OSI Model Layers (7 Layers)
"Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away"
1. P - Physical Layer (Layer 1)
2. D - Data Link Layer (Layer 2)
3. N - Network Layer (Layer 3)
4. T - Transport Layer (Layer 4)
5. S - Session Layer (Layer 5)
6. P - Presentation Layer (Layer 6)
7. A - Application Layer (Layer 7)
TCP/IP Model Layers (4 Layers)
"All Teachers In Class"
1. A - Application Layer
2. T - Transport Layer
3. I - Internet Layer
4. C - Link Layer
OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection Model)
The OSI Model is a conceptual framework used to understand and implement networking protocols
in seven distinct layers. Each layer serves a specific purpose in the transmission of data between
devices on a network.
1. Application Layer (Layer 7):
• Function: This layer provides network services directly to the user. It facilitates end-user
services such as email, file transfer, and web browsing.
• Protocols: Examples include HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and DNS.
2. Presentation Layer (Layer 6):
• Function: It translates data between the application layer and the network. It handles data
format translation, encryption, and compression.
• Key Features: Ensures that data is in a usable format for the application layer.
3. Session Layer (Layer 5):
• Function: Manages sessions between applications. It establishes, maintains, and terminates
connections between applications.
• Key Features: Provides session checkpointing and recovery methods.
4. Transport Layer (Layer 4):
• Function: Responsible for end-to-end communication and error recovery. It segments data
into manageable units and ensures complete data transfer.
• Protocols: Examples include TCP (connection-oriented) and UDP (connectionless).
5. Network Layer (Layer 3):
• Function: Manages logical addressing and routing of packets between devices across
different networks. It determines the best path for data transmission.
• Protocols: Examples include IP (Internet Protocol) and ICMP (Internet Control Message
Protocol).
6. Data Link Layer (Layer 2):
• Function: Responsible for node-to-node data transfer and error detection/correction. It
frames data for transmission over physical media.
• Protocols: Examples include Ethernet and PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol).
7. Physical Layer (Layer 1):
• Function: Deals with the physical connection between devices. It transmits raw binary data
over physical media (cables, switches).
• Key Features: Defines electrical, mechanical, and procedural characteristics for transmitting
data.
Advantages of the OSI Model:
• Standardization: Provides a universal framework for networking, facilitating interoperability
between different systems and devices.
• Modularity: Each layer is independent, allowing changes and upgrades without affecting the
entire network.
• Troubleshooting: Simplifies network troubleshooting by allowing users to isolate issues to
specific layers.
TCP/IP Model (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Model)
The TCP/IP Model is a more streamlined framework consisting of four layers, which were developed
to standardize internet communications. It is less rigid than the OSI model but widely adopted for its
practicality.
1. Application Layer:
• Function: Combines the functions of the OSI model’s application, presentation, and session
layers. It provides protocols for data communication services.
• Protocols: Examples include HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and DNS.
2. Transport Layer:
• Function: Ensures reliable or unreliable delivery of messages, managing segmentation, flow
control, and error correction.
• Protocols: Includes TCP (providing reliable communication) and UDP (providing faster, less
reliable communication).
3. Internet Layer:
• Function: Responsible for addressing and routing packets of data. It defines the protocols
used to send data across networks.
• Protocols: Key protocols include IP (providing addressing), ICMP, and ARP (Address
Resolution Protocol).
4. Link Layer:
• Function: Combines the functions of the OSI model's physical and data link layers. It deals
with the hardware addressing and physical transmission of data.
• Protocols: Includes Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and PPP.
Advantages of the TCP/IP Model:
• Simplicity: The model is less complex than OSI, making it easier to implement and
understand.
• Flexibility: Allows for a wide range of protocols and technologies to coexist, adapting to new
networking requirements.
• Robustness: Designed to handle a variety of networking scenarios, making it the backbone of
the Internet.
Parameters OSI Model TCP/IP Model
TCP/IP stands for
OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection Transmission Control
Full Form Protocol/Internet Protocol
Layers It has 7 layers It has 4 layers
Usage It is low in usage It is mostly used
Approach It is vertically approached It is horizontally approached
Parameters OSI Model TCP/IP Model
Delivery of the package is
Delivery of the package is guaranteed in OSI
not guaranteed in TCP/IP
Model
Delivery Model
Replacement of tools and changes can easily be Replacing the tools is not
Replacement done in this model easy as it is in OSI Model
It is more reliable than OSI
It is less reliable than TCP/IP Model
Reliability Model
Not tied to specific protocols, but examples
include HTTP (Application), SSL/TLS HTTP, FTP, TCP, UDP, IP,
Protocol (Presentation), TCP (Transport), IP (Network), Ethernet
Example Ethernet (Data Link)
Error Handling Built into Data Link and Transport layers Built into protocols like TCP
Both connection-oriented (TCP) and
TCP (connection-oriented),
Connection connectionless (UDP) protocols are covered at
UDP (connectionless)
Orientation the Transport layer
Synchronous Transmission:
1. Definition: Synchronous transmission is a method of data transfer where data is sent in a
continuous stream, synchronized with a clock signal. Both the sender and receiver must be in
sync to ensure that data is sent and received at the correct intervals.
2. How it Works: In synchronous transmission, data is sent in large blocks or frames without
start and stop bits for each byte. Instead, synchronization is maintained using a clock signal.
The sender and receiver rely on this clock to agree on when to send and read the data.
3. Advantages:
o Efficiency: More efficient than asynchronous transmission because it eliminates the
need for extra bits for start and stop signals, allowing higher data transfer rates.
o Suitability for Large Data Transfers: Ideal for transferring large volumes of data, such
as in high-speed networks.
4. Disadvantages:
o Complexity: Requires both sender and receiver to maintain precise synchronization,
which can complicate the design.
o Cost: More costly in terms of hardware and setup due to the need for
synchronization mechanisms.
Asynchronous Transmission:
1. Definition: Asynchronous transmission is a method of data transfer where data is sent one
byte or character at a time, without the need for a synchronized clock signal. Each byte is
framed with start and stop bits to indicate the beginning and end of the byte.
2. How it Works: In asynchronous transmission, the sender transmits data when it is ready, and
each byte of data is accompanied by a start bit and one or more stop bits. The receiver reads
the bits as they arrive, using the start and stop bits to identify the boundaries of each byte.
3. Advantages:
o Simplicity: Easier to implement since it does not require synchronization between
sender and receiver.
o Flexibility: Allows data to be sent at irregular intervals, making it suitable for
applications where data is generated sporadically.
4. Disadvantages:
o Overhead: The need for start and stop bits increases the overhead, resulting in lower
data transfer efficiency.
o Speed: Generally slower than synchronous transmission due to the additional bits
and irregular timing of data transmission.
Synchronous Transmission Asynchronous Transmission
In Asynchronous transmission, data
In Synchronous transmission, data
is sent in form of bytes or
is sent in form of blocks or frames.
characters.
Synchronous Transmission Asynchronous Transmission
Synchronous transmission is fast. Asynchronous transmission is slow.
Asynchronous transmission is
Synchronous transmission is costly.
economical.
In Synchronous transmission, the In Asynchronous transmission, the
time interval of transmission is time interval of transmission is not
constant. constant, it is random.
In this transmission, users have to Here, users do not have to wait for
wait till the transmission is the completion of transmission in
complete before getting a response order to get a response from the
back from the server. server.
In Asynchronous transmission,
In Synchronous transmission, there
there is a gap present between
is no gap present between data.
data.
While in Asynchronous
Efficient use of transmission lines is transmission, the transmission line
done in synchronous transmission. remains empty during a gap in
character transmission.
The start and stop bits are used in
The start and stop bits are not used
transmitting data that imposes
in transmitting data.
extra overhead.
Asynchronous transmission does
Synchronous transmission needs not need synchronized clocks as
precisely synchronized clocks for parity bit is used in this
the information of new bytes. transmission for information of
new bytes.
Errors are detected and corrected Errors are detected and corrected
in real time. when the data is received.
Synchronous Transmission Asynchronous Transmission
High latency due to processing time
Low latency due to real-time
and waiting for data to become
communication.
available.
Examples: Telephonic
Examples: Email, File
conversations, Video conferencing,
transfer,Online forms.
Online gaming.
