Planning and Administration of Networks Network devices

Ing. Angel Céspedes Quiroz

Transceiver
In some cases, the type of connector of the NIC does not match the type of media with which
that you must connect.
The transceiver converts one type of signal or connector into another (e.g., to convert signals
electrical into optical signals).
It is considered a Layer 1 device, since it only analyzes the bits and nothing else.
information about the address or higher level protocols.
Repeaters
A repeater is a simple device that regenerates a signal that passes through the network.
in such a way that the transmission distance of said signal can be extended. The farther
as data travels through a network, the signal carrying that data packet becomes weaker. The
repeaters repeat (regenerate) data packets, and in this way, neither the number of packets
that pass through said repeaters, nor does the distance they travel have any effect on the
signal quality. Repeaters are also used to connect two LANs of the same type
of the network (for example Ethernet to Ethernet) and operate at layer 1 of the OSI reference model.
Hubs or concentrators
Hubs are actually multiport repeaters. In many cases, the difference between the two
devices hinges on the number of ports that each one has. While a repeater
Conventional has only two ports, a hub usually has four to twenty-four.
ports.
The use of a hub changes the network topology from a linear bus, where each
The device connects directly to the cable, in a star configuration. In a hub, the data that
They arrive at a hub port and are transmitted electrically to all other ports.
connected to the same network segment, except for the port from where the data was sent.
This means that the LAN uses multiple access mediums. The ports use a method of
shared bandwidth and often decrease their performance on the LAN due to the
collisions and recovery. Although multiple hubs can be interconnected, they
they remain as a single domain of collisions.
Hubs are cheaper than switches.
Modems
Modem: modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information and demodulates it.
carrier signal to decode the transmitted information. A voice band modem
converts the digital signals produced by a computer into voice frequencies that are
they can transmit over the analog lines of the public telephone network. On the other
the end of the connection, another modem converts the sounds back into a digital signal for
that enters a computer or a network connection. The fastest modems, for
for example, cable modems and DSL modems transmit using frequencies.
broadband greater.
Bridges
Sometimes, it is necessary to divide a large LAN into smaller segments that are more
easy to manage. This reduces the amount of traffic on a single LAN and can extend the
geographical area beyond what a single LAN can accommodate. The devices that are used
to connect network segments are bridges, switches, routers, and gateways. The switches
and bridges operate at the data link layer of the OSI reference model. The function
The bridge is to make smart decisions regarding whether to pass signals to the segment or not.
next from the network.
Switches
A switch is sometimes described as a multiport bridge. While a typical bridge
It can have only two ports that link two network segments, the switch can have several.
ports, depending on the number of network segments that need to be connected. Just like the
bridges, switches learn certain information about the data packets that are
receive from the different computers on the network. The switches use that information to
create shipping tables to determine the destination of the data being sent from a
computer to another on the network.
A switch receives a frame and regenerates each bit of the frame at the appropriate destination port.
This device is used to segment a network into multiple collision domains.
difference from the hub, a switch reduces collisions in a LAN. Each port of the switch creates a
individual collision domain. This creates a point-to-point logical topology on the device
from each port. Furthermore, a switch provides dedicated bandwidth at each port and thus

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Network Planning and Management Network devices
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increases the performance of a LAN. The switch of a LAN can also be used to
interconnect network segments of different speeds.
Routers
The router (a calque from the English 'router'), is a device
network interconnection hardware that operates at layer three (network layer).
A router is a device for interconnecting computer networks that allows
ensure the routing of packets between networks or determine the best route to take
data package.
A router is a computer, just like any other computer; even a PC.
first router, used for the Network of the Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPANET) was the Interface Message Processor (IMP). The IMP was a minicomputer.
Honeywell 316; this computer gave rise to ARPANET on August 30, 1969.
Routers have many of the same hardware and software components that are
they are found on other computers, among them:
CPU
RAM
ROM
Operating system
Routers have connectors
physicals that are used for
to manage the router. These
connectors are known as
administration ports. A
difference of serial interfaces
and Ethernet, the ports of
management is not used for the
package delivery. The most common management port is the console port. The port
The console is used to connect a terminal, or more frequently a PC that runs a
terminal emulator software, to configure the router without the need for network access
for that router. The console port should be used during the initial configuration of the router.
Another management port is the auxiliary port. Not all routers have a port.
auxiliary. Sometimes the auxiliary port can be used in similar ways to the console port.
It can also be used to connect a modem. Auxiliary ports will not be used in this.
study course.
Each interface on a router is a member or host in a different IP network. Each interface must be
configure with an IP address and a subnet mask from a different network.
Router interfaces can be divided into two main groups:
LAN interfaces, such as Ethernet and FastEthernet
WAN interfaces, such as serial, ISDN, and Frame Relay

Network Interface Cards (NIC)

A network card allows communication with devices connected to each other and also allows
share resources between two or more computers (hard drives, CD-ROMs, printers, etc). A
Network cards are also called network adapters or NIC (Network Interface Card).
Network interface card in Spanish). There are various types of adapters based on the type of
wiring or architecture used in the network (thin coaxial, thick coaxial, Token Ring, etc.)
but currently the most common is of the Ethernet type using an RJ-45 interface or connector.
Although the term network card is usually associated with an expansion card inserted into a
internal slot of a computer or printer, it is often used to refer to
embedded devices (from English embebed) on the motherboard of the equipment, such as interfaces
present in the Xbox video console or notebooks.
Features to consider:
Speed of connection. (10/100/1000)
Megabits per second.
Type of connection (ISA, PCI, PDI Express)
PCMCIA, USB
Connectors and Topology (BNC, RJ45)
Wake-On-LAN (WOL)
Status indicators (LED) (Connection,
network activity

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Full-duplex support (to double the communication speed)

Compatible standards. (Novell NE, Ethernet, IEEE 802.x…)
LAN Drivers (Operating systems in which it works)

Wireless components
Antennas
An antenna is a device designed with the purpose of emitting or receiving waves.
electromagnetic waves into free space. A transmitting antenna transforms voltages into waves.
electromagnetic, and a receiver performs the inverse function.
There is great diversity in types of antennas, depending on the use they are intended for.
intended. In some cases, they must expand the radiated power as much as possible, that is, not
they must be directives (example: a commercial radio station or a base station of
mobile phones), other times they must be so to channel the power in one direction and not
interfering with other services (antennas between radio link stations). It is also an antenna.
the one integrated into the laptop to connect to Wi-Fi networks.
Wireless network antennas can be divided into three types:
Directional antennas (or directive).- They direct the signal in
a very specific direction with a narrow beam but
long-range. A directional antenna acts in a
similar to a bulb that emits a specific and narrow beam
but of form intense (more scope).
Directional antennas "send" the information to a
certain coverage area, at a determined angle, by the
which has a greater reach, however outside the area
nothing can be 'heard' from the coverage, it is not possible
establish communication between the interlocutors.
The range of a directional antenna is determined by a combination of the
dBi of the antenna gain, the emission power of the transmitting access point and the
receiver access point reception sensitivity.
Omnidirectional antennas.- They orient the signal in all directions.
directions with a wide beam but short range. If a
Directional antenna would be like a spotlight, an antenna
omnidirectional would be like a bulb emitting light in
all directions but with an intensity lower than that of a
focus is to say with minor scope.
Omnidirectional antennas "send" the information
theoretically at 360 degrees so it is possible to establish
communication regardless of the point at which it is
it. In contrast, the range of these antennas is smaller than that of the antennas
directionals.
The range of an omnidirectional antenna is determined by a combination of
the dBi gain of the antenna, the emission power of the transmitting access point and
the reception sensitivity of the receiving access point. At the same dBi, an antenna
Sector or directional will provide better coverage than an omnidirectional.
Sector antennas.- They are the mix of directional antennas.
and the omnidirectional ones. The sector antennas emit a beam
wider than a directional but not as wide as a
omnidirectional. The intensity (range) of the sectorial antenna
is greater than the omnidirectional but somewhat less than the
Directional. Continuing with the example of light, an antenna
sectorial would be like a wide-angle spotlight, that is, with a
do of light more wide of the normal.
To have 360º coverage (like an antenna
omnidirectional) and a long range (like an antenna
directional) we should install either three 120º sector antennas or four antennas
80º sector antennas. Sector antennas are usually more expensive than antennas
directional or omnidirectional.

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Vertical opening and horizontal opening

The aperture is how much the antenna beam is "opened." The beam emitted or received by an antenna.
it has a specifically vertical opening and another specifically horizontal opening.
Regarding horizontal coverage, an omnidirectional antenna will work
horizontally in all directions, that is to say, its
The opening will be 360º. A directional antenna.
it will oscillate between 4º and 40º and an antenna
The sector will oscillate between 90º and 180º.
The vertical opening must be taken into account if
there is a lot of unevenness between the points to be joined
wirelessly. If the unevenness is significant, the
the antenna must have a wide vertical opening.
In general, antennas with more gain (power
so to speak) less openness
vertical. In directional antennas, therefore
general, they usually have the same vertical and horizontal openings.
Directional antennas are often used to connect two points over long distances while
that omnidirectional antennas are commonly used to provide extensive signal in the
surroundings. Sector antennas are usually used when a balance is needed.
two things, that is to say, reaching long distances and at the same time, to a wide area.
If you need to provide wireless network coverage in an entire nearby area (one floor of a building)
or a park for example) it is most likely that it will use an omnidirectional antenna. If it has
to provide wireless network coverage in a very specific point (for example, a PC that is
fairly far) will use a directional antenna, finally, if it needs to provide wide coverage and to
the long-distance time, will use sector antennas.

Wireless Network Card (Wireless NIC) WIFI Antenna

Like an Ethernet NIC, the wireless NIC uses modulation technique for which it is
configured and encodes a data stream within the RF signal. The wireless NICs are
they are more frequently associated with mobile devices, such as laptops. In the
In the nineties, wireless NICs for laptops were cards that
slid into the PCMCIA slot. PCMCIA wireless NICs are now less
common, many manufacturers began to incorporate the wireless NIC within the
laptop. Unlike the 802.3 Ethernet interfaces built into PCs, the
Wireless NIC is not visible, as it is not necessary to connect a cable to it.
There are also many USB options available to quickly set up a
computer, whether portable or desktop, with or without wireless NIC.

Wireless access points

An access point connects wireless clients (or stations) to the wired LAN.
customer devices generally do not communicate directly with each other; they
they communicate with the AP. Essentially, an access point converts TCP/IP data packets
from its encapsulation format in 802.11 air to the Ethernet 802.3 frame format in
the wired Ethernet network.
An access point is a Layer 2 device that functions as an Ethernet 802.3 hub.
RF is a shared medium and access points listen to all radio traffic
(frequency). Just like with Ethernet 802.3, devices attempting to use the medium
they compete for it. Unlike Ethernet NICs, however, it is expensive to produce NICs.
wireless devices that can transmit and receive information simultaneously, so that the
radio devices do not detect collisions. Instead, WLAN devices are
designed to avoid them.

Wireless routers
Wireless routers are actually three or four devices in one box. First, there is the
wireless access point, which performs the typical functions of an access point. A
four-port full-duplex integrated switch, 10/100 provides connectivity to the
wired connected devices. It functions as a router providing a gateway for
connect to other network infrastructures. And finally, in the case of DSL routers, they incorporate
also a DSL MODEM.

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This type of router is more frequently used as a wireless access device in

residences or small businesses. The expected load on the device is sufficient
small enough to manage the provision of WLAN, 802.3 Ethernet, and connect to an ISP.

Other devices used in wireless networks

Repeaters. They repeat the wireless signal and increase the broadcast range of a signal.
WLAN.
Amplifiers. They increase the amplitude of the wireless signal.
Spectrum analyzers. Analyzes the 2.4GHz spectrum to determine the configuration.
optimal of a wireless team.
Power Over Ethernet. This technology allows you to deliver electrical power to a device at
through the network cable.

Wifi Sensor. Device that searches for existing wireless networks in the environment.
3G Router. They are used to share 3G mobile internet.

Factors influencing the wireless signal:

Transmitter antenna power is found in the technical specifications, it is measured in
dBm (decibels relative to a reference level of 1 milliwatt -mW-, that is, 1
mW is equal to O dBm and each time the milliwatts double, 3 is added to the
decibels). The maximum radiation emitted by an antenna (which can end very by
above the input watts depending on the gain) that the U.S. accepts is 1
watt, equivalent to 30 dBm. In Europe, it is only 250 mW or 24 dBm.
Receiver antenna sensitivity. Indicates the signal power that it can capture.
receiver, is indicated in negative units, for example, -110 dBm would indicate that it is
capable of detecting signals of 0.00000000000001 w.
Signal loss in the cable. In all cables, there is signal loss, and the more
fine is more signal is lost. Approximately 1 dB for every 0.5 meters if the pigtail (cable
coaxial) is thin or 1 dB every 5 meters if it is thick.
Signal loss in the connectors. Estimation 0.5 dB per connector, 1 dB for
connection.
Antenna gain (difference between input power and output power), is
measured in decibels, expressed as dBi or decibels relative to isotropic antennaiIt is
to say that an antenna is highly directional when it has a high gain and,
it is more omnidirectional otherwise.
Loss in the air. The reasons for this loss of signal in the air are that the waves
they disperse in proportion to the square of the distance they travel and that the
air absorbs part of the signal's strength,
Interferences: Atmospheric factors, such as snow, rain, or hail, can
interfere with the signal. It is a fact to consider when wanting to make links.
wireless outdoors.
The Wifi signal suffers three types of interferences that should be avoided as much as possible.
possible. One, the objects that obstruct the signal, such as walls or furniture. Two, the
that modify the signal, mainly metallic objects. And third, those that compete with
our signal and they are all the devices that use the frequency of 2.4 GHz, such as
microwaves or mobile phones.
Line of sight: The signal needs direct vision to communicate well. If
there are obstacles in the line of sight, the connection cannot be made. The transmission
WiFi is only valid for links with line of sight. Although it is possible indoors.
taking advantage of the signal bounces off walls or other objects could
get a wireless link.

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That is to say, it is advisable to place the device in an open and moderately elevated location;
far from the ground and from thick windows or walls. Never inside a piece of furniture or surrounded
of metallic objects, as they considerably affect the signal.
Example:
Transmitter
Transmitter output power 10 dBm +
Cable loss 1 dB -
Antenna gain 15 dBi +
Propagation
Loss of free space 50 dB -
Receptor
Antenna gain 10 dBi +
Loss of cable 2 dB -
Receptor sensitivity -30 dBm -
Total 12 dB >0 works

CSU/DSU
CSU/DSU: digital lines, for example T1 or T3 carrier lines, need a unit
channel service unit (CSU) and a data service unit (DSU)
service unit). Often, the two are found combined in a single piece of equipment,
CSU/DSU call. The CSU provides the termination for the digital signal and ensures that the
connection integrity through error correction and line monitoring. The DSU
convert the bearer line T frames into frames that the LAN can interpret and
vice versa.

Proxy
A proxy, in a computer network, is a program or device that performs an action in
representation of another, that is, if a hypothetical machine A requests a resource from machine C, it will do so.
through a request to b; C will then not know that the request originally came from a. Its
the most common purpose is that of a proxy server, which serves to allow access to the Internet to
all the teams of an organization when only one team can be available
connected, that is, a single IP address.
The word proxy is used in situations where an intermediary makes sense. The most common use
common is the proxy server, which is a computer that intercepts network connections that
a client makes a request to a destination server. Among them, the most famous is the web proxy server
(commonly known simply as "proxy"). It intercepts clients' browsing.
web pages, for various possible reasons: security, performance, anonymity, etc.

Firewall
A firewall is a hardware or software element used in a
computer network to control communications, allowing or prohibiting them
according to the network policies defined by the organization responsible for the network. It allows
to protect a network from the entry of viruses or any malicious files from the Internet, but it is not
100% reliable since it needs to be configured for better protection.

Server
A software application or program that performs certain tasks for the benefit of others
client called applications.
DNS servers are responsible for providing us with the IP address of a specific
domain name, team or from the name indicates the IP. It is equivalent to the
The phone book tells us the number of a certain name. This information is
maintained in a distributed manner across multiple machines throughout the network, the information
is stored in text files.
WINS Server Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) servers
dynamically assigns IP addresses to computer names (NetBIOS names). This
allows users to access resources through the name of the team in
place through the IP address. If you want the team to track
the names and IP addresses of other devices on the network, set it up as a server
WINS. That is, it is the equivalent of the DNS server but with a Windows name.

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Network Planning and Management Network devices
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DHCP servers are responsible for assigning IP addresses to computers or devices.

that are configured to request a dynamic IP. These servers assign
normally ip, subnet mask, dns servers, gateways. The ip addresses are assigned
within certain ranges randomly although it usually remains the same
ip to the same team.
HTTP servers are machines where web pages reside and that serve the
customer requests (browsers), the http protocol is the most common for the
information exchange on the WWW.
FTP servers (File Transfer Protocol) are computers that provide a service for
file transfer: sending, downloading, creating directories.
AAA servers, whose initials stand for authorization, authentication, and accounting
(log records) are used for greater security in access within a network.
When a request is made to establish a session from a client
external, this request is sent to server AAA and carries out the following tasks:
Ask who you are (authentication)
What can you do (authorization)
What do you do while you are connected (accounting)?
These servers are used, for example, in ADSL connections, where it is common.
use a username and password, which are sent by the PPP protocol to a device
access, which in turn uses a protocol (RADIUS, or similar) to verify against
an AAA server.

Structured cabling
One of the first actions that the network designer takes to select the equipment and
The design of the new network is to examine the facilities and the wiring of the current network. The
facilities include the physical environment, the telecommunications room, and the network cabling
actual. A telecommunications room or cabinet for cabling within a small network
A single-story building is generally referred to as a Main Distribution Frame (MDF)
Distribution Facility).
The MDF generally contains many network devices such as switches or hubs,
routers, access points, etc. This is where all the network cables are concentrated in a
single point. Many times, the MDF also includes the point of presence (POP, Point of
Presence) of the ISP where the network connects to the Internet through a provider
telecommunication services.
If additional wiring cabinets are required, they are known as Services of
intermediate distribution (IDF, Intermediate Distribution Facilities). IDFs are generally
smaller than the MDF and connect to it.
In many small companies, there are no telecommunications rooms or cabinets. The equipment
The network can be located on a desk or another piece of furniture, and the cables may be found.
on the floor. The network equipment must always be secure. As a network grows, it is
It is important to consider the telecommunications room as something fundamental for security.
and reliability of the network.

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When designing a project with structured cabling, the first step is to obtain a plan of
exact plant. The floor plan will allow the technician to identify the locations of
the wiring cabinets, the cable runs, and the electrical areas that should be avoided.
When the technician has identified and confirmed the locations of the network devices, they
will proceed to design the network on the floor plan. Some of the most important elements
important to document are the following:
Patch cables: short cable from the computer to the wall plate in the area of
user work.
Horizontal cable: cabling from the wall plate to the IDF in the distribution area.
Vertical cable: cable from the IDF to the MDF in the organization's backbone area.
Cable backbone: the part of a network that handles the largest amount of traffic.
Location of the cabinet for wiring: area to gather the end-user cable to
hub or switch.
Cable management system: a series of trays and straps that are used to
Guide and protect the wiring.
Cable labeling system: suitable labeling system or design for
identify cables.
Electrical considerations: The installations must have the outlets
suitable for meeting the electrical requirements of the network equipment.

Hardware Workshop
Network Planning and Administration Network devices
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Three-tier network design

The construction of a LAN that meets the needs of small or medium-sized enterprises
is more likely to be successful if a hierarchical design model is used. In
compared to other network designs, a hierarchical network is managed and expanded more easily.
ease and problems are solved more quickly.
The design of hierarchical networks involves dividing the network into independent layers. Each layer
fulfills specific functions that define its role within the general network. The separation of the
different existing functions in a network make the network design modular and
this facilitates scalability and performance. The typical hierarchical design model separates into
three layers: access layer, distribution layer, and core layer. An example of network design
a three-layer hierarchical structure is observed in the figure

Access cover
The access layer interfaces with end devices such as PCs, printers, and phones.
IP, to provide access to the rest of the network. This access layer can include routers, switches,
bridges, hubs, and wireless access points. The main purpose of the access layer is
provide a means of connecting devices to the network and control which devices can
communicate on the network.
Distribution cover
The distribution layer aggregates the data received from the access layer switches before
that they are transmitted to the core layer for routing to their final destination. The layer of
distribution controls the network traffic flow using policies and traces the domains of
broadcast when routing functions between defined virtual LANs (VLAN)

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in the access layer. VLANs allow the user to segment traffic over a switch in
separate subnets. For example, at a university, the user could separate the traffic according to
it involves teachers, students, and guests. Normally, the layer switches of
distribution are devices that present high availability and redundancy to ensure the
reliability. You will learn more about VLANs, broadcast domains, and routing.
among the VLANs, later in this course.
Core cover
The core layer of the hierarchical design is the high-speed backbone of the internetwork.
core layer is essential for the interconnectivity between the devices of the layer
distribution, therefore, it is important that the core is highly available and redundant.
The core area can also connect to Internet resources. The core adds the
traffic from all devices in the distribution layer, therefore it must be able to forward
large amounts of data quickly.
Note: In smaller networks, it is not unusual for a core model to be implemented.
collapsed, in which the distribution layer and the core layer are combined into one layer.

Hierarchical networks have advantages over flat network designs. The benefit of dividing
a flat network in smaller and easier-to-manage blocks is that local traffic continues
being local. Only traffic destined for other networks is moved to a higher layer.
Layer 2 devices in a flat network provide few opportunities for control.
broadcasts or filter unwanted traffic. As more devices are added and
applications to a flat network, response times degrade until the network becomes
unusable.

i
When we talk about antennas and their gains, initially they had to be based on something with which
to compare it, for this reason an imaginary omnidirectional antenna was conceived which he called radiator
isotropic, with 0 dB gain and radiating the signal in all directions, as if this were a
perfect sphere

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