DEVELOPMENT OF A BASIC DESIGN FOR A CONCRETE MIX

Example of application:
It is desired to design a concrete mix to be used in the construction of reinforced columns and slabs. The average required strength is 260.
kg/cm², the maximum aggregate size is 1 ½” and the slump is 3” - 4”.
Type I cement will be used (Pe = 3.15) and the consolidation will be by vibration.

STEP 1

Settlement = 3” – 4” (consolidation by vibration)

STEP 2

Maximum aggregate size 1 ½"

STEP 3
Since they did not specify anything, we will design without incorporated air. With the values of T.M = 1
½” and settlement 3” – 4” in table N°2 we have:
175 It/m³

Percentage of trapped air = 1%

STEP 4

With the value f'cp = 260 kg/cm² in table No. 3, we have that the water-cement ratio will be:

f´cp air conditioning 50______0.0

300 0.55 10______?

260 x

50 10 ? 0.07 ? = 10(0.07) = 0.014

250 0.62 50

Then: x = a/c = 0.62-0.014= 0.666 = 0.61 (approx.)

STEP 5

The required cement content will be:

C= 175/0.61 = 286.9 kg

STEP 6

With the values of T.M = 1 ½” and mf = 2.7 in table N°5 we have:

Dry and compacted volume of coarse A. = 0.73m³

Then:

Dry Weight A. coarse = 0.73 x 1650 = 1204.5 kg.

STEP 7

For the estimation of the amount of A. fine per m³ of concrete, we will use 2 methods and
we will compare their results.

a) WEIGHT METHOD

With the value of T.M = 1 ½" for concretes without air incorporated from table No. 6 we have to
the unit weight of fresh concrete (first estimate will be)
Fresh concrete unit weight = 2420 kg/m³

Also, we know that:

175lt.

286.9 kg

1204.5 kg

Then the weight of A. fine per m³ of concrete will be:

A. fine = 2420 - (175 + 286.9 + 1204.5) = 753.6 kg.

b) METHODS OF ABSOLUTE VOLUMES

Absolute volume of materials x m3 of concrete:

Cement = 286.9 / (3.15 x 1000) = 0.0911m3

Water = 175 / 1000 = 0.1750m3

Trapped Air = (1 x 1) / 100 = 0.0100m3

Coarse Sand = 1204.5 / (2.7 x 1000) = 0.4461m3

0.7222m3

Then:

Vol. Abs. A. Fino = 1 - 0.7222 = 0.2778m3

Weight a. Fine = 0.2778 (2.6 x 1000) = 722.3 kg.

That is, the weights of the materials per m3 of concrete will be:

Materials Weight methods (kg.) Methods of Vol. Abs. Kg.

Cement 286.9 286.9

Mixing Water 175.0 175.0

A. Coarse (dry) 1204.5 1204.5

A. Fine 753.6 722.3

STEP 8
Adjustments for moisture will be made in both fine and coarse aggregates and in the unit volume of water.
of mixing.

Wet weights of materials per m3 of concrete.

286.9 kg

A. Fine = 722.3 x 1.05 = 758.4 kg.

1204.5 x 1.015 = 1222.6 kg

As the aggregates are saturated, there is a certain amount of water that it

they would remain in the ideal condition with a dry surface (SSS).

Then:

Effective water = 175 – [ (5 – 3) / 100 x 722.3 + (1.5 – 1) / 100 x 1204.5] = 154.5 Liters.

Rounding, the final proportions will be:

287 kg/m3 (6.8 bags)

758 kg/m3

1223 kg/m3

Effective Water = 154.5 lt/m3

EXPRESSIONS OF PROPORTIONS IN WEIGHT

The procedure consists of expressing the quantities as a weight ratio.

relating them to the amount of cement that is being used.
Thus, for example, for each kg of cement, the following will be used:

Cement: 287 / 287 = 1 Coarse: 1223 / 287 = 4.26

Ag. Fine: 758 divided by 287 equals 2.64 Water: 154.5 / 287 = 0.54

The above is expressed as follows:

1 2.64 : 4.26 / 0.54

To calculate the quantity of materials per batch, it will be sufficient to multiply the amount of cement.
used in each batch by the values indicated above.

Example: Quantities to be used per bag of Cement (42.5 kg.)

Cement: 1 x 42.5 = 42.5 kg.

Wet Fine Aggregate: 2.64 x 42.5 = 122.2 kg.

Wet Coarse Aggregate: 4.26 x 42.5 = 181.1 kg.

Effective Water: 0.54 x 42.5 = 23 Liters.
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY STANDARD DEVIATION AND THE COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION

CALCULATION OF THE STANDARD DEVIATION AND THE COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION:

n = 15
Σ(Xn- X¿ ¿ 21741 Σ X= 3142 ΣX/n = 209 kg/cm
2
1741
V 1= S1/ X́= 5.33%
2
S1 = = 124.35 111.15 kg/c m2
14

Determination of the weighted average standard deviation

formula:
ś=

√
(S¿¿2)2
(¿¿1−1)(S ¿¿1)2 +(n¿¿2−1) ¿¿¿¿
n1 + 2−2

CALCULATION OF STANDARD DEVIATION AND COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION:

B

n = 17 Σ X= 3555 ΣX/n = 209 kg/cm

2

Σ(Xn- X¿ ¿ 2= 1735 1735 S110.41 kg/c m2

V 1= S1/ X́4.98% S12= = 108.43
16

CALCULATION OF AVERAGE RESISTANCE:

Determine the weighted average resistance through the ACI equations:

´c
f´cr=f+1.34s
f´crf=+´2.33s−¿
c 35
Replacing values:
f´cr=210+1.34(10.76) = 224 kg/c m2
f´ =210+2.33(10.76)-35 = 200 kg/ cm2
mbe
The average resistance, for a design compressive strength of 210 kg/ c2on the 28th day, it will
el mayor de los valores encontrados.
Calculation of the weighted average coefficient of variation:

The following equation is applied:

V́ =

√
(V¿¿2)2
(n ¿¿1−1)(V¿ ¿1)2 +(¿¿2−1) ¿¿¿¿
1 + 2−2

CALCULATION OF AVERAGE RESISTANCE:

The criteria of the European concrete committee are applied, for more than 30 samples, a "t" value of 1.282.
´
fc
f´ =
1−t∗v
Concrete mix design, STANTON WALKER method
210
f´cr = = 225 kg/cm
2
1−1.28( 0.0515)
1st Set a concrete mix of 8 bags of cement per cubic meter, the ratio
water/cement ratio (0.63), maximum nominal size of rounded stone 1", modulus of
sand fineness (2.65), slump 3"–4", water 178kg.
Specific weight of sand (2.63 g/cm³), specific weight of stone (2.65 g/cm³), consider
trapped air 1.5%.

3.15 g/cm³

Specific weight of water (1.0 g/cm³)

2º Calculation of cement; (a/c) = a/c, c = a/(a/c)

178/0.63 = 282.5 kg
3rd Calculation of the cement factor (CF); CF=282.5/42.5=6.65

4th Calculation of absolute volumes, the absolute volumes must sum to one meter.
cubic;

Volume of cement = 282.5/3150=0.090m³

Volume of water = 178/1000 = 0.178m³

Air volume = 1.5% = 0.015m³

Partial volume = 0.283m³

Aggregate volume = 1-0.283 = 0.717m³

5th Calculation of the percentage of fine aggregate, Considering table No. 7;

Cement factor (bags/m³) = 6.65mfa=2.65 T.M.N = 1"

Rounded aggregate: In conclusion, interpolating rf = 37.6%

7° Calculation of the absolute volumes of sand and stone:

Volume of aggregates = 0.717m³, rp(%) = 62.4%

Solution;

Volume of sand = 37.6%*0.717=0.270m³

Volume of the stone = 62.4%*0.717=0.447m³

8th Calculation of the dry weights of sand and stone:

DATE: Dry weight of the aggregates = Specific weight * Volume

Dry weight of the sand = 2630*0.270 = 710.1kg.

Dry weight of the stone = 2650*0.447 = 1184.6kg.

9th Summary of the dry weights of materials per cubic meter:

282.5kg

178kg

710.1kg

1184.6kg

10th Dry weight provision:

1:2.51:4.19

Design of concrete mixtures, Method of the fineness modulus of the combination of the
aggregated

1st Set a concrete mix of 8 bags of cement per cubic meter, the ratio
water/cement ratio (0.55), maximum nominal stone size 1”, fineness modulus of the
sand (2.75) fineness modulus of the stone (7.60).

Specific weight of sand (2.70gr/cm³), specific weight of stone (2.62gr/cm³), consider

trapped air 1.5%.

Specific weight of cement (3.15g/cm³).

Specific weight of water (1.0g/cm³).

2nd Calculation of cement;

Cement = 8 * 42.5 kg = 340 kg

3rd Calculation of water;

(a/c) = a/c, a = c * (a/c)

Then the water will be; a = c * (a/c) = 340 * 0.55 = 187 kg

4º Calculation of absolute volumes, the absolute volumes must be added up to one meter.
cubic

Volume of cement = 340/3150=0.108m³

Water volume = 187/1000 = 0.187m³

Volume of air = 1.5% = 0.015m³

Partial volume = 0.310m³

Aggregate volume = 1-0.310=0.690m³

5ºCalculation of the fineness modulus of the coarse aggregate, considering table No. 8;

Cement factor (bags/m³) = 8

Nominal maximum size = 1"

Fineness modulus of the combination of aggregates = 5.41

6th Calculation of the percentage of participation of sand and stone in percentages, solve the
equation (1) and (2);

5.41

Solving the equation (1), setene;

Rf = (mfp - mfag) * 100 / (mfp - mfa)......................(1)

rf = (7.60-5.41) *100/(7.60-2.75) = 45.1%

rp=100%-rf(%).........................................................(2)

Rp = 100% - 45.1% = 54.9%

7th Calculation of the absolute volumes of sand and stone:

DATA: Volume of the aggregates = 0.690m³

Solution;

Volume of sand = 45.1%*0.690=0.311m³

Volume of the stone = 54.9%*0.690=0.379m³

8° Calculation of the dry weights of sand and stone:

DATE: Dry weight of the aggregates = Specific weight * Volume

Dry weight of the sand = 2700*0.311 = 839.7kg.

Dry weight of the stone = 2620*0.379 = 993.0kg.

9º Summary of the dry weights of the materials per cubic meter:

3 40kg

187kg

839.7kg

Stone = 993.0kg.

10th Dry weight provision:

1:2.47:2.92