CERMAT SCHOOL AZÁNGAR UNIT

O 7

Set theory
I. CONCEPT
Strictly speaking, the 'Set' is considered as a non-concept
defined, getting used to using the words as synonyms for sets:
«colección», «reunión», «agregado», etc.
This is why we can affirm that the word 'set' gives us the idea
of grouping homogeneous objects of real or abstract possibilities.
The members of the group are called 'ELEMENTS'
of the set.

II. NOTATION
"A" is the set whose elements are the letters of the alphabet.
A = {a, b, c, .........., z}

III.CARDINAL OF A SET (n)

The cardinality of a set is the number of elements it has.
a set.
n(A) It reads: 'Number of elements in set A'
EXAMPLE:
A = {2; 4; 6; 8; 10} n(A) = 5
B = {1; 1; 2; 2} n(B) = 2
C = {{2; 3}; {7; 8}} n(C) = 2

IV. BELONGING RELATIONSHIP ( ):

It is the one that relates to each and every one of the elements of a set,
said set.
Element∈ Set
Examples:
* A = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25} 5∈ 5 belongs to set A
Also: 10∈ A ; 20∈ A ; 21∉ A.
* B = {2; 3; {4}; 5} 2∈ B ; 3∈ B ; 5∈ B ; 4∉ B ; {4}∈ B

60 U N F V – C E P R E V I
 ARITHMETIC

V. DETERMINATION OF SETS:
1. For understanding or in a constructive manner. When the set is defined
stating one or more common properties characterizes the elements
of said set.
2. By Extension or in Tabular Form: It is when they are listed one by one.
all or some of the elements of the set.
Example:
A) Determine the set of vowels.
B) Determine the set of odd numbers less than 16.
SOLUTION
By Extension: For Understanding:
A = [a, e, i, o, u] A = [x / x is a vowel]
B = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 13, 15] B = [x/x is an odd number, x < 16]

OBSERVATION:
x/x is read as: 'x is an element of the set such that x'.

VI. RELATIONS BETWEEN SETS

1. INCLUSION(⊂It is said that a set "A" is included in a set
"B"; all elements of "A" belong to "B".
Example:
Si: A = {a, b, {c}} y B = {a, b, {c}, d}
A⊂ B Also:
A is included in B {a, b}⊂ A ; * {c, d}⊄ B
A is part of B * {b, {c} }⊂ A ; * {A} ⊄A
A is contained in B
A is a subset of B
OBSERVATION:
Conventionally, the empty set is considered to beφ) is included in
all set.
φ ⊂ Aφ ⊂ B
SUBSET:
Let setAbe, every set included in setAis a subset ofA.

UNFV - CEPREVI 61
 ARITHMETIC
Example:
Yes: A = {a, b, c}
Subsets of A:
aφ
Then 'A' has 8 subsets.
Number of Subsets of A = 2n(A)

2.PROPER SUBSET. Given a set "A", a proper subset

The set of 'A' is all those subsets of 'A', except for the one that is equal to it.

Number of Proper Subsets of A = 2n(A)– 1

EQUALITY OF SETS. Two sets are said to be equal if

they have the same elements.
A = B⇔ A⊂ B by B⊂ A
EXAMPLE:
Yes:
A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} A= B
B = {x∈ N / X odd < 10}

EXAMPLE:
If A and B are equal sets, find X+Y
Yes: A = {2x- 1; 27} y B = {3y-1
RESOLUTION
The elements of A are the same as those of set B; then we
deduce
2x31 * 27 = 3y-1
2x= 32 33= 3y-1
x=5 3=y-1
y=4 ∴x+y=9

3.DISJOINT SETS. Two sets are disjoint when they do not have
common elements.
EXAMPLE:
P = {2; 4; 6; 8}; I = {1; 3; 5; 7}

62 U N F V – C E P R E V I
 ARITHMETIC

VII. TYPES OF SETS BYTHE NUMBER OF ELEMENTS:

1.UNIT SET. It is a set that consists of only one
element.
S = {X∈ N / 3 < X < 5 X=4
S = {4} n (S) = 1
EXAMPLE:
Yes: A = {a2- 6; a + b; 10} is Unit.
Find: a x b; if aN
RESOLUTION
The 3 elements are the same (equal).
* a2- 6 = 10 * a + b = 10
a216 a x b = 24
a=4
4
6
2.EMPTY SET(φIt is the set that has no elements;
It is also referred to as the null set. By convention, it is agreed that the
The empty set is a subset of any other set. (V A;φ A).
R = {x∈ N / 5 < x < 6} there is no value for 'x'
{}φ n(R) = 0

3. FINITE SET. It is a set with a limited number of elements.

It can be determined by extension.
F = {x∈ Z / 3 < x < 12 F = {4; 5; 6; .......; 11}
4. INFINITE SET. It is the set that has an unlimited quantity.
of elements:
A = {x / x∈ Z; x > 0
A= {1, 2, 3, 4, ......} n(A) =∞

VIII. OTHER CONCEPTS:

1.UNIVERSAL SET (U). It is a reference set for analysis.
from a particular situation, it is chosen arbitrarily.
Example:
A = {x / x is a hen}

U N F V - C E P R E V I 63
 ARITHMETIC
You can take:
U = {x / x is a bird} or U = {x / x is a vertebrate}
2.POWER SET [P(A)]. Given a set A, the power set
The power set P(A) is the one that is formed by all the subsets of A.
Yes: A= {a, b, c}
P(A) = {{a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {a, c}, {b, c}, {a, b, c},φ}
Then: P(A) has 8 elements
n [P(A)] = 2n(A)
Example:
How many elements does the power set of C have?
C = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
Resolution:
As n(C) = 5 n [P(C)] = 25= 32

IX. VENN-EULER DIAGRAMS

They are closed flat regions, circular, rectangular, etc. That give us
they will allow to graphically represent the sets.
Example:
Given the sets:
A = {2, 4, 6} ; B = {3, 4, 5} ; C {7, 8, 9} ; U = {1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10}

A B C
7
2 3
4

6 5 8 9

X. CARROLL DIAGRAM
With greater utility for distinct sets.
APPLICATION:
In a classroom of 90 students, 35 are women, 62 are athletes, and 12 are
women non-athletes. How many men are not athletes?
64 UNFV - CEPRIV
 ARITHMETIC
Resolution:
M = 35 H = 55
Dep. = 62
No Dep.= 28 12 X No Athletes:
90 12 + X = 28
X = 16

SOLVED PROBLEMS
1. Given: C = {m + 3 / m∈ Z; m2< 9}
Calculate the sum of the elements of the set C

Yes: m∈ z y m2< 9
↓ ↓
-2 4
-1 1
0 0
1 1
2 4
If: Elements: (m + 3) C = {1; 2; 3; 4; 5}
∴ Σ elements: 15

2. There are two sets where one is included in the other; the difference of
the cardinalities of their power sets is 112. Indicate the number of
elements that the set includes the other.

Sets A and B (B⊂ A)

Yes: xy
Data: n [P(a)] - n [P(B)] = 112
 
2x + n 2x–= 112 = 16.7

2x. (2n- 1) = 24. (23– 1)

U N F V - C E P R E V I 65
 ARITMETIC
Then: X = 4 and n = 3
∴ n(B) = 4 y n (A) = 4 + 3 = 7

3. Yes: A = {x/x∈ Z ^ 10 < x < 20

B = {y + 5 / y∈ Z ( y + 15)∈ A}
What is the sum of the elements of B?

Set A, determined by extension, is:

A = {11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19}
In set B, as ( y +15)∈ A

10 < y +15 < 20 -5 < y <5

y = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 because and∈ Z y = 0, 1, 4, 9, 16
Then: B = {5; 6; 9; 14; 21}
∴ Sum of elements of B = 55

66 U N F V – C E P R E V I
 ARITHMETIC

PROPOSED PROBLEMS
Given the set A lady goes out for a walk every
days with two or more of their puppies.
B = {14; {2};φ ; {7; 15}}
With great care, he/she tried to carry
{2}⊂ B {14}∈ P(B)
a different group every day. Yes
{7; 15}∈ Bφ ∈ Β
In total, he has 10 puppies.
φ⊂Β {14; φ} ⊂B
how many days will it have to be
14⊂ B 14∉ B
necessarily take a group
{{2}; 14}∈ P(B)
Howmanypropositionsarethere?
repeated?
A) 10 B)11 C) 12
false?
D) 13 E) 14
A) 3 B) 1 C) 5
D) 4 E) 6 8. Given the sets:
2. Determine in detail the 2a+ 1a
A= { / ∈N∧ 1≤ a≤ 9
next set: 3 2
A = {(3x – 3) / x∈N∧ 0 ≤ x≤ 4}
2b−1/ b∈ N; 2 < b≤ 6}
A) {0; 1; 2; 3} B) {1; 2; 3} {}
C) {0; 3; 6} D) {0; 3; 6; 9} 3
E) { -3; 0; 3; 6} Determine: E = [n(B)]n(A)+ n(A).
3. If A = {(x2+ 4) / x∈Z∧ -4 < x < 6. A) 270 B) 120 C) 200
Find n(A) D) 180 E) 260
A) 4 B) 5 C) 6
D) 7 E) 8 9. Given the equal sets:

4. If B = {(x + 1) / x∈N∧ 3x < x + 14 A = { a+2; a+1}, B = {b+1; c +1},

To give as a response the cardinal of C = {7 - a; 8 - a} and D = {b + 2; d + 3}. Find
B. "a+b+c+d" if also b≠ d
A) 4 B) 5 C) 6 A) 10 B)11 C) 12
D) 7 E) 8 D) 13 E) 14
5. Calculate (b - a) if E is a set 10. What is the sum of the elements?
unitary. E = {4a+1; 2b+a; 3a+4} of set A? yes:
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3
A = {2x / (3x + 1)}∈ N y 4 < x < 8
D) 4 E) 5
A) 36 B) 165 C) 116
6. Given the sets A = {1; 2; 3; 4; D) 160 E) 132
5; 6} and B = { 0; 1; 4; 6; 7; 8; 9}. Let it be
"m" the number of subsets not 11. Make 2 comparable sets
empty sets of A that are disjoint with whose cardinals are differentiated
in 3. furthermore, the difference between
By 'n' the analogous of B to A. Find
m+n the cardinals of their sets
A) 7 B) 7 C) 22 power is 112. Indicate the number
D) 24 E) 26

UNFV - CEPREVI 67
 ARITHMETIC
of terms that the set has 17. Given the unit set:
which includes the other. A = {3a - 3b + 2;a + b; 14};
A) 5 B) 4 C) 7 Determine the number of
D) 6 E) 9 proper subsets of
12. How many ternary subsets are there?
B = {a; 2a; b; 2b - 1}
A) 7 B) 15 C) 31
it has a set whose cardinality
D) 63 E) 8
It's 12?
A) 220 B) 224 C) 218 18.Give the sum of the elements of
D) 216 E) 200 A = {2x/ x∈ N; 10 < 3x + 2 < 18
A) 19 B) 18 C) 24
13.Given the sets:
A = {x / x∈ Z∧ -3≤ x≤ 10} D) 26 E) 23
B = x / x∈ N∧ y = 2x - 3∧ y∈ A} 5x+ 2
C = {x / x∈ B∧ 4 < x + 3 < 7 19. If P = {x2-1/-6< <6;x∈ Z+}
5
find the sum of the elements
Deetrmniethenumberof
of the set C
subsets.
A) 2 B) 3 C) 5
A) 16 B) 64 C) 32
D) 8 E) 11
D) 8 E) 128
The set A has 14 subsets.
3x−1 ∈Z/1<
ternaries more than binaries. 20.si:Q = { x< 3; x∈
How many unit sets are there? 4
A? find the sum of elements of Q
A) 5 B) 6 C) 7 A) 35 B) 15 C) 12
D) 8 E) 9 D) 11 E) 7
15. Find the sum of the elements of 21.Set A = {m + n; 4} a set
a−1 unitary and B = {2m-2n; m+n} has
M = {a / ∈ N; a < 73 a cardinal equal to 1. Find the value
2 of m/n.
A) 111 B) 113 C) 110 A) 3 B) 4 C) 6
D) 115 E) 116 D) 5 E) 0
16.given the set: 22. Find the sum of elements of:
A = {4; 8;φ; {4}; {2; 7}; {φ}
} Determine how many of the B={
n 2−16
∈ Z; 0 < n≤ 5}
the following propositions are n− 4
true:
{2; 7}∈ A {{4}}∈ A
{4; 8;φ } ⊂ Α {4; 8} ⊂ A A) 35 B) 36 C) 27
{2; 7} ⊂ A {{ φ}} ⊂ Α D) 0 E) 25
φ∈A 4; 2; 7⊂A
A) 5 B) 4 C) 7
D) 3 E) 6

68 U N F V – C E P R E V I
 ARITHMETIC
23. Let the sets be: 27. A "chubby" enters a
A = {2x / x∈ Z; 0 < x < 6 restaurant where they serve 6
x+ 4 different plates and thinks "me
B={ / x∈A} everyone likes them but I must take
2
at least 2 dishes and 5 as
2y+1 maximum" How many ways
C={ ∈Z / y∈B}
3 Can you choose the "chubby"?
Find the cardinality of P(C) A) 64 B) 56 C) 32
A) 4 B) 8 C) 9 D) 26 E) 120
D) 16 E) 32 28. If A and B are singleton sets
24.given the set: How many elements does C have?
A = {x + 4 / x∈ N; x2< 16} A = {a+2b; 17} B = {3a+b; 16}
calculate the sum of the elements C = {x / x∈ N;a≤ x≤ b}
of A. A) 5 B) 6 C) 7
A) 10 B) 16 C) 19 D) 4 E) 2
D) 27 E) 28 29. Consider the sets:
25. How many proper subsets are there? A = {x / x∈ Z;0≤ x< 10} y
it has that set that has 35 B = {2n∈ A / (n/3)∈ A}
How many subsets does it have
ternary subsets?
set P(B)?
A) 127 B) 63 C) 31
A) 16 B) 4 C) 8
D) 1023 E) 511
D) 32 E) 64
26.Given the set:
30.Given the sets:
x x 2−1 A = {x / x∈ Z;8≤ x≤ 19
A={ / x∈ Z; -3 < ≤ 1}
x−1 x+ 1 B = {y+4 / y∈ N;(2 y - 1)∈ A}
What is the sum of the elements? Find the sum of the elements of
from A? set B
A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 A) 350 B) 379 C) 129
D) 5 E) 6 D) 252 E) 341

KEYS
01. A 02. E 03. C 04. D 05. B 06. C 07. E 08. E 09. B 10. E
11.C 12. A 13. C 14. C 15. D 16. E 17. A 18. C 19. B 20. E
21. A 22. C 23. A 24. E 25. A 26. A 27. B 28. A 29. A 30. B

UNFV - CEPREVI 69