UNIT V SUSTAINABILITY PRACTICES

Zero waste and R concept, Circular economy, ISO 14000 Series, Material Life cycle assessment,
Environmental Impact Assessment. Sustainable habitat: Green buildings, Green materials, Energy
efficiency, Sustainable transports. Sustainable energy: Non-conventional Sources, Energy Cycles
carbon cycle, emission and sequestration, Green Engineering: Sustainable urbanization-
Socioeconomical and technological change.

OBJECTIVE:

 To inculcate and embrace sustainability practices and develop a broader understanding on

green materials, energy cycles and analyze the role of sustainable urbanization.

OUTCOME:

 To demonstrate the knowledge of sustainability practices and identify green materials, energy
cycles and the role of sustainable urbanization.
 ZERO WASTE and R Concept

1. Define Zero waste. (2 mark)

[“The conservation of all resources by means of responsible production, consumption, reuse, and
recovery of products, packaging, and materials without burning and with no discharges to land,
water, or air that threaten the environment or human health.”
(or)

Zero waste is a philosophy and lifestyle that aims to reduce the amount of waste generated by
individuals, households, and businesses to as close to zero as possible. The concept of zero waste
is based on the principles of the circular economy, which seeks to eliminate waste and keep
resources in use for as long as possible.]

Features of Zero Waste:

The main feature of zero waste is the aim to eliminate waste by minimizing the generation of waste
in the first place. Here are some key features of the zero waste approach:

1. Reducing consumption: Avoiding unnecessary purchases and by reducing consumption,

we can minimize the amount of waste generated.
2. Reusing items: Instead of throwing items away after use, we can find ways to reuse them.
This can include repairing and repurposing items, donating them to charity, or selling them
second-hand.
3. Recycling: Recycling involves turning waste materials into new products.
4. Composting: Composting involves turning organic waste, such as food scraps and yard
waste, into nutrient-rich soil, provide a sustainable source of fertilizer.
5. Redesigning products and packaging: By designing products and packaging to be more
sustainable, we can reduce waste and minimize the environmental impact of manufacturing
and production.
6. Mindful consumption: Zero waste encourages mindful consumption by making us more
aware of the impact of our choices and purchases on the environment. This can lead to
more sustainable and responsible behavior, both as individuals and as a society.

R-Concept:

2. What is R-Concept? (2 mark)

[Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Rot – these are the “5 Rs” that make up the basic rules of zero
waste.]

1. Refuse: By refusing, a lot of waste is eliminated at the source. The idea is to refrain from
accepting free stuff that becomes instant waste. There are some things you can choose to refuse
on a daily basis:
 disposable coffee cups
 plastic utensils
 (Graphical representation of 5R Concept)

2. Reduce: This involves reducing the amount of waste generated by using fewer resources and
products.
3. Reuse: This involves finding ways to reuse items instead of throwing them away, such as
repairing or repurposing items, donating them to charity, or selling them second-hand.
4. Recycle: This involves recycling waste materials by turning them into new products.
5. Rot (what’s left over): Composting food scraps, paper pieces, and wooden or bamboo
toothbrushes returns nutrients and fiber back to the earth.

CIRCULAR ECONOMY

3. Explain circular economy concept (2 mark)

[The circular economy aims to create a more sustainable and regenerative system that mimics
natural processes, where resources are continuously cycled and regenerated. It involves rethinking
the way products are designed, manufactured, and consumed, with a focus on reducing waste,
maximizing resource efficiency, and minimizing environmental impact.]

The circular economy is based on four key principles:

1. Designing out waste and pollution: This principle involves designing products and
processes to minimize waste and pollution throughout their lifecycle. This can include
designing products for reuse or recycling, using non-toxic materials, and reducing the use
of non-renewable resources.
 2. Keeping products and materials in use: This principle involves keeping products and
materials in use for as long as possible, through strategies such as reuse, repair,
refurbishment, and recycling. This can involve creating closed-loop systems where waste
from one process becomes the input for another.
3. Regenerating natural systems: This principle involves restoring and regenerating
natural systems, such as forests, oceans, and soils, through sustainable land use and
resource management practices. This can include promoting regenerative agriculture and
sustainable forestry practices, and protecting biodiversity and ecosystems.
4. Fostering collaboration and innovation: This principle involves fostering collaboration
and innovation across different sectors and stakeholders, to create new business models

Benefits of Circular Economy:

The circular economy offers several benefits, including:

1. Reduced waste and pollution: By keeping products and materials in use for as long as
possible, the circular economy reduces waste and pollution, reducing the environmental
impact of production and consumption.
2. Resource efficiency: The circular economy maximizes the use of resources by designing
products and processes for durability, reparability, and recyclability, reducing the need
for new resources and promoting resource efficiency.
3. Economic growth and job creation: The circular economy creates new business
opportunities and jobs in areas such as repair, refurbishment, and recycling, contributing
to economic growth and development.
 4. Increased resilience: The circular economy promotes resilience by reducing dependence
on finite resources, increasing resource security, and building more sustainable supply
chains.
5. Improved social outcomes: The circular economy can benefit communities by promoting
local production and consumption, creating job opportunities, and reducing
environmental and health impacts on vulnerable populations.

Linear Economy: The traditional linear economy model, which is based on the "take-make-
dispose" approach. In the linear economy, resources are extracted, used to manufacture products,
and then disposed of as waste.

Linear Economy Vs Circular Economy:

Linear Economy Circular Economy

Materials flow in a straight line from resource Mimics natural processes, where resources are
extraction to manufacturing and then to continuously cycled and regenerated.
landfill.
Circular business model builds economic,
Value is created by producing and selling as natural and social capital.
many product as possible
Characterized by best utilization of resources,
Characterized by wasted resources, excessive protection of ecosystem and social equalities.
pollution, ecosystem degradation, wealth
concentration and social inequalities.

ISO 14000 Series

ISO 14000 is a set of standards created to help companies to reduce their impact on the
environment. It’s a framework for environmentally-conscious quality management systems by
organizations. The ISO 14000 series of standards was introduced in 1996 by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) and most recently revised in 2015.

The primary objective of ISO14000 series of standard is to promote effective environmental

management systems in organizations.

List of ISO 14000 series standards

 ISO 14001 Environmental management systems - Requirements with guidance for use
 ISO 14004 Environmental management systems - General guidelines on implementation
 ISO 14005 Environmental management systems - Guidelines for a flexible approach to
phased implementation
 ISO 14006 Environmental management systems - Guidelines for incorporating eco design
 ISO 14015 Environmental management - Environmental assessment of sites and
organizations (EASO)
  ISO 14020 to 14025 Environmental labels and declarations
 ISO/NP 14030 Green bonds -- Environmental performance of nominated projects and
assets; discusses post-production environmental assessment
 ISO 14031 Environmental management - Environmental performance evaluation -
Guidelines
 ISO 14040 to 14049 Environmental management - Life cycle assessment; discusses pre-
production planning and environment goal setting
 ISO 14050 Environmental management - Vocabulary; terms and definitions
 ISO/TR 14062 Environmental management - Integrating environmental aspects into
product design and development
 ISO 14063 Environmental management - Environmental communication - Guidelines and
examples
 ISO 14064 Greenhouse gases; measuring, quantifying, and reducing greenhouse gas
emissions
 ISO 14090 Adaptation to climate change — Principles, requirements and guidelines

MATERIAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an analysis to assess environmental impacts associated with
all the stages of a product's life, which is from raw material extraction through materials
processing, manufacture, distribution, and use. LCA is commonly referred to as a cradle-to-grave
analysis.

Stages of a Life Cycle Assessment:

Following are five stages of a life cycle assessment

1. Raw materials (resources) extraction and processing

2. Manufacturing
3. Transportation and Distribution
4. Usage and retail
5. Waste disposal

Benefits of life cycle assessment (LCA), including:

1. Identifying environmental impacts: LCA helps to identify

the potential environmental impacts of a product or process over its entire life cycle, allowing
companies and policymakers to make informed decisions about how to reduce those impacts.
2. Comparison of alternatives: LCA enables the comparison of different product designs,
materials, and production processes, providing insight into which options are more
environmentally friendly.
3. Improved product design: LCA can inform product design, enabling companies to develop
products that are more sustainable and have a reduced environmental impact.
4. Reduced costs: LCA can help companies identify opportunities to reduce costs by reducing
waste, improving production efficiency, and using less energy and resources.
5. Improved brand image: Companies that use LCA to inform their sustainability efforts can
improve their brand image and reputation, attracting environmentally conscious consumers
and stakeholders.

Overall, LCA provides a holistic approach to sustainability, allowing companies to evaluate the
environmental impact of their products and processes and make informed decisions to reduce their
environmental footprint.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

Environmental Impact Assessment is a process through which an environmental impact of a

proposed development is evaluated. While undertaking Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA),
the inter-related socio-economic, cultural, and human-health impacts are considered. This is used
to predict the environmental impacts of a project in the pre-planning stage itself so that decisions
can be taken to reduce the adverse impacts.

Objectives of Environmental Impact Assessment

1. Identifying, predicting, and evaluating economic, environmental, and social impacts of

development activities.
2. Providing information on the environmental consequences for decision making.
3. Promoting environmentally sound and suitable development by identifying appropriate
alternatives and mitigation measures.

The EIA process typically involves several stages:

1. Screening: The initial stage of EIA involves determining whether a proposed project
or development is likely to have significant environmental impacts that require a full
EIA study.
2. Scoping: The scoping stage involves identifying the potential environmental
impacts of a project or development, as well as the environmental factors that should
be considered in the EIA study.
3. Impact assessment: The impact assessment stage involves identifying and
evaluating the potential environmental impacts of a project or development,
including both direct and indirect impacts.
4. Mitigation: The mitigation stage involves developing measures to minimize or
mitigate the potential environmental impacts of a project or development.
5. Review and approval: The final stage of EIA involves review and approval of the
EIA study by relevant authorities, which may include regulators, stakeholders, and
the public.

The goal of EIA is to ensure that proposed projects and developments are environmentally
sustainable and that their potential environmental impacts are effectively managed and minimized.
Major benefits of the EIA process are
 Cost-saving modifications in project design.
 Increased project acceptance.
 Avoided impacts and violations of laws and regulations.
 Improved project performance.
 Avoided treatment/clean up costs.

SUSTAINABLE HABITAT

A sustainable habitat is an ecosystem that produces food and shelter for people and other
organisms, without resource depletion ie., no external waste is produced. A sustainable habitat
involves several key principles, including:

1. Energy efficiency: Sustainable habitats are designed to be energy-efficient, minimizing

the use of non-renewable energy sources and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
2. Water conservation: Sustainable habitats conserve water through measures such as low-
flow fixtures, rainwater harvesting, and water-efficient landscaping.
3. Waste reduction: Sustainable habitats reduce waste through measures such as recycling,
composting, and the use of sustainable materials.
4. Sustainable materials: Sustainable habitats use environmentally friendly materials such
as locally sourced, non-toxic, and recyclable materials.
5. Social equity: Sustainable habitats promote social equity by providing access to affordable
housing, healthcare, education, and other basic needs.
6. Biodiversity: Sustainable habitats promote biodiversity by preserving natural habitats,
providing green spaces, and encouraging the use of native plants.
7. Green transportation: Using green fuel like biodiesel

GREEN BUILDINGS

Green building is the practice of creating structures and using processes that are environmentally
responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building’s life-cycle from siting to design,
construction, operation, maintenance, renovation and deconstruction.

Impacts of the built environment:

Aspects of Built Consumption: Environmental Ultimate Effects :

Environment: Effects:
Siting Energy Waste Harm to Human
Design Water Air pollution Health
Construction Materials Water pollution Environment
Operation Natural Indoor pollution Degradation
Maintenance Resources Heat islands Loss of Resources
Renovation Storm water runoff
Deconstruction Noise
Green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human
health and the natural environment by:

 Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources

 Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity
 Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation

Benefits:
 Protect and enhance the biodiversity and ecological system.
 Reduces the wastage of water and energy.
 Lower construction cost and higher property value.

 Improves occupants’ health and overall productivity.

 Saves utility and other household bills by efficient use of water and energy.

Criteria for Green Building:

 Building s are encouraged to build on previously developed land rather than developing
new land.
 Building site should be smaller because there is less environmental footprint.
 Consumption of water should be reduced by built-in design by using low-flow toilets, grey
water systems.
 Buildings should be constructed using clean energy like geothermal, solar, wind energies.
 Building should be constructed by using natural materials and should reduce material
usage.

Features of Green Building:

1. Energy efficiency: Green buildings are designed to be energy-efficient, reducing the amount
of energy needed to heat, cool, and light the building. This can be achieved through the use of
high-performance insulation, energy-efficient lighting and appliances, and renewable energy
sources such as solar or wind power.
2. Water conservation: Green buildings are designed to conserve water, reducing the amount of
water used for landscaping, washing, and other activities. This can be achieved through the use
of low-flow fixtures, water-efficient landscaping, and rainwater harvesting.
3. Sustainable materials: Green buildings are constructed using sustainable, environmentally
friendly materials such as recycled content, rapidly renewable materials, and locally sourced
materials. This reduces the amount of waste generated during construction and reduces the
building's impact on the environment.
4. Indoor environmental quality: Green buildings promote healthy indoor environments by
using materials and products that are low in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and by
providing adequate ventilation and daylight. This can improve the health and well-being of
occupants and increase their productivity.
5. Site selection and planning: Green buildings are located in areas that minimize the impact on
the environment and promote sustainable transportation options, such as public transit, biking,
 and walking. This can reduce the building's carbon footprint and improve the health of the
surrounding community.
6. Waste reduction: Green buildings reduce waste through the use of recycling and composting
programs, and through the design of buildings that are easy to deconstruct and recycle at the
end of their useful life.
7. Optimization of operation and maintenance: Operation and maintenance of building should
be performed by trained professionals, to reduce the environmental impact.

Thus any building can be a green building whether it is a home, an office, a school, a hospital, a
community center provided it includes features listed above.

GREEN MATERIALS

Green materials are materials that are environmentally friendly and have a lower impact on the
environment than traditional building materials. Due to the properties of non-toxic, organic and
recycling, green materials (like wood, ceramics, clay, sand, stone) are widely used.

Criteria for green materials:

Following criteria can be used to identify the green materials

i. Local availability of materials

ii. % of recycled (or) waste materials used.
iii. Rapidly renewable materials
iv. Contribution in energy efficiency of building
v. Recyclability of materials
vi. Durability
vii. Environmental impact.

Characteristics of Green materials:

a. Green materials are energy efficient products
b. It lowers the energy cost and lessen pollution
c. Renewable and can be regenerated again and again
d. Green materials are recyclable or made from recycled material. So, they save energy and
reduce waste.
e. Green materials are non-toxic
f. They are durable and no need to upgrade or repair
g. Green materials are cost effective
h. Materials can be locally sourced, so transport cost can be reduced.
Green materials example:
1. Stone: Living in a stone structure is low maintenance and eco-friendly, and any extra stone
leftover from the build can be used for home finishing such as countertops or tile. Benefits of
stone: Low maintenance, Durable
2. Cob: It is a mud mixture made of multiple natural ingredients such as soil, sand, straw and
sometimes even lime. Benefits of cob: Cheap & Energy-efficient: Cob homes slow down the rate
of heat transfer.

3. Bamboo: The strength and look of bamboo can help you achieve a distinctive style to make
your home stand out. It’s also one of the fastest-growing plants on the planet, so it’s more
sustainable than most! Benefits of bamboo: Durable & Lightweight.

4. Cork: It is one of the lightest solid substances, cork comes from cork oak trees, which are
mainly harvested in Europe. This sustainable material has been used in construction in Europe for
many years. Because 50 percent of cork cell volume consists of air. Benefits of cork: Thermal
insulation & Mold-resistant.

5. Adobe brick: adobe bricks are made of clay and straw. Adobe insulation helps keep home
temperatures consistent. Benefits of adobe brick: Low sound transmission & Unique design.

6. Straw bale: Straw-bale construction is a building method that uses bales of straw (commonly
wheat, rice, rye and oats straw) as structural elements, building insulation, or both. This unique
natural build is affordable and sustainable, but be wary of pests and potential allergens. Benefits
of straw bale: Easily renewable & Cheap.

7. Earth bags: Also known as sandbags, this natural material is made of (mostly) earth that is
then filled into bags and piled on top of each other in a method similar to bricklaying. Benefits of
earth bags: Insulation and locally sourced.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Energy efficiency is the use of less energy to perform the same task (or) produce the same result.
Energy efficient homes and buildings use less energy to heat, cool and run appliances and
electronic equipments.

Here are some examples of energy-efficient measures that can be implemented in buildings:

1. Lighting: The use of energy-efficient lighting systems, such as LED bulbs, can significantly
reduce the amount of electricity required to light a building. Additionally, lighting controls
such as motion sensors and timers can help ensure that lights are only used when needed.
2. Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems: Energy-efficient HVAC
systems, such as variable refrigerant flow systems or geothermal heat pumps, can reduce
energy consumption while providing high levels of comfort. Properly insulating and sealing
the building envelope can also help reduce the amount of energy required to heat or cool the
building.
3. Appliances and equipment: Energy-efficient appliances and equipment, such as Energy Star
certified products, use less energy than conventional products, without sacrificing
performance.
4. Building design: Energy-efficient building design, such as orientation, shading, and the use
of high-performance insulation and windows, can significantly reduce the amount of energy
 required to operate a building. The use of passive solar design strategies can also help to reduce
energy consumption.
5. Renewable energy: The use of renewable energy, such as solar or wind power, can help
buildings generate their own electricity and reduce their reliance on grid-supplied electricity.

Benefits of Energy efficiency:

- Energy efficiency is an effective way to save money.

- Increased energy efficiency can lower greenhouse gas.
- Provides long term benefits by lowering overall electricity demand.
- Increased property value: Energy-efficient buildings may have higher property values due
to their reduced operating costs, improved comfort, and environmental benefits.
- Improved reputation: Energy-efficient buildings and systems can improve the reputation
of the building or organization.

SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTS

Sustainable transport refers to any means of transportation that is green and has low impact on the
environment.
Some examples of sustainable transport:

1. Active transport: Walking and cycling are considered sustainable modes of transport, as
they do not emit greenhouse gases and promote physical activity, which can have positive
health benefits.
2. Public transport: Public transport, such as buses, trains, and subways, can be a sustainable
alternative to private car use, as it can reduce the number of cars on the road and lower
greenhouse gas emissions.
3. Electric vehicles: Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming increasingly popular as a
sustainable mode of transport, as they emit zero or very low levels of greenhouse gases.
Additionally, the use of renewable energy sources to charge EVs can further reduce their
carbon footprint.
4. Carpooling and ridesharing: Carpooling and ridesharing can reduce the number of cars
on the road, and the associated greenhouse gas emissions and congestion.
5. Efficient transportation systems: Efficient transportation systems, such as intelligent
transportation systems (ITS) and traffic management systems, can optimize the flow of
traffic, reduce congestion, and lower greenhouse gas emissions.

Key elements of Sustainable transport:

A. Fuel economy: It is a measurement of fuel use. This measures how far a car can go using
a set amount of fuel. It is achieved by Making engines more efficient & Vehicles lighter
and bodies more aerodynamic.
B. Electrification: Most important pathway to low carbon transport
C. Pedal power: Cycles reduces the carbon emission.

Advantages of Sustainable transport:

1. It creates job
2. Provides safer transportation
3. Emits less pollution
4. Promotes health
5. It saves energy
6. Saves money
7. Decrease congestion
8. Conserves land

SUSTAINABLE ENERGY

Sustainable energy refers to forms of energy that are renewable and have a minimal impact on the
environment. The most common sources of sustainable energy include solar, wind, hydro,
geothermal, and biomass. These sources of energy are considered sustainable because they are
constantly replenished and do not produce harmful emissions or pollutants that contribute to
climate change.
One of the main benefits of sustainable energy is that it reduces our reliance on non-renewable
energy sources like coal, oil, and natural gas, which are finite and contribute to greenhouse gas
emissions. By using sustainable energy, we can reduce our carbon footprint and minimize our
impact on the environment.

Some of the key technologies used to generate sustainable energy include solar panels, wind
turbines, hydroelectric power plants, and geothermal systems. These technologies are becoming
increasingly efficient and affordable, making them more accessible to individuals and businesses.

In addition to reducing our reliance on non-renewable energy sources, sustainable energy can also
provide economic benefits. The growth of the sustainable energy industry has created new jobs
and spurred innovation in areas like energy storage and grid management.

There are many benefits to using sustainable energy. Here are some of the key advantages:

1. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions: Sustainable energy sources do not produce

greenhouse gas emissions, which are a major contributor to climate change. By using
sustainable energy, we can significantly reduce our carbon footprint and mitigate the
impacts of climate change.
2. Cost-effective: While the initial installation costs for some sustainable energy technologies
may be higher than traditional energy sources, the long-term costs are often lower. For
example, solar panels can provide a return on investment over time, and wind turbines can
generate electricity at a lower cost than fossil fuels.
3. Energy security: Sustainable energy sources are often decentralized, meaning that they
can be generated locally and reduce dependence on centralized energy systems. This can
increase energy security and resilience, particularly in areas prone to natural disasters or
political instability.
4. Job creation: The transition to sustainable energy is creating new jobs in areas like
manufacturing, installation, and maintenance. This can provide economic benefits for local
communities and contribute to the growth of the green economy.
5. Health benefits: Sustainable energy sources do not produce harmful emissions, which can
lead to improved air quality and public health outcomes. This is particularly important in
areas with high levels of pollution.

NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES

Non-conventional sources of energy, also known as renewable sources of energy, are sources of
energy that are replenished naturally and can be used without being depleted. These sources of
energy are often considered to be more sustainable than conventional sources of energy, such as
fossil fuels. Here are some examples of non-conventional sources of energy:

1. Solar Energy: Solar energy is a type of non-conventional or renewable energy that is

harnessed by capturing the energy of the sun and converting it into usable forms of electricity
or heat. Solar energy is considered to be one of the most abundant and sustainable sources of
energy available, and it is becoming increasingly popular for residential, commercial, and
industrial use.
There are two primary ways that solar energy is used:

 Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems: Solar PV systems use solar panels to capture the energy
of the sun and convert it into electricity. The panels are made up of solar cells, which are
made from silicon and other materials. When sunlight hits the solar cells, it creates an
electric current that can be used to power homes or businesses.
 Solar thermal systems: Solar thermal systems use the energy of the sun to heat water or
other fluids. The heated fluid can then be used to provide hot water for homes or businesses,
or it can be used to generate electricity through a steam turbine.

2. Wind energy: Moving air is called wind. Energy recovered from the force of the wind is called
wind energy. Wind energy is generated by wind turbines, which convert the kinetic energy of
the wind into electricity. Minimum speed required for satisfactory working of a wind generator
is 15 km/hr.

Wind mills: The windmill is an old method of energy conversion. The mechanical energy
produced by the windmill is used in different applications like grinding The strike of blowing
wind on the blades of the wind mill makes it rotating continuously.

Wind turbine: Wind turbine converts the wind energy into electrical energy by driving a generator
connected to it. The wind turbine is a renewable method of electricity generation. The wind turbine
technology of electric power generation is one of the most reliable, clean and inexpensive
technologies used for generation of large amount of electrical power.

A wind farm is a collection of these wind turbines in a given location, used collectively for the
generation of electricity.

Advantages:

 Reduced electricity costs: Once a wind turbine is installed, it can generate electricity for many
years with very little maintenance. This can help to reduce electricity costs over the long term.
 Reduced carbon footprint: Wind energy is a clean and renewable source of energy, meaning that
it does not produce harmful emissions that contribute to climate change.
 Energy independence: By generating their own electricity through wind turbines, individuals
and businesses can reduce their dependence on centralized energy systems.
3. Hydroelectric energy: Hydroelectric energy is generated through the use of turbines, which
are driven by the force of moving water. The turbines are connected to generators, which
produce electricity. Hydroelectric energy can be generated from a variety of sources, including:

 Run-of-river hydroelectricity:
This type of hydroelectricity is
generated by diverting a portion
of a river's flow through a channel
or penstock, which drives a
turbine and generates electricity.
 Dammed hydroelectricity: This
type of hydroelectricity is
generated by building a dam on a
river, which creates a reservoir of
water. The water is then released
through turbines, which generate
electricity.

4. Geothermal energy:
Geothermal energy is
generated from the heat
of the Earth's core. This
energy source can be
used to generate
electricity or to heat
buildings. Temperature
of the earth increases at a
rate of 250C per km when
we move down from the
earth surface.
Geothermal resources
are reservoirs of hot
water that exist or are
human made at varying
temperatures and depths below the Earth's surface. Wells, ranging from a few feet to several miles
deep, can be drilled into underground reservoirs to tap steam and very hot water that can be brought
to the surface for use in a variety of applications, including electricity generation, direct use, and
heating and cooling.

5. Biomass energy: Biomass energy is a type of renewable energy that is generated from
organic materials, such as plants and trees, agricultural and forestry residues, and animal waste.
Biomass energy can be used for heating and electricity production. There are several ways to
convert biomass into energy. One common method is through combustion, where the biomass is
burned to produce steam that drives a turbine to generate electricity. Another method is through
gasification, where the biomass is converted into a gas that can be burned to generate electricity
or used as a fuel for vehicles.

Biomass energy is considered renewable because the organic materials used to produce it can be
replenished over time. It also has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions when compared
to traditional fossil fuels, as the carbon dioxide released during the combustion of biomass is
balanced by the carbon dioxide absorbed by the plants during their growth.

ENERGY CYCLE

The term "energy cycle" can refer to different types of cycles that involve the production,
transformation, and consumption of energy. Here are some examples:

1. Carbon cycle: The carbon cycle is an energy cycle that involves the movement of carbon
through the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and ecosystems. Carbon is released into the
atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels and other human activities, and is absorbed by
plants through photosynthesis. The carbon is then passed on through the food chain as
organisms consume other organisms, and eventually returns to the atmosphere through
respiration, decomposition, and other natural processes.

2. Water cycle: The water cycle is another energy cycle that involves the movement of water
between the Earth's surface, atmosphere, and underground reservoirs. Energy from the sun
drives the evaporation of water from the surface of the Earth, which forms clouds that
eventually release precipitation back to the surface. This precipitation is then used by plants
and animals, and eventually returns to the atmosphere through evaporation and transpiration.

CARBON CYCLE:

The carbon cycle is the process through which carbon moves and circulates between the
Earth's atmosphere, land, oceans, and living organisms.

It involves a series of interconnected processes, including carbon dioxide (CO2) absorption,

release, and transformation. The carbon cycle plays a crucial role in regulating the Earth's climate
and is vital for sustaining life on our planet.

Sources of CO2 in atmosphere:

1. During respiration plants (during night), humans and animals liberates CO 2 in the
atmosphere.
2. Combustion of fuels
3. Volcanic eruptions
Key processes in the carbon cycle include:

1. Carbon Dioxide Uptake by Photosynthesis: Plants, algae, and some bacteria capture
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through the process of photosynthesis. They convert
carbon dioxide and sunlight into organic compounds, releasing oxygen as a byproduct.
2. Carbon Release through Respiration: Plants, animals, and microorganisms respire,
releasing carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere as a byproduct of cellular respiration.
This is the opposite process of photosynthesis.
3. Decomposition: When plants and animals die, their organic matter decomposes. During
decomposition, bacteria and fungi break down the organic material and release carbon
dioxide into the atmosphere.
4. Fossil Fuel Combustion: Some of the carbon that is not released back into the
atmosphere become fossil fuels. Burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) for energy
releases stored carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This process significantly contributes
to the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and is a primary driver of
climate change.
5. Carbon Sequestration: Carbon sequestration refers to the process of capturing and storing
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. It occurs naturally through the absorption of carbon
dioxide by plants and the ocean. Additionally, certain human activities, such as
reforestation, afforestation, and carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies, aim to
enhance carbon sequestration and reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.
6. Carbon Exchange between the Atmosphere and Oceans: The oceans act as a significant
reservoir for carbon. Carbon dioxide dissolves in seawater, and marine organisms like
phytoplankton absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis. The exchange of carbon
dioxide between the atmosphere and oceans helps regulate atmospheric carbon dioxide
levels.
7. Geological Processes: Over long periods, carbon can be stored in rocks and sediment
through geological processes like weathering and erosion. Carbon may also be stored in
the form of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas.

The carbon cycle is a dynamic process, with carbon continuously moving between different
reservoirs. The balance between carbon uptake and release processes determines the concentration
of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and
deforestation, have significantly perturbed the natural carbon cycle, leading to an increase in
atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and contributing to climate change.

Understanding and managing the carbon cycle is essential for addressing climate change and
developing strategies to mitigate and adapt to its impacts. Efforts to reduce carbon emissions,
promote carbon sequestration, and transition to renewable energy sources are crucial for
maintaining a stable and sustainable carbon cycle.
 CARBON EMISSION and SEQUESTRATION

Carbon emission and sequestration are two processes that are closely related to the carbon cycle
and have significant impacts on the Earth's climate.

Carbon emissions refer to the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases
into the atmosphere. This occurs through natural processes, such as respiration and volcanic
activity, as well as through human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation.
Carbon emissions are a major contributor to climate change, as they trap heat in the Earth's
atmosphere and cause temperatures to rise.

Carbon sequestration (or carbon storage) is the process of storing carbon (in particular
atmospheric carbon dioxide) in a carbon pool. Carbon sequestration is a naturally occurring
process but it can also be enhanced or achieved with technology, for example within carbon capture
and storage projects.

There are several natural and artificial methods for carbon sequestration:

1. Afforestation and reforestation: Planting trees and preserving forests can help to increase
carbon storage.
2. Agricultural practices: Certain agricultural practices, such as no-till farming, cover
cropping, and crop rotation, can help to increase carbon storage in soil.
3. Ocean sequestration: The ocean absorbs and stores large amounts of carbon dioxide from
the atmosphere, but this can have negative impacts on marine ecosystems.
4. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS): This involves growing biomass,
such as trees or grasses, and using it to generate energy. The carbon dioxide produced
during energy generation is captured and stored underground.
5. Direct air capture: This involves using technology to directly capture carbon dioxide from
the atmosphere and store it underground.

Advantages of carbon sequestration:

1. Mitigating climate change: Carbon sequestration can help to reduce the overall concentration
of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which can help to mitigate the impacts of climate
change.
2. Enhancing ecosystem services: Certain carbon sequestration practices, such as reforestation,
can enhance ecosystem services, such as biodiversity, water quality, and soil fertility.
3. Potential economic benefits: Carbon sequestration technologies, such as carbon capture and
storage, could potentially create new industries and jobs in carbon management and storage.

Disadvantages of carbon sequestration:

1. High cost: Carbon sequestration technologies can be expensive, particularly when compared
to other methods for reducing carbon emissions.
2. Limited potential: Carbon sequestration may not be able to fully address the problem of
climate change
3. Environmental impacts: Carbon sequestration technologies, particularly those that involve
underground storage, can have potential environmental impacts, such as leakage of stored
carbon dioxide and disruption of local ecosystems.
4. Technological challenges: Carbon sequestration technologies are still in the early stages of
development, and there are significant technological challenges that must be overcome before
they can be widely deployed.

In summary, carbon sequestration has the potential to be an important tool for mitigating climate
change, but it is important to carefully consider its advantages and disadvantages when evaluating
its potential as a solution to this global challenge.

GREEN ENGINEERING

Green engineering is an approach to engineering that focuses on designing and implementing

technologies, systems, and processes that minimize negative environmental impacts and
promote sustainable development. It aims to integrate environmental considerations into all
stages of the engineering lifecycle, from design and construction to operation and
decommissioning.

Principles and Practices of Green Engineering:

1. Environmental Protection: Green engineering prioritizes the protection and preservation

of the environment. It seeks to minimize pollution, reduce resource consumption, and
prevent or minimize waste generation.
2. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): Green engineering employs life cycle thinking, which
involves assessing the environmental impacts of a product or process throughout its entire
life cycle, from raw material extraction to disposal. This helps identify opportunities for
improvement and sustainable alternatives.
3. Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency: Green engineering promotes the use of
renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower. It also emphasizes energy
efficiency measures to reduce energy consumption and minimize greenhouse gas
emissions.
4. Material Efficiency and Recycling: Green engineering focuses on optimizing material
use and promoting recycling and reuse. This includes designing products and systems that
use fewer materials, selecting environmentally friendly materials, and incorporating
recycling considerations into design and manufacturing processes.
5. Pollution Prevention: Green engineering aims to prevent pollution at the source rather
than treating or managing it after it is generated. It involves implementing cleaner
production techniques, using environmentally friendly materials, and adopting pollution
control technologies and practices.
6. Sustainable Water Management: Green engineering considers the sustainable
management of water resources. It includes water conservation measures, efficient water
use in industrial processes, and the design of wastewater treatment systems to minimize
water pollution.
 7. Green Building and Infrastructure: Green engineering emphasizes the design and
construction of sustainable buildings and infrastructure. It involves incorporating energy-
efficient systems, using environmentally friendly materials, optimizing site selection, and
implementing green building certifications and standards.
8. Stakeholder Engagement and Collaboration: Green engineering recognizes the
importance of stakeholder engagement and collaboration. It involves consulting with
communities, policymakers, and other stakeholders to ensure that engineering projects and
solutions align with their needs and aspirations.

SUSTAINABLE URBANAIZATION

Sustainable urbanization refers to the process of designing, developing, and managing cities
in a way that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.

It involves creating livable, inclusive, resilient, and environmentally friendly cities that promote
social, economic, and environmental well-being.

Here are key aspects and principles of sustainable urbanization:

1. Compact and Efficient Cities: Sustainable cities prioritize compact and efficient urban
forms that minimize sprawl and promote walkability, public transportation, and mixed
land-use development. This reduces the need for long commutes, conserves resources, and
minimizes pollution.
2. Resource Efficiency: Sustainable urbanization focuses on resource efficiency, including
efficient use of energy, water, and materials. It involves implementing green building
practices, promoting renewable energy, adopting energy-efficient transportation systems,
and encouraging water conservation measures.
3. Social Inclusion and Equity: Sustainable cities aim to be socially inclusive, ensuring that
all residents have access to affordable housing, healthcare, education, and essential
services. They promote equal opportunities, reduce inequalities, and create inclusive
spaces for diverse communities.
4. Green Spaces and Biodiversity: Sustainable urbanization prioritizes the preservation and
creation of green spaces, parks, and urban forests. These areas provide recreational spaces,
enhance biodiversity, improve air quality, and mitigate the urban heat island effect.
5. Sustainable Transportation: Sustainable cities prioritize sustainable transportation
systems, including public transit, cycling infrastructure, and pedestrian-friendly streets.
This reduces reliance on private vehicles, decreases traffic congestion, and improves air
quality.
6. Climate Resilience: Sustainable urbanization involves planning and designing cities to be
resilient to climate change impacts. This includes measures such as flood management,
storm water management, green infrastructure, and climate-responsive building design.
7. Integrated Planning and Governance: Sustainable cities adopt integrated planning
approaches that consider social, economic, and environmental factors. They involve multi-
 stakeholder engagement, participatory decision-making processes, and effective
governance mechanisms to ensure holistic and sustainable urban development.
8. Circular Economy: Sustainable urbanization promotes a circular economy approach,
aiming to minimize waste generation, promote recycling and reuse, and foster sustainable
consumption and production patterns. It involves implementing waste management
systems, promoting circular business models, and encouraging sustainable lifestyles.