INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS
1. Origin of Language
The origin of language refers to the study and exploration of how human beings first developed
the ability to communicate using spoken words, symbols, or sounds. Scholars and researchers
have proposed different theories about where language came from and how it evolved. Some
believe language developed naturally as humans needed to cooperate and survive, while others
think it came from imitating sounds in nature.
Theories of language origin include:
Divine Source Theory – the belief that language was given to humans by a higher power or deity.
Natural Sound Source Theory – the idea that language began from imitations of natural sounds
such as animal cries or environmental noises (e.g., “bow-wow theory”).
Social Interaction Theory – suggests that language developed because humans needed to
communicate and coordinate during group activities.
Evolutionary/Biological Theory – states that language came from gradual development of the
human brain and vocal tract over time.
In summary, the origin of language looks at how humans first acquired the unique ability to use
complex systems of communication, separating us from other animals.
2. Properties of Language
The properties of language are the unique features that make human language different from
other forms of communication, such as animal sounds or gestures. These properties were
described by linguist Charles Hockett, who listed several design features of language.
Some main properties include:
Arbitrariness – words do not always have a natural connection to their meanings (e.g., the word
dog has no natural tie to the animal; it’s just a convention).
Productivity/Creativity – humans can create and understand an infinite number of new sentences
and ideas.
Displacement – we can talk about things that are not present in time or space, such as the past,
future, or imaginary events.
Duality of Patterning – language works on two levels: sounds (phonemes) and meanings
(morphemes/words).
Cultural Transmission – language is learned through interaction with others in society, not
inherited biologically like animal cries.
These properties highlight that human language is flexible, powerful, and unlike any other
communication system in the natural world.
3. Uses of Language
Language is not just a tool for speaking; it serves many purposes in human life. Its uses include:
Communication – the main use of language is to express ideas, feelings, needs, and thoughts
between people.
Social Interaction – language helps us build relationships, cooperate, and connect with others in
society.
Education and Knowledge – through language, people can share knowledge, teach skills, and
pass on traditions or culture.
Expression of Identity – the way people speak often shows their background, culture, or social
group.
Imagination and Creativity – language allows storytelling, literature, jokes, and even abstract
thinking.
Control and Influence – it can persuade, command, or guide others in daily activities, politics, or
leadership.
In short, language is essential in almost every aspect of human life, making it a key part of
culture and civilization.
4. Definition of Language
Language can be defined as a system of communication that uses symbols, sounds, or written
signs to convey meaning. It is a structured method of sharing thoughts, emotions, ideas, and
information among people.
Different scholars have given their own definitions:
According to linguists, language is “a set of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human
communication.”
It is also described as a social phenomenon, since it exists within communities and is passed
down from one generation to another.
More broadly, language is not limited to speech; it can also include writing, sign language, and
other symbolic systems.
Therefore, language is a complex human ability that combines sound, meaning, and structure,
making it possible for people to interact, understand one another, and create culture.
