(𝑥) = 4
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2𝑥−7
Let 𝑦 = ⇒ 4𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 7
4
4𝑦 + 7
⇒ 2𝑥 = 4𝑦 + 7 ⇒ 𝑥 =
2
4y + 7 4x + 7
∴ f −1 (y) = ⇒ f −1 (x) =
2 2
𝑥−1
106. (b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+1
Given 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑓 𝑛 (𝑥))
𝑛+1
𝑥−1
−1 1
⇒ 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥+1
2
𝑥−1 =−
+1 𝑥
𝑥+1
1 𝑥+1
𝑓 3 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑓 2 (𝑥)) = 𝑓 (− ) =
𝑥 1−𝑥
𝑥 + 1
⇒ 𝑓 4 (𝑥) = 𝑓 ( )=𝑥
1−𝑥
1 1
⇒ 𝑓 6 (𝑥) = − ⇒ 𝑓 6 (6) = −
𝑥 6
1 𝑥 + 1
𝑓 7 (𝑥) = (− ) =
𝑥 1−𝑥
7
8 4
⇒ 𝑓 (7) = =−
−6 3
1 4 3
∴ − + (− ) = −
6 3 2
y−2 ex −e−x
107. (b) 1 = ex +e−x
𝑦−1 2𝑒 𝑥
Applying comp. and dividendo: 3−𝑦 = 2𝑒 −𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥
1 𝑦−1 𝑦 − 1 1/2
∴ 𝑥= log⁡ ( ) = log⁡ ( )
2 3−𝑦 3−𝑦
Hence, the inverse of the function
ex −e−x x−1 1/2
f(x) = ex +e−x + 2 is log e ⁡ (3−x)
108. (b) 𝑓(𝑥) = sin⁡ 𝑥 + cos⁡ 𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1
⇒ 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = (sin⁡ 𝑥 + cos⁡ 𝑥)2 − 1 = sin⁡ 2𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
Clearly 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) is invertible in − 2 ≤ 2𝑥 ≤ 2
[∵ sin⁡ 𝜃 is invertible when −𝜋/2 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋/2 ]
𝜋 𝜋
⇒− ≤𝑥≤
4 4
109. (b) Given, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = log 𝑒 ⁡ 𝑥
Now, f{g(x)} = elog xe = x
and 𝑔{𝑓(𝑥)} = log e ⁡ ex = x ∴ f{g(x)} = g{f(x)}
110. (b) f(x) = |x| and g(x) = |5x − 2|
∴ fog(x) = f(g(x)) = f(|5x − 2|) =∥ 5x − 2| = |5x − 2 ∣
and (gof)(x) = g(f(x)) = g(|x|) = |5|x| − 2|
111. (c) Here, function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 is given as 𝑓(𝑥) = (3 − 𝑥 3 )1/3 ∴ 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) =
3 1/3
𝑓((3 − 𝑥 3 )1/3 ) = [3 − ((3 − 𝑥 3 )1/3 ) ] .
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= [3 − (3 − 𝑥 3 )]1/3 = (𝑥 3 )1/3 = 𝑥. ∴ fof (𝑥) = 𝑥.

112. (a) The graph of inverse of a function is the image of graph of the function about the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.
Therefore 𝑘 = 1
113. (a) Given, f(x)
𝜋 𝜋
= sin ⁡ 𝑥 + sin2 ⁡ (𝑥 + ) + cos⁡ 𝑥cos⁡ (𝑥 + )
2
3 3
2
𝜋 𝜋2 𝜋 𝜋
= sin ⁡ 𝑥 + [sin⁡ 𝑥cos⁡ + cos⁡ 𝑥sin⁡ ] + cos⁡ 𝑥 [cos⁡ 𝑥cos⁡ − sin⁡ 𝑥sin⁡ ]
3 3 3 3
2 2
sin ⁡ 𝑥 3cos ⁡ 𝑥 √3
= sin2 ⁡ 𝑥 + + sin⁡ 𝑥cos⁡ 𝑥 ⋅
4 4 2
cos 2 ⁡ 𝑥 √3
+ − sin⁡ 𝑥cos⁡ 𝑥 ⋅
2 2
5sin2 ⁡ 𝑥 cos2 ⁡ 𝑥 5
= +5 = ∴ gof⁡(𝑥) = 𝑔[𝑓(𝑥)]
4 4 4
5
= 𝑔( ) = 1
4
x x
114. (a) ∵ f(x) = x−1 ∴ ( fo 𝑓(x) = f{f(x)} = f (x−1)
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥−1 𝑥−1 𝑥−1
= 𝑥 = 𝑥−𝑥+1 = 1 = 𝑥.
−1
𝑥−1 𝑥−1 𝑥−1
𝑥
⇒ (𝑓 ∘ 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑓 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−1
𝑥
⇒ (𝑓
⏟ ∘ 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓 … . . . 𝑓) (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑓 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−1
19 times
2
115. (c) Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦 = 𝑥−3 , 𝑥 ≠ 3.
2 2 2+3𝑦
Then 𝑥 − 3 = 𝑦 or 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 3 or 𝑥 = 𝑦
2+3𝑥
Replacing 𝑥 by 𝑦 and 𝑦 by 𝑥, we get: 𝑦 = 𝑥
2+3𝑥
Let 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 , then 𝑔(𝑥) is the inverse of 𝑓(𝑥).
Hence, 𝑎 = 3.
116. (b) 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓{𝑔(𝑥)} = 𝑓(3𝑥 + 2)
= 2(3x + 2)2 = 2(9x 2 + 4 + 12x)
= 18x 2 + 8 + 24x = 18x 2 + 24x + 8 ∴ c = 8
117. (d) Since f −1 (x) = x/2, g −1 (x) = x − 2
∴ ( fog )−1 (20) = (g −1 of f −1 )(20)
= 𝑔−1 [𝑓 −1 (20)] = 𝑔−1 (10) = 10 − 2 = 8
3
𝑥 − 1, 𝑥 < 2
118. (b) 𝑓(𝑥) = { 2
𝑥 + 3, 𝑥 ≥ 2
For 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1, 𝑥 < 2, 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)1/3 , 𝑥 < 7
3

(as 𝑥 < 2 ⇒ 𝑥 3 < 8 ⇒ 𝑥 3 − 1 < 7 )

For 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3, 𝑥 ≥ 2, 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = (𝑥 − 3)1/2 , 𝑥 ≥ 7
(as 𝑥 ≥ 2 ⇒ 𝑥 2 ≥ 4 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 3 ≥ 7 )
119. (b) Since, 𝑓(𝐴) ∩ 𝑓(𝐵) ⊆ 𝑓(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) may not be true.
120. (a) The given function 𝑓(𝑥) = 7−𝑥 𝑃𝑥−3 would be defined, if
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(i) 7 − 𝑥 > 0 ⇒ 𝑥 < 7

(ii) 𝑥 − 3 ≥ 0 ⇒ 𝑥 3 3
(iii) (𝑥 − 3) ≤ (7 − 𝑥) ⇒ 2𝑥 ≤ 10 ⇒ 𝑥 ≤ 5 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3,4,5,
Hence, range of 𝑓(𝑥) = { 4 P0 , 3 P1 , 2 P2 }
Range of 𝑓(𝑥) = {1,3,2}
121. (c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 2, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
Since this is a one-one onto function. Therefore inverse of this function (f −1 ) exists.
Let f −1 (x) = y ∴ x = f(y) ⇒ x = y 3 + 2 ⇒ y = (x − 2)1/3
∴ f −1 (x) = (x − 2)1/3
122. (c) Commutative:
𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑏 + 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑎 = 𝑏 ∗ 𝑎
{∵ addition and multiplication are commutative }
Hence, ∗ is commutative.
Associative.
(𝑎 ∗ 𝑏) ∗ 𝑐 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏) ∗ 𝑐
= 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐
= 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐
= 𝑎 + (𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐) + 𝑎(𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐)
= a ∗ (b + c + bc) = a ∗ (b ∗ c)
Hence, ∗ is associative.
a b
123. (d) Commutative: a ∗ b = b+1 and b ∗ a = a+1 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 ≠ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑎 ⇒∗ is not commutative.
Associative:
𝑎
𝑎 ( ) 𝑎
𝑏+1
Now, (𝑎 ∗ 𝑏) ∗ 𝑐 = (𝑏+1) ∗ 𝑐 = = (𝑏+1)(𝑐+1)
𝑐+1
𝑏 𝑎 𝑎(𝑐+1)
and 𝑎 ∗ (𝑏 ∗ 𝑐) = 𝑎 ∗ (𝑐+1) = 𝑏 =
( )+1 𝑏+𝑐+1
𝑐+1
So, clearly (𝑎 ∗ 𝑏) ∗ 𝑐 ≠ 𝑎 ∗ (𝑏 ∗ 𝑐)
Hence, ∗ is not associative.
124. (d) Given that, a ∗ b = a + 3b2 , ∀a, b ∈ Z
On putting 𝑎 = 8 and 𝑏 = 3, we have
8 ∗ 3 = 8 + 3.32 = 8 + 27 = 35
ab
125. (a) Given that a ∗ b = 4 ∀a, b ∈ Q+
1 1 1
1 1 × 1 (3 × 40) 3
∴ 3 ∗ ( ∗ ) = 3 ∗ {5 2} = 3 ∗ = =
5 2 4 40 4 160

EXERCISE - 2
1. (c) Since, 𝑎𝑅𝑏 is defined as, if a is congruent to 𝑏, ∀𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑇.
As, 𝑎 ≅ 𝑎, so 𝑎𝑅𝑎 So, 𝑅 is reflexive, Suppose, 𝑎𝑅𝑏 ⇒ 𝑎 ≅ 𝑏
Then, 𝑏 ≅ 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑏 ≅ 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑏𝑅𝑎
So, 𝑅 is symmetric
Suppose, 𝑎𝑅𝑏 and 𝑏𝑅𝑐
⇒ 𝑎 ≅ 𝑏 and 𝑏 ≅ 𝑐 Then, 𝑎 ≅ 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑎𝑅𝑐
So, 𝑅 is transitive. Hence, 𝑅 is equivalence relation.
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2. (b) Given aRb ∈ R ⇒ a is brother of b.

But 𝑏Ra ∉ R ∵ b may or may not be brother of a.
∴ R is not symmetric.
Let 𝑎𝑅𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 and 𝑏𝑅𝑐 ∈ 𝑅
⇒ 𝑎 is brother of 𝑏 and 𝑏 is brother of 𝑐.
∴ 𝑎 is brother of 𝑐 ⇒ (𝑎, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅. ∴ It is transitive.
3. (d) Since, 𝐴 = {1,2,3}
As, equivalence relations are as given below :
R = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3)}
𝑆 = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (1,2), (2,1)}
T = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (1,3), (3,1)}
U = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (2,3), (3,2)}
V= A×A
Hence, maximum number of equivalence relation on the set {1,2,3} = 5
4. (d) R on the set {1,2,3} be defined by R = {(1,2)}
So, 𝑅 is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive.
5. (b) Given 𝑎𝑅𝑏, 𝑎 ≥ 𝑏
(i) Now 𝑎 ≥ 𝑎 is true for all real numbers
∴ R is reflexive.
(ii) Let (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅, 𝑎 ≥ 𝑏
Now a ≥ b but does not imply b ≥ a.
∴ (b, a) ∉ R ∴ R is not symmetric. (iii) Let (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 and (𝑏, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅
⇒ a ≥ b and b ≥ c ∴ a ≥ c ⇒ (a, c) ∈ R
∴ It is transitive.
6. (a) Reflexive: (1,1), (2,2), (3,3) ∈ R, R is reflexive. Symmetric : (1,2) ∈ 𝑅 but (2,1) ∉ 𝑅, 𝑅 is not symmetric.
Transitive: (1,2) ∈ 𝑅 and (2,3) ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ (1,3) ∈ 𝑅, R is Transitive.
𝑎𝑏
7. (c) Since, 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 2 , ∀𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑄 − {0}
Suppose, be the identity element
𝑎𝑒
So, 𝑎∗ 𝑒 = 2 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑒 = 2, ∵ 𝑎 ≠ 0
[Bydefinition of identity element]
8. (c) When 𝐴 and 𝐵 are finite sets having 𝑚 and 𝑛 elements respectively, then the total numbmer of one-one
and onto mappings from A to B is 𝑛 ! if 𝑚 = 𝑛 and 0 , if 𝑚 ≠ 𝑛
Here, 𝑚 = 5 and 𝑛 = 6 ∴ 𝑚 ≠ 𝑛
Hence, number of one-one and onto mappings = 0
9. (d) ∵ Total number of surjections from A into B
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
= 𝑛 𝐶2 × 2! = × 2! = 𝑛2 − 𝑛
2!
1
10. (d) Since, x is not defined for x = 0
∴ f: R → R can not be defined.
𝑥
11. (a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 5, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2+1
𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔(3𝑥 2 − 5)
3𝑥 2 − 5 3𝑥 2 − 5
= =
(3𝑥 2 − 5)2 + 1 9𝑥 4 − 30𝑥 2 + 26
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12. (b) The function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2 is one-one as for 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ 𝑍.

Consider, f(x1 ) = f(x2 )
⇒ x1 + 2 = x2 + 2 ⇒ x1 = x2
Also, let 𝑦 ∈ codomain of 𝑓 = 𝑍 such that 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
⇒ y = x + 2 ⇒ x = y − 2 ∈ Z for all y ∈ Z
∴ f is onto. Hence, f(x) = x + 2 is bijective.
13. (b) Let 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined as 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 5
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑦)
Given : 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 5 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 5
1
⇒ 𝑦 − 5 = 𝑥 3 ⇒ (𝑦 − 5)3 = 𝑥 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑦) ( from (i))
1
∴ f −1 (x) = (x − 5)3
14. (a) Since, 𝑓: A → B and 𝑔: B → C are bijective functions So, ( gof )−1 = 𝑓 −1 ∘ 𝑔−1
3𝑥+2 3𝑥+2
15. (a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥−3. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦 = 5𝑥−3
⇒ 5xy − 3y = 3x + 2 ⇒ x(5y − 3) = 2 + 3y
2 + 3y 2 + 3x
⇒x= ∴ f −1 (x) = = f(x)
5y − 3 5x − 3
16. (c) 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 if 𝑥 is rational = 𝑓(1 − 𝑥) = 1 − (1 − 𝑥) = 𝑥 if 𝑥 is irrational.
Hence, f(f(x)) = x∀x ∈ R
17. (b) Since, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 + 1 = (𝑥 − 2)2 + 1 ∵ 𝑥 ∈ [2, ∞) So, 𝑓(𝑥) ∈ [1, ∞)
Hence, range of 𝑓 = [1, ∞)
2x−1
18. (d) f(x) = 2 , g(x) = x + 2
2𝑥 − 1 2𝑥 − 1 2𝑥 + 3
𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔 ( )= +2=
2 2 2
3
3 2×2+3
gof⁡ ( ) = =3
2 2
19. (a) For⁡ f(−1) = 3(−1) = −3
𝑓(2) = (2)2 = 4, 𝑓(4) = 2(4) = 8
∴ f(−1) + f(2) + f(4) = −3 + 4 + 8 = 9
20. (b) 𝑓(𝑥) = tan⁡ 𝑥
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦 = tan⁡ 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = tan−1 ⁡ 𝑦
𝜋
∴ f −1 (x) = tan−1 ⁡(x)f −1 (1) = tan−1 ⁡(1) = {n𝜋 + : n ∈ Z}
4
1 1 x
21. (d) we have f: R → [− 2 , 2] , f(x) = 1+x2 ∀x ∈ R
′
(1 + 𝑥 2 ) ⋅ 1 − 𝑥 ⋅ 2𝑥 −(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)
⇒ 𝑓 (𝑥) = =
(1 + 𝑥 2 )2 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2
′ ′
sign of 𝑓 (𝑥) ⇒ 𝑓 (𝑥) changes sign in different intervals. ∴ Not injective
𝑥
Now 𝑦 = 1+𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑦 + 𝑦𝑥 2 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0
−1 1
For 𝑦 ≠ 0, 𝐷 = 1 − 4𝑦 2 ≥ 0 ⇒ 𝑦 ∈ [ 2 , 2] − {0}
For y = 0 ⇒ x = 0
−1 1
∴ Range is [ 2 , 2] ⇒ Surjective but not injective
22. (a) The given relation is
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1 1
(𝑓2 𝑜𝐽𝑜𝑓1 )(𝑥) = 𝑓3 (𝑥) = ⇒ (𝑓2 𝑜𝐽)(𝑓1 (𝑥)) =
1−𝑥 1−𝑥
1
⇒ (𝑓2 ∘ 𝐽) ( )
𝑥
1
1 𝑥
= 1 = 1
1− 1 −1
𝑥
𝑥
1
[∵ 𝑓1 (𝑥) = ]
𝑥
𝑥
⇒ (𝑓2 ∘ 𝐽)(𝑥) =
𝑥−1
1 𝑥
[𝑥 is replaced by 𝑥] ⇒ 𝑓2 (𝐽(𝑥)) = 𝑥−1
𝑥
⇒ 1 − 𝐽(𝑥) =
𝑥−1
[∵ 𝑓2 (𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥]
𝑥 1
∴ 𝐽(𝑥) = 1 − = = 𝑓3 (𝑥)
𝑥 − 1 1 − 𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥2
23. (c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 1−𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑓(−𝑥) = 1−𝑥 2 = 𝑓(𝑥)
2𝑥
𝑓 ′ (−𝑥) =
(1 − 𝑥 2 )2
∴ f(x) increases in x ∈ (10, ∞)
Also 𝑓(0) = 0 and
lim𝑥→±∞ 𝑓(𝑥) = −1 and 𝑓(𝑥) is even function
∴ Set A = R − [−1,0)
And the graph of function 𝑓(𝑥) is
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24. (b) (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑓 2 (𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑥) − 1

5 5 2 5 5
𝑔 (𝑓 ( )) = 4 ( ) − 10 ⋅ + 5 = −
4 4 4 4
2
[∵ 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 4𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 5]
5 5 5 5 5 5
𝑔 (𝑓 ( )) = 𝑓 2 ( ) + 𝑓 ( ) − 1 − = 𝑓 2 ( ) + 𝑓 ( ) − 1
4 4 4 4 4 4
2
5 5 1 5 1 2
𝑓 ( ) + 𝑓 ( ) + = 0 ⇒ (𝑓 ( ) + ) = 0
4 4 4 4 2
5 1
𝑓( ) = −
4 2
25. (b) For finding inverse of 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥−2
Let 𝑦 = 𝑥−3 ⇒ 𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 ⇒ 𝑥(𝑦 − 1) = 3𝑦 − 2
3𝑥 − 2
∴ 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) =
𝑥−1
Similarly for inverse of 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑦+3 𝑥+3
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3 ⇒ 𝑥 = ⇒ 𝑔−1 (𝑥) =
2 2
13
∴ 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) + 𝑔−1 (𝑥) =
2
3𝑥 − 2 𝑥 + 3 13
∴ + =
𝑥−1 2 2
⇒ 6𝑥 − 4 + 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 = 13𝑥 − 13
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 or 3.
Here required sum = 2 + 3 = 5.
26. (7) Since, 𝑅 = {(−4,4), (−3,3), (3, −2), (0,1), (0,0), (1,1), (4,4), (3,3)}
For become reflexive, add ⇒ (−2, −2), (−4, −4), (−3, −3)
For become symmetric, add ⇒ (4, −4), (3, −3), (−2,3), (1,0)
27. (Bonus)
Given 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 1 and 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3 − √𝑥
Since, 𝑓{√𝑥 + 1} = 𝑥 + 3 − √𝑥
⇒ 𝑓(𝑡) = (𝑡 − 1)2 + 4 − 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑓(0) = 5
Note: Since 𝑡 ≥ 1, so 𝑓(0) is not dfined.
EXERCISE -3
𝜋
1. (b) 𝑓(𝑥) = (1 + tan⁡ 𝑥) {1 + tan⁡ ( 4 − 𝑥)} = (1 + tan⁡ 𝑥)
1−tan⁡ 𝑥
{1 + } = 2 for tan⁡ 𝑥 ≠ −1.
1+tan⁡ 𝑥
Also 𝑔(𝑥) is given to be defined for every real 𝑥.
−𝜋
𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(2) for 𝑥 ≠ 𝑛𝜋 + ( 4 ) : 𝑛 ∈ 𝐙
⇒ 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) is constant ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑓
⇒ 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) is non-surjective function.
𝑎𝑥 2 +6𝑥−8
2. (c) Let 𝑦 = 𝑎+6𝑥−8𝑥 2. We want 𝑦 to be real for every real 𝑥
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⇒ (8𝑦 + 𝑎)𝑥 2 − 6𝑦𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 8 − 𝑎𝑦 = 0 for 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐑

𝑎
If 8𝑦 + 𝑎 = 0, i.e., 𝑦 = − 8
−𝑎 −𝑎
⇒ −6 ( ) 𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 8 − 𝑎 ( ) = 0
8 8
3𝑎 𝑎2 3𝑎 𝑎2
⇒ 𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 8 + = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ( + 6) = 8 −
4 8 4 8
64−𝑎2 4 64−𝑎2
⇒ 𝑥 = 8 × 3𝑎+24 = 6𝑎+12 ∈ 𝐑 for 𝑎 ≠ −2
𝑎
∴ If 𝑎 ≠ −2 and 𝑦 = − 8, then 𝑥 ∈ 𝐑.
1
⇒ For 𝑎 = −2 and 𝑦 = 4 ; 𝑥 ∈ 𝐑 ⇒ 𝑎 ≠ −2.
If (8𝑦 + 𝑎) ≠ 0, then for real roots ' 𝑥 ' of (1);
Disc. ≥ 0∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐑
⇒ (6 − 6𝑦)2 + 4(8𝑦 + 𝑎)(8 + 𝑎𝑦) ≥ 0∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐑
⇒ (9 + 8𝑎)𝑦 2 + (𝑎2 + 46)𝑦 + (9 + 8𝑎) ≥ 0∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐑.
If 9 + 8𝑎 = 0, then 𝑦 ≥ 0∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐑, which is false, so,
9
𝑎 ≠ − 8.
Now for 9𝑎 + 8𝑎 ≠ 0
⇒ (𝑎2 + 46)2 − 4(9 + 8𝑎)(9 + 8𝑎) ≤ 0 ⇒ (𝑎2 + 46)2 − [2(9 + 8𝑎)]2 ≤ 0
⇒ −2(9 + 8𝑎) ≤ (𝑎2 + 46) ≤ 2(9 + 8𝑎)
⇒ 𝑎2 + 16𝑎 + 64 ≤ 0 and 𝑎2 − 16𝑎 + 28 ≤ 0
⇒ (𝑎 + 8)2 ≤ 0 and (𝑎 − 2)(𝑎 − 14) ≤ 0
⇒ 𝑎 ∈ [2,14].
∴ From(ii), (iii) and (iv), we have 𝑎 ∈ [2,14] = [𝑚, 𝑛] (given)
⇒ 𝑚 = 2, 𝑛 = 14 ⇒ √𝑚𝑛 − 3 = 5.
3. (b) 𝑓(𝑥) = sgn⁡(𝑥 − 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 7 − 𝑥 8 − 1)
For 𝑥 ∈ (0,1); 𝑥 − 1 < 0, 𝑥 7 − 𝑥 4 < 0
∴ 𝑥 − 𝑥4 + 𝑥7 − 𝑥8 − 1 < 0
For 𝑥 ∈ (1, ∞); 𝑥 < 𝑥 4 , 𝑥 7 < 𝑥 8 ∴ 𝑥 − 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 7 − 𝑥 8 − 1 < 0
Also for 𝑥 = 1; 𝑥 − 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 7 − 𝑥 8 − 1 = −1
Thus 𝑥 − 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 7 − 𝑥 8 − 1 < 0 for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 +
Hence sgn⁡(𝑥 − 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 7 − 𝑥 8 − 1) = −1∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 + .
Therefore 𝑓(𝑥) is many-one and into.
4. (d) Let 𝛼 be a root of 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 ∴ 𝑓(𝛼) = 0 and 𝑓(𝑓(𝛼)) = 0
⇒ 𝑓(0) = 0 ⇒ 𝑏 = 0 ∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑎) = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = −𝑎
𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎) = 0
∴ 𝑥˙ 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0 should have no real roots besides 0
and −𝑎𝐷 = 𝑎2 − 4𝑎 < 0 ⇒ 0 < 𝑎 < 4
If the roots of 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0 is either 𝑥 = 0
or 𝑥 = −𝑎 then 𝑎 = 0 ∴ 𝛼 ∈ [0,4) ⇒ 𝑎 = 0,1,2,3
Number of orderd pairs = 4.
2log10 ⁡ 𝑥+2
5. (c) 𝑓(𝑥) = log100𝑥 ⁡ ( ) ; 𝑔(𝑥) = {𝑥};
−𝑥
For fog (𝑥) to exist.
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Range of 𝑓(𝑥) must be subset of domain of 𝑓(𝑥).

Now, range 𝑓(𝑥) = [0,1)
2log10 ⁡ 𝑥+2
For domain of 𝑓(𝑥): 100𝑥 > 0, ≠ 1 and >0
−𝑥
1 log ⁡ 𝑥+1
⇒ 𝑥 > 0; 𝑥 ≠ 100 and 10𝑥 <0
1
⇒ 𝑥 > 0, 𝑥 ≠ log ⁡ 𝑥 < −1
100 10
1 1 1 1
⇒ 𝑥 > 0; 𝑥 ≠ 100 ; 𝑥 < 10 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ (0, 10) − {100}.
∴ Maximum possible range of
1 1 1 1 1
𝑓(𝑥) = (0, ) − { } = (0, )∪( , )
10 100 100 100 10
i.e., (0, 10−2 ) ∪ (10−2 , 10−1 ).
6. (c) 𝑓(𝑥) = max{1 + sin⁡ 𝑥, 1,1 − cos⁡ 𝑥}
3𝜋
1 + sin⁡ 𝑥, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤
4
3𝜋 3𝜋
= 1 − cos⁡ 𝑥, ≤𝑥≤
4 2
3𝜋
{1, 2
≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋
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1 − 𝑥, 𝑥 ≤ 0
𝑔(𝑥) = max{1, |𝑥 − 1|} = { 1,0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
𝑥 − 1, 𝑥 ≥ 2
∴ 𝑓(0) = 1 ⇒ 𝑔(𝑓(0)) = 1 and 𝑓(1) = 1 + sin⁡ 1
3𝜋
(∵ 0 < 1 < )
4
⇒ 𝑔(𝑓(1)) = 1
(∵ 1 < 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡ 1 < 2)
Again 𝑔(1) = 1 ⇒ 𝑓(𝑔(1)) = 1 + sin⁡ 1 and
𝑔(0) = 1 ⇒ 𝑓(𝑔(0)) = 1 + sin⁡ 1
7. (b) 𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝐵)) = {𝑓(𝑥): 𝑥 ∈ 𝑓 −1 (𝐵)} = {𝑓(𝑥): 𝑓(𝑥) ∈ 𝐵}
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⇒ 𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝐵)) ⊂ 𝐵
Now if 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 ⊂ 𝑌 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑌.
It may happen that 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) does not Exist in 𝑥 as function is not given to be subjective.
𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝐵)) ≠ 𝐵.
Also, 𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝐴)) = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑋: 𝑓(𝑥) ∈ 𝑓(𝐴)} but
𝑓(𝐴) = {𝑓(𝑥): 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴}
From above, we can't conclude 𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝐴) ⊂ 𝐴.
If the function is non-injective, then it may happen that 𝑥 ∉ 𝐴 and 𝑓(𝑥) ∈ 𝑓(𝐴).
⇒ 𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝐴) ⊄ 𝐴 ⇒ 𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝐴)) ≠ 𝐴.
8.
(d) 𝑓(𝑥) = √3|𝑥| − 𝑥 − 2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = sin⁡ 𝑥
for fog (𝑥) = √3|sin⁡ 𝑥| − sin⁡ 𝑥 − 2 which is defined if 3|sin⁡ 𝑥| − sin⁡ 𝑥 − 2 ≥ 0
If sin⁡ 𝑥 > 0 then 2sin⁡ 𝑥 − 2 ≥ 0 ⇒ sin⁡ 𝑥 ≥ 1
𝜋
⇒ sin⁡ 𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2𝑛𝜋 +
2
If sin⁡ 𝑥 < 0 then −4sin⁡ 𝑥 − 2 ≥ 0
1 7𝜋 11𝜋
⇒ −1 ≤ sin⁡ 𝑥 ≤ − ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ [2𝑛𝜋 + , 2𝑛𝜋 + ]
2 6 6
7𝜋 11𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 ∈ [2𝑛𝜋 + 6 , 2𝑛𝜋 + 6 ] ∪ {2𝑚𝜋 + 2 } , 𝑛, 𝑚 ∈ 𝐼.
9. (d) We have 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = sin⁡(log 𝑒 ⁡ |𝑥|).
log 𝑒 ⁡ |𝑥| has range 𝑅, for which sin⁡(log 𝑒 ⁡ |𝑥|) ∈ [−1,1].
Therefore, R1 = {u: −1 ≤ u ≤ 1}.
Also, gof⁡(x) = g(f(x)) = log e ⁡ |sin⁡ x|.
∵ 0 ≤ |sin⁡ 𝑥| ≤ 1 or −∞ < log 𝑒 ⁡ |sin⁡ 𝑥| ≤ 0
or R 2 = {v: −∞ < 𝑣 ≤ 0}
𝑧 −𝑧
10. (b) Given that 𝑧1 𝑅𝑧2 iff 𝑧1 +𝑧2 is real.
1 2
To show that 𝑅 is an equivalence relation.
Reflexivity : For 𝑧1 = 𝑧2 = 𝑧 (say)
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𝑧1 −𝑧2 𝑧−𝑧
= 𝑧+𝑧 = 0 which is real
𝑧1 +𝑧2
∴ 𝑧𝑅𝑧∀𝑧 ∴ 𝑅 is reflexive.
𝑧 −𝑧
Symmetric : Let 𝑧1 𝑅𝑧2 ⇒ 𝑧1+𝑧2 is real
1 2
𝑧 −𝑧
⇒ − (𝑧1+𝑧2) is also real
1 2
𝑧2 −𝑧1
⇒𝑧 is real ⇒ 𝑧2 𝑅𝑧1 ⇒ R is symmetric.
2 +𝑧1
Transitivity : Let 𝑧1 𝑅𝑧2 and 𝑧2 𝑅𝑧3
𝑧 −𝑧 𝑧 −𝑧
⇒ 𝑧1 +𝑧2 is real and 𝑧2 +𝑧3 is also real
1 2 2 3
𝑧1 −𝑧2 𝑧 −𝑧
Now, 𝑧 is real ⇒ 𝐼𝑚 (𝑧1+𝑧2) = 0
1 +𝑧2 1 2
(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ) + 𝑖(𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )
⇒ Im⁡ ( )=0
(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ) + 𝑖(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )
⇒ Im⁡((𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ) + 𝑖(𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ))((𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ) − 𝑖(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )) = 0
⇒ (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 )(𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) − (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ) = 0
⇒ 𝑥2 𝑦1 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 = 0
𝑥1 𝑥2
⇒ =
𝑦1 𝑦2
𝑧 −𝑧 𝑥 𝑥
Similarly, 𝐼𝑚 (𝑧2 +𝑧3) = 0 ⇒ 𝑦2 = 𝑦3
2 3 2 3
𝑥 𝑥
From (i) and (ii) we get 𝑦1 = 𝑦3
1 3
𝑧1 −𝑧3 𝑧1 −𝑧3
⇒ 𝐼𝑚 (𝑧 )=0⇒𝑧 is real
1 +𝑧3 1 +𝑧3
⇒ 𝑧1 𝑅𝑧3 ∴ 𝑅 is transitive.
Thus 𝑅 is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
Hence 𝑅 is an equivalence relation.
2
11. (a) 4096. (𝑓(𝑥, 𝑥))log2⁡ 𝑥 = 𝑥 13 ⇒ 4096. 𝑥 log2⁡ 𝑥 = 𝑥13
Take log on base 2 ⇒ 12 + log 32 ⁡ 𝑥 = 13log 2 ⁡ 𝑥
1
⇒ log 2 ⁡ 𝑥 = 1,3, −4 ∴ 𝑥 = 2,8,
16
161
∴ Sum = 16
𝑝−1 𝑥 4 +𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 4 +2𝑥 2 +1−𝑥 2
12. (a) Here, 𝑝+1 = (𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)2 = (𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)2
(𝑥 2 + 1)2 − 𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1) 2
= =
(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)2
𝑝−1 𝑥 2 −𝑥+1
∴ 𝑝+1 = 𝑥 2 +𝑥+1, using componendo and dividendo.
2𝑝 2(𝑥 2 + 1) 1
⇒ = ⇒𝑝=𝑥+
2 2𝑥 𝑥
1−𝑥 1 1
As, 𝑓(𝑥) = 1+𝑥 ⇒ 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) + 𝑓 (𝑓 (𝑥)) = 𝑥 + 𝑥
1
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) + 𝑓 (𝑓 (𝑥)) = 𝑝
13. (b) (𝑓 − 𝑖𝑔)(𝑧) = 𝑓(𝑧) − 𝑖𝑔(𝑧) = sin⁡ 𝑧 − 𝑖cos⁡ 𝑧
= −𝑖(cos⁡ 𝑧 + 𝑖sin⁡ 𝑧) = −𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝑧 = 𝜃 (say)
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Now (f + ig) ∗ (f − ig)(z) = (f + ig)(f − ig)(z)

= (f + ig)(𝜃) = f(𝜃) + ig(𝜃)
= sin⁡ 𝜃 + 𝑖cos⁡ 𝜃 = 𝑖(cos⁡ 𝜃 − 𝑖sin⁡ 𝜃)
iz
= ie−i𝜃 = ie−i(−iei) = ie−e
14. (c) Let 𝑡 = 5𝑥 + 2, then 𝐴 = {𝑡: 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝜋} ∴ f(t) = cos⁡ t which is bijective in [0, 𝜋].
Hence, 𝑓(𝑥) is bijective.
15. (b) We have g(−3) = 0
⇒ f(g(−3)) = f(0) = 7(0)2 + 0 − 8 = −8
∴ fog(−3) = −8. g(9) = 92 + 4 = 85,
⇒ f(g(9)) = f(85) = 8.85 + 3 = 683 ∴ fog(9) = 683
f(0) = 7.02 + 0 − 8 = −8 ⇒ g(f(0)) = g(−8) = | − 8| = 8
𝑓(6) = 4.6 + 5 = 29 ⇒ 𝑔(𝑓(6)) = 𝑔(29) = (29)2 + .4 = 845
∴ gof⁡(6) = 845
EXERCISE - 4
1. (37) (1,1), (1,4), (4,1), (2,4), (4,2), (3,4), (4,3)(4,4)-all have one choice for image.
(2,1), (1,2), (2,2) - all have three choices for image (3,2), (2,3), (3,1)(1,3), (3,3) - all have two choices for
image.
So the total functions = 3 × 3 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 72
Case 1: None of the pre-images have 3 as image
Total functions = 2 × 2 × 1 × 1 × 1 = 4
Case 2: None of the pre-images have 2 as image
Total functions = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 32
Case 3: None of the pre-images have either 3 or 2 as image Total functions = 1 × 1 × 1 × 1 × 1 = 1
∴ Total onto functions = 72 − 4 − 32 + 1 = 37
2. (25) Let roots of quadratic polynomial are 𝑡&𝑠.
Then, 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 𝑡)(𝑥 − 𝑠)
given that f(x)p ⇒ st = p
1 1
and 𝑓(1) = 3 ⇒ (1 − 𝑡)(1 − 𝑠) = 3
Now, assume that 𝑡 is the common root of 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 and fofofof (𝑥) = 0
Take, fofofof (𝑥) = 0
⇒ fofof (0) = 0
fof (𝑝) = 0
So, 𝑓(𝑝) is either 𝑡 or 𝑠
(p − t)(p − s) = t
(ts − t)(ts − s) = t ⇒ (s − 1)(t − 1)s = 1(∵ t ≠ 0)
So, 𝑠 = 3
1
(1 − 𝑡)(1 − 3) =
3
7
𝑡=
6
7
𝑓(x) = (𝑥 − ) (x − 3)
6
7
𝑓(−3) = (−3 − ) (3 − 3) = 25
6
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3. (24) The total number of injective functions from a set 𝐴 containing 3 elements to a set 𝐵 containing 4
elements is equal to the total number of arrangement of 4 by taking 3 at a time i.e., 4 𝑃3 = 24.
1 1 1 1 1
4. (1) ∵ fog (− 4) = f [g (− 4)] = f(−1) = 1 and gof⁡ (− 4) = 𝑔 [𝑓 (− 4)] = 𝑔 (4) = [1/4] = 0
∴ required value = 1 + 0 = 1
5. (23) ∵ 𝜙(𝑥) = (( hof ) ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥)
𝜋 𝜋
∵ 𝜙 ( ) = ℎ (𝑓 (𝑔 ( ))) = ℎ(𝑓(√3)) = ℎ(31/4 )
3 3
1 − √3 1
= = − (1 + 3 − 2√3) = √3 − 2 = −(−√3 + 2)
1 + √3 2
𝜋 11𝜋
= −tan⁡ 15∘ = tan⁡(180∘ − 15∘ ) = tan⁡ (𝜋 − ) = tan⁡
12 12
𝑝𝜋 11𝜋
Now, tan⁡ 𝑞 = tan⁡ 12 ⇒ 𝑝 = 11, 𝑞 = 12
Hence, 𝑝 + 𝑞 = 11 + 12 = 23
𝛼𝑥
6. (1) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+1 , 𝑥 ≠ −1 (given)
𝛼𝑥
𝛼𝑥 𝛼( )
𝑓[𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑓 ( ) = 𝛼𝑥 𝑥+1
𝑥+1 +1
𝑥˙+1
𝛼2 𝑥
𝑥+1 𝛼2𝑥
= 𝛼𝑥+(𝑥+1)
= =𝑥 (𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛)
(𝛼 + 1)𝑥 + 1
𝑥+1
(𝛼 + 1)𝑥 2 + (1 − 𝛼 2 )𝑥 = 0 (𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛)
⇒ 𝛼 + 1 = 0(1 − 𝛼 2 ) = 0 ⇒ 𝛼 = −1 𝛼 = ±1 (𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛)
∵𝛼>0 (𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛)
7. (1) Consider,
𝑓{𝑔(𝑥)} = 𝑔{𝑓(𝑥)} ⇒ 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) = 𝑔(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3)
⇒ (𝑥 + 1)2 + 2(𝑥 + 1) − 3 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 + 1 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1
⇒ |𝑥| = 1
2
8. (18) 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 8𝑥 − 2𝑥
𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 4𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 1
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒
Now,
𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))= 𝑎(𝑔(𝑥))2 + 𝑏(𝑔(𝑥)) + 𝑐
= 𝑎(𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐)2 + 𝑏(𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒) + 𝑐
𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑑(𝑓(𝑥)) + 𝑒
𝑑(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝑒
∵ 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 8𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
and 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 4𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 1
Now, 𝑎𝑑2 = 8,2𝑎𝑑𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑 = −2,
𝑐𝑒 2 = 𝑏𝑒 + 𝑐 = 0 and 𝑎𝑑 = 4, 𝑏𝑑 = 6, 𝑐𝑑 + 𝑒 = 1
On solving, 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −1, 𝑐 = 2, 𝑑 = 3, 𝑐 = 1
⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1
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𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥
⇒ 𝑓(2) + 𝑔(2) = 18
2𝑛, if 𝑛 = 1,2,3,5
9. (190) Given a function 𝑓(𝑛) = {
2𝑛 − 11, if 𝑛 = 6,7, … 10
Put 𝑛 = 1,2,3,4 … . .10
𝑓(1) = 2, 𝑓(2) = 4, 𝑓(3) = 6, 𝑓(4) = 8, … …
… . . 𝑓(6) = 1, 𝑓(7) = 3, 𝑓(8) = 5 … . 𝑓(10) = 9.
(𝑛 + 1), if 𝑛 is odd
Take 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑛) = {
(𝑛 − 1), if 𝑛 is even
Put 𝑛 = 1,2,3 … . . .10.
𝑓(𝑔(1)) = 2, 𝑓(𝑔(2)) = 1, 𝑓(𝑔(3)) = 4, 𝑓(𝑔(4)) = 3, 𝑓(𝑔(5)) = 6, 𝑓(𝑔(10)) = 9
As, 𝑓(𝑔(10)) = 9, and 𝑓(10) = 9, then 𝑔(10) = 10.
Similarly, 𝑔(1) = 1, 𝑔(2) = 6, 𝑔(3) = 2, 𝑔(4) = 7, 𝑔(5) = 3
Put the values in the required expression,
𝑔(10)(𝑔(1) + 𝑔(2) + 𝑔(3) + 𝑔(4) + 𝑔(5)
⇒ 10(1 + 6 + 2 + 7 + 3)
⇒ 10 × (19) = 190.
−1, 𝑥 < 0
10. (1) 𝑔(𝑥) = 1 + {𝑥} and 𝑓(𝑥) = {0, 𝑥=0
1, 𝑥>0
Here {𝑥} represent the fractional part function.
−1, 1 + {𝑥} < 0
Therefore 𝑓{𝑔(𝑥)} = {0, 1 + {𝑥} = 0
1, 1 + {𝑥} > 0
= 1; 1 + {𝑥} > 0(.0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1}
= 1∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑅