SCENE OF THE EVENT.

The crime scene is understood to be the place that holds

relationship with an act classified as a crime. We can also define it as a scene.
from the crime scene, to the place related to the commission of a crime in
some of its phases and where there must be some trace or sign of the author or
of some of the characteristics of the fact.

SITE: it is the physically determinable area in which elements are found.

committed to the commission of the act.

Classification:

a. Open: exposed to the environment - direct access to climatic factors. By

for example, the public road or the street.

b. Closed: They are not exposed to the environment - they have access limitations.
to the public and to environmental factors. For example, an apartment, a room.

c. Mixed: It is the combination of the previous ones.

d. Closed with mobile displacement: (new modality in Venezuela); for example

plane, vehicle, train, bus.

From a logistical point of view:

A. Planning or perpetration: the commission of the crime is planned.

B. Execution: where the criminal act is perpetrated, executed or committed.

C. Of release: where evidence of the fact is released or detached.

Each of the scenes or sites must be studied with the same discipline and
meticulousness, remembering that the physical spaces must include the surrounding area.

About field criminalistics:

Protection of the place or site:

The crime scene is a place that must be protected in a nearly sacred manner, not
must be violated by poor protection procedures, at the scene of the incident
we will find all the evidence that allows us to reconstruct the investigated fact
(objects, substances, shoeprints, stains, semen, hairs, etc.).

Unfortunately, and despite being such a basic concept in all research

We witness daily the almost immediate invasion of the site by both police personnel.
preventive measures against outsiders such as curious individuals, victim's family members, journalists,
etc... this results in the alteration of both the site and the evidence. There is
that to have full certainty that what is touched, moved, altered or destroyed, never
will be able to to be reconstituted.

Steps:

1.-Arrive quickly at the site, evacuate unauthorized persons (onlookers), this is called
perimeter isolation of the area and place a protective curb around that perimeter to
avoid the influence of external elements.
when time passes, the truth fades away..

2.- Do not move or touch anything (everything must be examined and fixed in its state)
original).

3.- Establish a passage area and path in order to avoid altering or erasing evidence.

4.-Assessment and preservation of the site: a broad observation of the site must be carried out.
to locate traces and from these define characteristics.

5.-Take preliminary measures to document the original condition in which it

I was finding the site (fixation).

6.-In some cases, after the site inspection has been completed as well as the collection of
evidence can be available by closing off the place with the intention that subsequently
Other proceedings may arise, for example, reconstruction of the events.

The Criminal Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, concerning criminalistics and the site of
event
... the technical inspections at the scene of the event, as the circumstances and
objects described in the aforementioned inspection reports were not accredited according to
the general techniques of criminalistics (documentation) that include, among others, the application
of forensic photography and evidence collection, as part of the procedure for the
discovery of the crime and identification of the perpetrator through evidence
physical evidence, in order to establish the truth of the disputed facts...
 Treatment of the scene of the event:

1.- Determine the nature of the fact; whether it is a crime.

2.- Who is the victim (identification).
3.- Identify things, objects, substances, people, etc.
4.- When the event occurred.
5.- Where the act was committed or prepared.
6.- How the act is consumed (Form of execution or modus operandi).
7.- What was the means of commission (with what).
8.- Why it was committed (reason or motive).

How to approach the site(s):

The site must be identified in order to classify it and outline the recognition for
address it.

Classification of approach methods:

1. Fan method.
2. Zig-Zag Method.
3. Mixed Method.
4. Quadrant method.
5. Land grooming (open site).
6. Spiral or concentric method.
7. Visual Sweep.
8. Radiation method, star-shaped or radical.

The protection of the site should not be confused with the method of approaching it, as they are actions.
totally different.

Most common mistakes made at the crime scene:

Inadequate protection of the crime scene.

Too many agents present contaminate the scene and the evidence.

Lack of organization and communication before entering the crime scene.

Raise or touch the evidence before the sketches, photographic views, and are carried out.
annotations.
 Not taking proper notes and references.

Do not examine the area carefully, in case there are witnesses.

Do not restrict information clues to the investigators.

Do not disclose them to the media.

FIELD CRIMINALISTICS AND ITS METHOD.

For some authors, the actions taken at the site must be scheduled in
I arrange the following points:
1. Considerations regarding the type and quantity of necessary material.
2. Each object or material will be marked by the official himself (research) who
collect the evidence.
3. The collected materials will be preserved in suitable containers or packaging.
properly packaged individually.
4. The packaging will be rigorously labeled with the necessary information.
identifying.

Steps to follow on site (field method).

1.- Protection and isolation of the place. Preserve the site to avoid its alteration.
or the contamination or deterioration of the evidence.

2.- Observation of the place.

3.- Site approach. Using the appropriate techniques for the type of site.

4.- Fixing the location and the evidence. To record the original state in which it
found.

5.- Collection of evidence.

6.- Packaging or packing.

7.- Labeling or tagging.

8.- Transfer, shipment, or supply of clues and evidence to the laboratory.

Once the scene of the incident is secured and fixed, the collection of evidence must be carried out.
evidence that is associated with the criminal act, observing techniques for the
lifting (collection) and with the use of gloves and other instruments, according to the type
of evidence that is going to be collected.

Collecting: it is the maneuver of lifting the evidence, individually,

manipulating it only as strictly necessary to avoid altering or contaminating the diverse clues
and preserve the traces it contains

Evidence collection order:

1.-Large and mobile bodies: weapons, shells, cell phones, etc.
2.- Less visible materials: they can be mobile -hairy appendages-.
3.- Non-transportable surfaces.
4.-Latent fingerprints, it is the last to collect, special techniques are used.
(special reactivation).

Once properly established, all signs or evidence must be appropriately collected.

packaged, labelled, preserved and sent to the laboratory.

labeledits origin can be questioned.

If it is not appropriately

collectedcorrectly, its essence can be lost.

If it's not

If it is incorrectwrapped or packagedit can be contaminated or

deteriorate.

If it is not appropriatepreserved, its degradation and decomposition can affect

the study and the result of the research.

General rules for collecting and packaging evidence.

a) Gather all physical evidence, it is preferable to catch more than less.
b) Handle the evidence only as strictly necessary, in order not to alter or contaminate it.

c) Meticulously clean the instrument used for the lifting of the

evidence, before and after its use.

d) Raise each piece of evidence separately, avoiding mixing them.

e) Mark the evidence only in those places that do not require further study, otherwise
not to mark it, but to pack it in a case and mark the case.

Labeling: The original condition in which it was should be perfectly noted.

located, it must be written in detail and related to other clues or evidence
date
collector). This must be done before moving it.

Packaging: It is the maneuver performed to store, immobilize, and protect the evidence.
inside a protective container, after having been fixed and collected on site and a
Once packed, it is sent to the laboratory.

Delivery or supply: Deliver the clues to the forensic laboratory, only for
employees assigned to the case, for its technical and scientific processing, in attention to
determine their association or participation in the fact. The provision of clues to
Forensic laboratory, it must be accompanied by an official letter or memorandum describing the
aspects that are wanted to be addressed, considered, and studied, therefore they must contain
14 requirements:
1.- The selection corresponding to the laboratory or forensic department to which
the expert who provides the evidence belongs.
2.- The order number corresponding to the fact that is being partially investigated.
3.- The number of the preliminary investigation.
4.-The type of event; example: violent death by stabbing, violent death by firearm
fire, theft, etc...
5.-To whom the request memorandum or office is addressed, be it the head of the department of
forensic science or to some head of one of its sections.
6.-Significantly describe the physical evidence provided.
7.-The address of the place of the events.
8.-The precise place where the physical evidence or material indication was collected.
9.- The type of study requested to address the evidence in question.
1o.- The important aspects that are desired to be known in relation to the study of the
evidence.
11.- The additional observations that may be necessary. Example: single precaution
sample, unique sample, unique cartridge, fresh blood, etc.
12.- Date and time of the evidence supply.
13.- Name and signature of the expert, police or ministerial official who delivers the evidence.
14.- Name and signature of the technician, expert, or chief who receives the evidence.

Most common evidence.

a)Footprints. It is any figure, sign, or trace produced on a surface by contact.
gentle or violent with any region of the human body or with any object,
impregnated or not with organic or inorganic coloring substances. The traces indicate the
shape, outline, and characteristics of the agent that produced them.

b)Stains. A stain is defined as an accumulation (to stain) of any substance.

organic or inorganic.

c)Traces on nails. When examining and cleaning the nails of the hands (victim or defendant),
through the use of scraping, it is possible to gather evidence of criminal interest for
the investigation. For example, skin, hair fibers, drugs, epithelial tissues, fat from
mechanic, etc.

d)Fibers, fabric and clothing fragments. Characteristics of the texture and the weave, if present.
printed marks, or traces of their origin, etc. Adhesive sheets are used to take
these remains (hairs, carpets, clothing, etc).

e)Weapons or material objects used in the perpetration of the act as means of

commission.

COLLECTION OF BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCES IN THE

BODY OF THE VICTIM.
Some biological evidence and how to collect them: biochemical analysis,
guidance method for hematologic nature material investigations:

1.- Bloodstains: or other biological fluids, stains should be collected with a swab.
slightly damp sterilized with distilled water. The luminol: as already mentioned, it is
a reagent sensitive to hemoglobin from invisible or old blood stains; if it
applies to visible stains, does not interfere with subsequent DNA analysis. For your
application, the site must be dark before applying the luminol spray on the
spot (nebulize with the reagent), if an immediate chemiluminescence is produced it is
positive. Kastle Meyer test; a pink color indicates the possibility
of the reaction.
Method of certainty for the determination of species in hematological material:
Hexagon method obtain test.

Determination of blood type: Research on agglutinogens.

In the hematological samples, it is necessary to:

a) Determine the nature of the sample: if it is blood.
b) Species: human or not.
c) Determine blood type.
d) Factor RH.
e) DNA genetic profile.

Regarding the stains, they can be:

Stains from projection: in the shape of drops or splashes.
Runoff stains: in the form of a puddle or streak, they have a large volume.
Cleaning spots: where they are cleaned.
Splash stains.
Drip stains.
Collection of undoubted samples from living people.
It should always be done with the person's knowledge, there must be consent.
from the person in order to carry out the sample collection and the subsequent analysis.

1.- Blood: It is the undisputed sample par excellence used for obtaining DNA.
you can obtain by:
a) Venous Puncture: 5 ml of blood.
b) Fingerstick: with a sterile needle or surgical lancet, the pulp of a finger is punctured.
finger of the hand and the drops are deposited on a blotting paper.
c) Upon taking the sample (of blood), a sterilized test tube is placed with
anticoagulants (vacutainers) to transport it under optimal conditions.
2.- Nail scraping.

How to collect some evidence at the scene of the incident.

1.- Urine: It can be collected with a syringe.

2.- Semen and Blood: It will be collected with gauze or a swab (if they are dry, apply water)
distilled or saline solution.

3.- Hairy Appendices: With tweezers and packed separately.

4.- Footprints or shoe prints: bare feet on a smooth surface, must be fixed.
Photographically, if the footprint is on dirt, sand, or mud, the mold of it will dry.

5.- Projectiles: with tweezers.

The reason for evidence is to destroy or verify facts...

Appraisal: It is the result of the process of estimating the value of an asset, determining the measure of its
power of change in monetary units and on a specific date. It is also an opinion
technical report that indicates the value of an asset based on its physical characteristics, its location,
its use and a market research and analysis.

Real appraisal: It is the one applied to assets, movable or immovable, that are incurred or related.
with punishable acts.

Prudential Regulation: It is what is practiced on goods not recovered by the authorities.

regarding which a crime against property has been committed, example: fraud, theft, burglary.

Spiral method or concentric circles.

It is recommended in small spaces, a single researcher can carry out the

search, which begins by taking a selected focal point, depending
of the type of criminal offense. The search is conducted from the center to the periphery or
vice versa, walking in a spiral in the search area, moving in
the direction of the clock hands or vice versa.

Point-to-point method.

This method can be used in small and enclosed spaces. It is located

evidence and, from this, the other elements are marked that
find them in the place.

Grid method.

Similar to the striped one, with the difference that this method provides a double
coverage, from east to west and from south to north, forming a grid in the
land.

Stripe or line method.

It involves conducting a sweep over an open field; it is ideal

for large dimensions. It requires several people arranged in line
and that move forward in the same direction, from north to south; from
from east to west or vice versa. If any element is found, it is immediately given.
Notice to the team leader without touching that.