PRINCE PUBLIC SCHOOL

Rohini

PT-4 PHYSICS 2025

Class 11 - Physics

Section A
1. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: [5]
Carnot principles are only for cyclical devices like heat engines, which state that the efficiency of an irreversible
heat engine is always less than the efficiency of a reversible one operating between the same two reservoirs. The
efficiencies of all reversible heat engines operating between the same two reservoirs are the same.

(a) In a Carnot cycle, the working medium rejects heat at a ________ temperature.

a) constant b) Increase

c) lower d) higher
(b) Which of the following is NOT a state variable?

a) Entropy b) Internal energy

c) All of these d) Work

(c) The efficiency of a reversible heat engine is

a) (T1/T2) + 1 b) 1 + (T2/T1)

c) (T1/T2) - 1 d) 1 - (T2/T1)

(d) Other factors remaining constant, if the temperature of the source is increased, the efficiency of the Carnot
engine will:

a) constant b) increase

c) decrease d) increase or decrease depending upon

temperature ratio
(e) Over the complete Carnot cycle, entropy:

a) constant b) increase

c) first increase and then decrease d) decrease

Question No. 2 to 6 are based on the given text. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: [5]
If a person puts an ice cube into a glass of warm lemon juice and later forgets to drink it, then after a while, the person
will notice that the ice has melted but the temperature of the lemonade has cooled. This is because the total amount of
heat in the system has remained the same, but has just reached an equilibrium, where both the ice cube and the lemon

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juice are at the same temperatures. The lemon juice will eventually become warmer again when the heat from the
environment is transferred to the glass itself.

2. In a thermal process, the pressure of a fixed mass of a gas is changed in such a manner that the gas molecules give out
the heat of 30J and work of 10J is done on the gas. If the initial internal energy of the gas was 40 J, then the final internal
energy will be?

a) 40 J b) 30 J

c) 60 J d) 20 J
3. Zeroth law leads to the concept of:

a) internal energy b) heat

c) temperature d) work
4. A thermos bottle containing coffee is vigorously shaken. If coffee is considered as a system, then the temperature of
coffee will

a) increase b) Fall

c) same d) decrease
5. The internal energy of the system increases by 60 J when 140 J of heat is added to the gaseous system. The amount of
work done is:

a) 80 J b) 240 J

c) 100 J d) 120 J
6. The First Law of Thermodynamics tell us

a) The energy in the universe is getting b) The energy in the universe is getting smaller
decrease

c) The energy in the universe is constant d) The energy in the universe is getting larger
Section B
7. Find the temperature of 149°F on Kelvin scale. [2]
8. The temperature difference between the two ends of a bar 1.0 m long is 50°C and that for the other bar 1.25 m [2]
long 75°C. Both the bars have same area of cross-section. If the rates of conduction of heat in the two bars are
the same, find the ratio of the coefficients of thermal conductivity of the materials of the two bars.

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 9. Briefly explain the concept of thermal equilibrium and temperature. [2]
10. A steel scale measures the length of a copper rod as 80 cm when both are at 20o C, the calibration temperature of [2]
the scale. What would the scale read for the length of the rod when both are at 40o C? Given α for steel = 1.1 ×

10-5 oC-1 and α for copper = 1.7 × 10

−5 ∘ −1
C .
11. A steel wire of 2.0 mm 2 cross-section is held straight (but under no tension) by attaching it firmly to two points [2]
a distance 1.50 m apart at 30°C. If the temperature now decreases to 5°C and if the two points remain fixed,
what will be the tension in the wire?

Given that Young’s modulus of steel = 2 × 1011 Nm2 and coefficient of thermal expansion of steel a =1.1 × 10-
5/ °C.
12. The earth constantly receives heat radiation from the sun and gets warmed up. Why does the earth not get as hot [2]
as the sun?
13. Two large holes are cut in a metal sheet. If the sheet is heated, how will the diameters of the holes change? [2]
14. A piece of iron of mass 100 g is kept inside a furnace for a long time and then put in a calorimeter of water [2]
equivalent 10 g containing 240 g of water at 20°C. The mixture attains an equilibrium temperature of 60°C. Find
the temperature of ice. Given specific heat of iron = 470 J kg-1 °C-1.
15. Why do we use copper gauze in Davy's safety lamp? [2]
16. The temperature of a body is increased from 27oC to 127oC. By what factor would the radiation emitted by it [2]
increase?
17. One litre flask contains some mercury. It is found that at different temperatures, the volume of air inside the flask [2]
remains the same. What is the volume of mercury in this flask? Given α for glass = 9 × 10-6 oC-1 and γ for
mercury = 1.8 × 10-4 oC-1.
18. Why does the density of solid | liquid decreases with rise in temperature? [2]

19. An iron boiler is 1 cm thick and has a heating area of 2 m2. The two surfaces of the boiler are at 234°C and [2]

100°C respectively. If the latent heat of steam is 536 kcal kg-1 and thermal conductivity of iron is 1.6 × 10-2
kcal s-1 m-1 °C-1, then how much water will be evaporated into steam per minute?
20. What is invar? What is its speciality and what is its use? [2]
21. What are the basic requirements of a cooking utensil in respect of specific heat, thermal conductivity and [2]
coefficient of expansion?
22. Two rods A and B are of equal length. Each rod has its ends at temperature T1 and T2 (T1 > T2). What is the [2]

condition that will ensure equal rates of flow through the rods A and B?
23. A sample of hydrogen of mass 6 g is allowed to expand isothermally at 27 ∘
, till its volume is doubled.
C [2]
i. How many moles of H2 do we have?
ii. What is the final temperature of the H2?

iii. Calculate work done during expansion? Given, R = 8.31 J mol-1 K-1
24. If for a gas, R

CV
= 0.67 then which gas is this:- monatomic, diatomic and triatomic? [2]
25. A gas is filled in a cylinder at 300 K. Calculate the temperature upto which it should be heated so that its volume [2]
becomes 4

3
of its initial volume.
26. A tyre pumped to a pressure of 6 atmosphere, suddenly bursts. Room temperature is 15 ∘
. Calculate the
C [2]
temperature of escaping air. γ = 1.4.

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27. An engine has been designed to work between source and sink temperatures of 177oC and 27oC respectively. If [2]

the energy input per cycle is 3600 J then find

i. its efficiency
ii. work done by the engine per cycle.
28. Compare the formula Cp - Cv = R for an ideal gas with the thermodynamic relation ΔU = ΔQ - PΔV. [2]
29. A Carnot engine whose heat sink is at 27 ∘
C has an efficiency of 40 %. By how many degrees should the [2]
temperature of the source be changed to increase the efficiency by 10% of the original efficiency?
30. In a refrigerator one removes heat from a lower temperature and deposits to the surroundings at a higher [2]
temperature. In this process, mechanical work has to be done, which is provided by an electric motor. If the
motor is of 1kW power, and heat is transferred –3°C to 27°C, find the heat taken out of the refrigerator per
second assuming its efficiency is 50% of a perfect engine.

31. A metal of mass 1 kg at constant atmospheric pressure and at initial temperature 20o C is given a heat of 20000 [2]

J. Find
i. change in temperature,
ii. work done and
iii. change in internal energy. Given

specific heat, c = 400 Jkg-1 ∘ −1

C ,

coefficient of cubical expansion, γ = 9 × 10-5 ∘ −1

C

density, ρ = 900 kg m-3

atmospheric pressure, P = 105 Nm-2.

32. A reversible heat engine operates with an efficiency of 50%. If during each cycle it rejects 150 cal to a reservoir [2]
of heat at 30 ∘
C , then
i. what is the temperature of the other reservoir and
ii. how much work does it carry out per cycle?
33. A quantity of air is kept in a container having walls which are slightly conducting. The initial temperature and [2]

volume are 27 ∘
C and 800 cm3 respectively. Find the rise in temperature if the gas is compressed to 200 cm3
i. in a short time and
ii. in a long time. Given γ = 1.4.
34. Two bodies of specific heats c1 and c2 having same heat capacities are combined to form a single composite [2]

body. What is the specific heat of the composite body?

35. If the co-efficient of performance of a refrigerator is 5 and operates at the room temperature (27 °C), find the [2]
temperature inside the refrigerator.
36. Calculate the fall in temperature of helium initially at 15°C, when it is suddenly expanded to 8 times its volume. [2]
Given γ =
5

3
.
37. Define the three modes of transfer of heat from one object to another. Also cite one example for each one of [3]
them.
38. Give the Newton's law of cooling. Derive Newton's law of cooling using Stefan's law. [3]
39. A layer of ice 1 cm thick is formed on a pond. The temperature of the air is -20°C. Calculate how long it will [3]
take for the thickness of ice to increase by 1 mm. The density of ice = 1 g cm-3. Latent heat of ice = 80 cal g-1.

Conductivity of ice = 0.008 cal s-1 cm-1 °C-1.

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40. What is meant by a triple point of water? What is the advantage of taking the triple point of water as the fixed [3]
point for a temperature scale?
41. Define thermal conduction. Briefly explain its molecular mechanism. [3]
42. Show that the coefficient of volume expansion for a solid substance is three times its coefficient of linear [3]
expansion.
43. Starting from Charle's law, develop the concept of absolute zero and absolute scale of temperature. [3]
44. Explain why: [3]
a. a body with large reflectivity is a poor emitter
b. a brass tumbler feels much colder than a wooden tray on a chilly day
c. an optical pyrometer (for measuring high temperatures) calibrated for ideal black body radiation gives too
low a value for the temperature of a red hot iron piece in the open, but gives a correct value for the
temperature when the same piece is in the furnace.
45. The coefficient of volume expansion of glycerin is 49 × 10 −5
K
−1
. What is the fractional change in its density [3]
for a 30 °C rise in temperature?
46. A 10 kW drilling machine is used to drill a bore in a small aluminium block of mass 8.0 kg. How much is the [3]
rise in temperature of the block in 2.5 minutes, assuming 50% of power is used up in heating the machine itself

or lost to the surroundings. Specific heat of aluminium = 0.91 J g-1 K-1.

47. A thermacole icebox is a cheap and efficient method for storing small quantities of cooked food in summer in [3]
particular. A cubical icebox of side 30 cm has a thickness of 5.0 cm. If 4.0 kg of ice is put in the box, estimate
the amount of ice remaining after 6 h. The outside temperature is 45oC, and co-efficient of thermal conductivity

of thermacole is 0.01 J s-1m-1K-1. [Heat of fusion of water = 335 × 103 J kg-1]

48. A brass boiler has a base area of 0.15 m2 and thickness 1.0 cm. It boils water at the rate of 6.0 kg/min when [3]
placed on a gas stove. Estimate the temperature of the part of the flame in contact with the boiler. Thermal

conductivity of brass = 109 J s-1m-1 K-1; Heat of vaporisation of water = 2256 × 10 J kg-1.3

49. What is meant by coefficient of linear expansion and coefficient of cubical expansion? Derive relationship [3]
between them.
50. Mention three applications of thermal conductivity in daily life. [3]
51. Explain why: [3]
a. the earth without its atmosphere would be inhospitably cold
b. heating systems based on the circulation of steam are more efficient in warming a building than those based
on the circulation of hot water.
52. What is a refrigerator? Draw a schematic representation of a refrigerator. [3]
53. Calculate difference in efficiency of a Carnot energy working between:- [3]
i. 400K and 350K
ii. 350K and 300K
54. One gram molecule of an ideal gas at S.T.P. is subjected to a reversible adiabatic expansion to double its volume. [3]
Find the change in internal energy in the process. Given γ = 1.4.

55. Calculate the value of cV for air, given that cp = 0.23 calorie g-1 K-1. The density of the air at S.T.P. is 1.293 g [3]

litre-1 and J = 4.2 × 107 erg calorie-1.

56. State and explain First Law of Thermodynamics. [3]
57. State the first law of thermodynamics. Apply this to derive an expression for the change in internal energy [3]

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 during boiling process.
58. Two rods A and B are of equal length. Each rod has its ends at temperatures T1 and T2. What is the condition [3]
that will ensure equal rates of flow of heat through the rods A and B?
59. In a Carnot's engine, the temperature of the heat source and heat sink are 500 K and 375 K, respectively. If the [3]

engine consumes 6 × 106 J per cycle, find

i. the efficiency of engine,
ii. work done per cycle by the engine, and
iii. heat rejected by the engine in each cycle of operation.
60. Ice in a cold storage melts at the rate of 2 kg per hour when the external temperature is 20
∘
. Find the minimum [3]
C

power output of the motor used to drive the refrigerator which just prevents the ice from melting. Take latent
heat of ice = 80 cal g-1 and J = 4.2 J cal-1.
61. 1 g of water at 100° C is converted into steam at the same temperature. If the volume of steam is 1671 cm3, find [3]

the change in the internal energy of the system. Latent heat of steam = 2256 Jg-1. Given 1 atmospheric pressure
= 1.013 × 105 Nm-2.
62. When changing the state of a gas adiabatically from an equilibrium state A to another equilibrium state B, an [3]
amount of work equal to 22.3 J is done on the system. If the gas is taken from state A to B via a process in which
the net heat absorbed by the system is 9.35 cal, how much is the net work done by the system in the latter case?
(Take 1 cal = 4.19 J)
63. Two Carnot engines A and B are operated in series. The first one A receives heat at 900 K and rejects it to a [3]
reservoir at temperature T. The second engine B operates on this reservoir and rejects heat to a reservoir at 400
K. Calculate temperature T when
i. efficiencies of both A and B are equal.
ii. the work outputs of both A and B are equal.
64. Two different adiabatic paths for the same gas intersect two thermals at T1 and T2 as shown in P-V diagram. [3]

How does Compare with ?

VA VB

VD VC

65. An ideal gas is taken through a cyclic thermodynamic process through four steps. The amounts of heat involved [3]
in these steps are Q1 = 5960 J, Q2 = -5585 J Q3 = -2980 J and Q4 = 3645 J respectively. The corresponding

works involved are W1 = 2200 J, W2 = -825 J, W3 = -1100 J and W4 respectively. Find

i. W4 and
ii. efficiency of the cycle.
66. A Carnot engine is working between ice point and steam point. It is desired to increase its efficiency by 20% (a) [3]
by changing temperature of hot reservoir alone, (b) by changing temperature of colder reservoir only. Calculate
the change in temperature in each case.
Section C
67. Read the case study given below and answer any four subparts: [5]

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A phase change is when matter changes from one state (solid, liquid, gas, plasma) to another. These changes
occur when sufficient energy is supplied to the system (or a sufficient amount is lost), and also occur when the
pressure on the system is changed. The temperatures and pressures under which these changes happen differ
depending on the chemical and physical properties of the system.

i. The latent heat of vaporization of a substance is always

a. greater than the heat of fusion
b. less than the heat of fusion
c. greater than the heat of sublimation
d. lower than the heat of sublimation.
ii. Specific heat of a substance at the melting point becomes
a. low
b. high
c. remains unchanged
d. infinite
iii. Specific heat of gas in an isothermal process is
a. zero
b. finite
c. infinite
d. none of these
iv. A quantity of heat required to change the unit mass of a substance, from solid to liquid state, while the
temperature remains constant, is known as
a. sublimation
b. latent heat of fusion
c. latent heat
d. none of these
v. The sprinkling of water reduces the temperature of the closed room because
a. The water has a large latent heat of vaporization
b. Water is a bad conductor of heat
c. Specific heat of water is high

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 d. none of these
68. Read the case study given below and answer any four subparts: [5]
The figure shows the different modes of transfer of heat, heat transfer is defined as the movement of heat across
the border of the system due to a difference in temperature between the system and its surroundings. The
temperature difference exists between the two systems, heat will find a way to transfer from the higher to the
lower system.

i. The sea breeze is caused by:

a. conduction
b. convection
c. radiation
d. none of these
ii. At what factor heat absorbed on radiation by the body depends on?
a. distance between body
b. source of heat
c. its color
d. all of the above
iii. When heat is transferred by molecular collision, it is referred to as heat transfer by:
a. convection
b. conduction
c. radiation
d. convection and radiation
iv. Thermal conductivity of air with rise in temperature:
a. increase
b. decrease
c. constant
d. none of these
v. Mass transfer does not take place in-
a. conduction
b. convection
c. radiation
d. none of these
69. Read the case study given below and answer any four subparts: [5]
If a person puts an ice cube into a glass of warm lemon juice and later forgets to drink it, then after a while, the
person will notice that the ice has melted but the temperature of the lemonade has cooled. This is because the
total amount of heat in the system has remained the same, but has just reached an equilibrium, where both the ice

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cube and the lemon juice are at the same temperatures. The lemon juice will eventually become warmer again
when the heat from the environment is transferred to the glass itself.

i. Zeroth law leads to the concept of:-

a. heat
b. temperature
c. internal energy
d. work
ii. A thermos bottle containing coffee is vigorously shaken. If coffee is considered as a system, then the
temperature of coffee will
a. same
b. decrease
c. increase
d. none of these
iii. Internal energy of the system increases by 60 J when 140 J of heat is added to the gaseous system. The
amount of work done is:
1. 80 J
2. 100 J
3. 120 J
4. 240 J
iv. The First Law of Thermodynamics tell us
a. The energy in the universe is getting larger
b. The energy in the universe is getting smaller
c. The energy in the universe is constant
d. none of these
v. In a thermal process, the pressure of a fixed mass of a gas is changed in such a manner that the gas molecules
give out the heat of 30J and work of 10J is done on the gas. If the initial internal energy of the gas was 40 J,
then the final internal energy will be?

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 a. 20 J
b. 30 J
c. 40 J
d. 60 J
70. Read the case study given below and answer any four subparts: [5]
In a small but crowded room, we start to feel very warm and will start sweating. Heat from our body is
transferred to the sweat. As the sweat absorbs more and more heat, it evaporates from your body, becoming more
disordered and transferring heat to the air, which heats up the air temperature of the room. Many sweating
people in a crowded room, that acts as 'closed system' will quickly start heating things up.

i. By the first law of thermodynamics:

i. Q = ΔE - W
ii. Q = ΔE + W
iii. Q = -ΔE - W
iv. none of these
ii. Which of the following can be considered as the definition of energy?
a. Q = ΔE + W
b. first law of thermodynamics
c. both a and b
d. none of these
iii. Internal energy is defined by:
a. Zeroth law of thermodynamics
b. first law of thermodynamics
c. Second law of thermodynamics
d. none of these
iv. When a system is in equilibrium, any change in entropy would be:
a. maximum
b. zero
c. positive
d. negative
v. The second law of thermodynamics defines:
a. Heat
b. Work
c. energy
d. enthalpy

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