ArrayList
ArrayList: The ArrayLists adjusts its size automatically when an element is added or
removed. Hence, it is also known as a Dynamic Array.
ArrayList<Type> arrList = new ArrayList<>();
Adding Primitive Data Types: ArrayList can only store objects. To use primitive data
types, we have to convert them to objects.
In Java, Wrapper Classes are can be used to convert primitive types (int, char, float, etc) into
corresponding objects.
Autoboxing: The conversion of primitive types into their corresponding wrapper class
objects is called Autoboxing.
Unboxing: The conversion of wrapper class objects into their corresponding primitive types
is called Unboxing.
Method Syntax Usage
add() arrList.add(ind used to add a single element to the ArrayList.
ex, element);
get() arrList.get(inde used to access an element from an ArrayList.
x);
set() arrList.set(inde used to replace or modify an element in the
x, element); ArrayList.
remove(i arrList.remove( removes the element at the specified position, i.e
ndex) index); index, in the ArrayList.
remove( arrayList.remo removes the first occurrence of the specified element
object) ve(obj); from the ArrayList if it is present. Remains
unchanged if not present
clear() arrList.clear() It completely removes all of the elements from the
ArrayList.
size() arrList.size() used to find the size of an ArrayList.
indexOf() arrList.indexOf( returns the index of the first occurrence of the
obj); specified element in the ArrayList. Returns -1 if not
present
Iterating over an ArrayList: Similar to iterating over an array, we can use the loops to iterate
over an ArrayList.
ArrayList<String> players = new ArrayList<>();
players.add(0, "Bryant");
players.add("Wade");
for (String name : players)
System.out.println(name);
}
// Output is:
Bryant
Wade
ArrayList Concatenation: The addAll() method is used to concatenate two ArrayLists.
This method appends the second ArrayList to the end of the first ArrayList.
ArrayList<Integer> arrList1 = new ArrayList<>();
arrList1.add(5);
arrList1.add(10);
ArrayList<Integer> arrList2 = new ArrayList<>();
arrList2.add(25);
arrList2.add(30);
arrList1.addAll(arrList2);
System.out.println(arrList1);
// Output is:
[5, 10, 25, 30]
ArrayList Slicing: The subList() method is used for slicing of ArrayLists. It works
similar to the copyOfRange() method in Arrays.
ArrayList<Integer> arrList = new ArrayList<>();
arrList.add(5);
arrList.add(10);
arrList.add(15);
arrList.add(20);
ArrayList<Integer> subArrList = new
ArrayList<>(arrList.subList(1, 3));
System.out.println(subArrList);
// Output is:
[10, 15]
Conversion between Arrays and ArrayLists:
Arrays.asList() method is used to convert Array to ArrayList
Arrays.asList(arr);
toArray() method of ArrayList is used to convert ArrayList into an Array
arrList.toArray(arr);
Frequency of an Element: The Collections.frequency() method is used to find the frequency
with which an element occurs in the given ArrayList.
Integer[] arr = {3, 6, 2, 1, 2};
ArrayList<Integer> arrList= new
ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(arr));
int frequency = Collections.frequency(arrList, (Integer)2);
System.out.println(frequency); // 2
Reversing ArrayLists: We can reverse an ArrayList by using the Collections.reverse() method.
Interger[] arr = {1, 2, 3, 4};
ArrayList<Integer> arrList = new
ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(arr));
Collections.reverse(arrList);
System.out.println(arrList); // [4, 3, 2, 1]
Sorting an ArrayList: The Collections.sort() method can be used to sort the given
ArrayList in two different ways
Ascending order
Integer[] arr = {3, 6, 2, 1};
ArrayList<Integer> arrList= new
ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(arr));
Collections.sort(arrList);
System.out.println(arrList); // [1, 2, 3, 6]
Descending order: An ArrayList can be sorted in descending order by passing the
argument Collection.reverseOrder() to the Collections.sort() method.
Integer[] arr = {3, 6, 2, 1};
ArrayList<Integer> arrList= new
ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(arr));
Collections.sort(arrList, Collections.reverseOrder());
System.out.println(arrList); // [6, 3, 2, 1]
HashSet
HashSet: The HashSet is also an unordered collection of elements. The HashSet stores
only unique elements and duplicate elements are not allowed.
HashSet<Type> hset = new HashSet<>();
Method Syntax Usage
add() hset.add(element); to add a single element to the HashSet.
remove() hset.remove(element removes an element from the HashSet.
);
clear() hset.clear() removes all the elements from a HashSet.
contains( hset.contains(elemen checks if an element is present in a given
) t); HashSet.
size() hset.size() used to find the size of a HashSet.
Iterating Over a HashSet: Similar to iterating over an Array or ArrayList, we can use the
for-each loop to iterate over a HashSet.
HashSet<String> players = new HashSet<>();
players.add("Rahul");
players.add("Rohit");
players.add("Virat");
players.add("Sachin");
for (String name : players)
System.out.println(name);
// Output is:
Rohit
Rahul
Virat
Sachin
HashSet Operations
Union: The addAll() method can be used to perform the union of two sets.
Syntax: hset1.addAll(hset2);
HashSet<Integer> hset1 = new HashSet<>();
HashSet<Integer> hset2 = new HashSet<>();
hset1.add(3);
hset1.add(32);
hset1.add(8);
hset2.add(8);
hset2.add(32);
hset2.add(30);
hset1.addAll(hset2);
System.out.println(hset1);
// Output is:
on: [32, 3, 8, 30]
Intersection: The retainAll() method can be used to perform the intersection of two sets.
Syntax: hset1.retainAll(hset2);
HashSet<Integer> hset1 = new HashSet<>();
HashSet<Integer> hset2 = new HashSet<>();
hset1.add(3);
hset1.add(32);
hset1.add(8);
hset2.add(8);
hset2.add(32);
hset2.add(30);
hset1.retainAll(hset2);
System.out.println(hset1);
// Output is:
[32, 8]
Difference: The removeAll() method can be used to find the difference between two sets.
Syntax: hset1.removeAll(hset2);
HashSet<Integer> hset1 = new HashSet<>();
HashSet<Integer> hset2 = new HashSet<>();
hset1.add(3);
hset1.add(32);
hset1.add(8);
hset2.add(8);
hset2.add(24);
hset2.add(30);
hset1.removeAll(hset2);
System.out.println(hset1);
//Output is:
[32, 3]
SuperSet: A superset of any given set is defined as the set which contains all the elements
present in the given set.
The containsAll() can be used to check if the given set is the superset of any other set.
hset1.containsAll(hset2);
Here, containsAll() checks if all the elements in hset2 are present in hset1, i.e, it
checks if hset1 is a superset of hset2.
Subset: A subset of any given set is defined as the set which contains atleast one element
present in the given set.
The containsAll() can also be used to check if the given set is the subset of any other
set.
hset2.containsAll(hset1);
Here, containsAll() checks if all the elements in hset1 are present in hset2, i.e, it
checks if hset1 is a subset of hset2.
Converting to ArrayList: Conversion of HashSet to an ArrayList is done by passing the
HashSet as an argument to the constructor of ArrayList.
ArrayList<Type> arrList = new ArrayList<>(hset);
HashMap
HashMap: The HashMap is also an unordered collection of elements. HashMap stores the
data in key/value pairs. Here, keys should be unique and a value is mapped with the key.
HashMap can have duplicate values.
HashMap<KeyType, ValueType> hmap = new HashMap<>();
Method Syntax Usage
put() hmap.put(key, used to add/update an element to the HashMap.
value);
get() hmap.get(key); used to access the value mapped with a specified
key in a HashMap.
replace() hmap.replace(key replaces the old value of the specified key with the
, newValue); new value.
remove() hmap.remove(key used to remove an element from a HashMap.
);
clear() hmap.clear(); to remove all the elements from a HashMap.
keySet() hmap.keySet(); returns a HashSet of all the keys of a HashMap.
values() hmap.values(); to get all the values mapped to the keys in a
HashMap.
entrySet( hmap.entrySet(); used to get the elements of a HashMap.
size() hmap.size(); used to find the size of a HashMap.
contains hmap.containsKe It returns true if the HashMap contains the
Key() y(key); specified key. Otherwise false is returned.
contains hmap.containsVa It returns true if the HashMap contains the
Value() lue(value); specified value. Otherwise false is returned.
putAll() hmap2.putAll(hm used to copy all the elements from a HashMap to
ap1); another HashMap.
Iterating a HashMap
HashMap<String, Integer> playersScore = new HashMap<>();
playersScore.put("Robert", 145);
playersScore.put("James", 121);
playersScore.put("Antony", 136);
playersScore.put("John", 78);
for (Map.Entry<String, Integer> entry :
playersScore.entrySet())
System.out.printf("%s:%d\n", entry.getKey(),
entry.getValue());
// Output is:
James:121
Robert:145
John:78
Antony:136
Math Methods
Methods Description
pow() It calculates the exponents and returns the result.
round() It rounds the specified value to the closest int or long value and returns
it.
min() Returns the numerically lesser number between the two given numbers.
max() Returns the numerically greater number between the two given
numbers.
abs() Returns the absolute value of the given number
Type Conversions
Type Conversion: Type conversion is a process of converting the value of one data type (int,
char, float, etc.) to another data type.
Java provides two types of type conversion :
Implicit Type Conversion
Explicit Type Conversion (Type Casting)
Implicit Type Conversion: Java compiler automatically converts one data type to another
data type. This process is called Implicit type conversion.
int value1 = 10;
float value2 = value1;
System.out.println(value1); // 10
System.out.println(value2); // 10.0
Explicit Type Conversion: In Explicit Type Conversion, programmers change the data type of
a value to the desired data type.
This type of conversion is also called Type Casting since the programmer changes the
data type.
float x = 10.0f;
System.out.println((int)x); // 10
Type Conversion using Methods
Converting any Primitive Type to String: Any data type can be converted to String using the
string method valueOf().
int num = 2;
float floatNum = 2.34f;
char ch = 'a';
System.out.println(String.valueOf(num)); // 2
System.out.println(String.valueOf(floatNum)); // 2.34
System.out.println(String.valueOf(ch)); // a
We may also use the toString() method of the corresponding wrapper class to convert
primitive data types to String.
Example 1:
int a = 10;
String str = Integer.toString(a);
System.out.println(str); // 10
Example 2:
char a = 'A';
String str = Character.toString(a);
System.out.println(str); // A
Converting String to any Primitive Type: We can convert String to int in Java using
Integer.parseInt() method.
String str = "21";
int num = Integer.parseInt(str);
System.out.println(num); // 21
Similarly, for other primitive data types as given the table below,
Primitive Data Type Syntax
byte Byte.parseByte()
short Short.parseShort()
int Integer.parseInt()
long Long.parseLong()
float Float.parseFloat()
double Double.parseDouble()
boolean Boolean.parseBoolean()
Converting char to int: We can convert char to int in Java using
Character.getNumericValue() method.
char ch = '3';
int num = Character.getNumericValue(ch);
System.out.println(num); // 3
Converting int to char: We can convert int to char in Java using
Character.forDigit() method.
int num = 3;
char ch = Character.forDigit(num, 10);
System.out.println(ch); // 3
Getting Unicode Value of a Character: Using Explicit Type Conversion, we convert char to
unicode value of type int.
char ch = 'A';
System.out.println((int)ch); // 65
Getting Character Representation of a Unicode Value: we have to explicitly typecast the int
value to char.
int unicodeValue = 65;
char ch = (char)unicodeValue;
System.out.println(ch); // A
