Extraordinary Examination of Digital Telephony

Guevara Reyes Jorge Andrés 314015642

1.-What is digital telephony?

It is a technology based on the IP protocol that allows integrating into the same
network of voice and data communications mainly which began with the
need to communicate with several users through voice transmission.
The selection of the subscriber to talk to was done by an operator.
then it was through electromechanical means and, with the creation of circuits
integrated, digital telephony began, the phone as a device
terminal, with its basic activities, where the exchange begins
information with the telephone exchanges.

2.- Tipos de centrales telefónicas (cuantas son y cuales son)

Currently, there are only four types of telephone exchanges, which are:

1. PBX (Private Branch Exchange)

2. IP PBX (also called VoIP PBX) (IP central or VoIP central)
3. PBX with VoIP support (also called hybrid PBX)
4. PBX Centrex (Known as Virtual PBX or Hosted PBX)

3.-What is traffic and how many types are there?

Telephone traffic can be explained as the occupation of the lines.

telephone lines, traffic is generated when the phone lines are not freed up,
when many users want to make a call, this traffic is variable
given that it can vary throughout the day, month, or year, or in some circumstance
of force majeure

4.- What is signaling by associated channel and signaling by channel

common CSS7?

Channel Associated Signaling (CAS): For this case, the system uses
the same link, that is, the voice and signaling travel through the same one
link, the line signals used for this case are the
señal de toma
backward and signal of release forward.
The registration signals are used to transmit signals such as the
subscriber number
of the calling subscriber, line status and outgoing trunk group.

Common Channel Signaling (CCS): The signaling of all

channels are made through a specific channel, within one that is
 find available, it is a signaling network separate from the network of
user traffic transport. The set of signaling channels
forms a specialized network for signal transfer, called
SS7 (Signaling System 7). This signaling network number 7 works
following the principle of packet switching. Contains
packet routers called transfer points of
signaling and terminal equipment that can be switches
telephones, servers or databases. The terminal equipment is
they are called signaling points, thanks to the signaling network, two
telephone exchanges can swap at any time
signaling messages regardless of the circuits
established between them

5.- What are Circuit Switches and Packet Switches?

Circuit switches: A type of connection made by the

different nodes of a network to achieve an appropriate path for
connect two users of a telecommunications network, this type of
switching establishes a dedicated communication channel between
two stations, reserving transmission and switching resources of the
red for exclusive use in the circuit during the entire connection. They are
commonly used in a switched telephone network, which is
form with several trunk links that allow for making calls
simultaneously.

Packet switching: It is a method of grouping data

transmitted over a digital network in packets. The data in the
headers are used by the network hardware to direct the packet
to its destination where the payload is extracted and used by the software of
the application. Packet switching is the main basis of the
data communications in computer networks around the world.

6.-What is Multiplexing and Demultiplexing? PCM system and what is it

thread

Multiplexing: It is the way to connect multiple inputs and obtain some

desired output at a given moment, leaving an output for the
this helps save resources and is very useful in telephony, given that
help to connect multiple subscriber channels to a trunk at once
and for periods of time, frequency let a phone signal pass to the
you see when a subscriber decides to make a call.
 Demultiplexing: It is the recovery of two or more channels of
information in a single transmission medium using a device to
This end, the telephone helps us when the traffic becomes heavier,
where multiplexing is no longer functional for us, that is to say when many
users call at the same time, it is worth noting that this only happens in situations
extremes such as a natural disaster for example.

7.- What is public telephone, private telephone, and what is a PABX?

Public Telephony: Basically, it is a telephone available at points

strategic for the use of the entire population, which meets the
suitable conditions to be outside, the payment for this service
it is done at the time of making the call, previously with coins and
prepaid cards.

Private Telephony: In general and simple terms, it is where a group

closed phones are mainly connected to each other and
They use a doorway to reach the outside world. This
generally used inside companies and thecenters of
callsand is calledprivate switchboard(PBX).

A PBX can be defined as a private automatic exchange, it is in

any realitytelephone exchangedirectly connected to the network
public telephone throughtrunk linesto manage
in addition to internal calls, incoming and outgoing with
autonomy over any other telephone exchange. This device
usually belongs to a company that has it installed in its
network system and not to the telephone company.

8.- What are IP Telephone Networks and what are their Standards and regulations
basics?

IP Telephony: It is a term used to describe the technologies that

they use the IP protocol for the exchange of voice, fax, and other forms of
information, traditionally transported over the Telephone Network
Switched Public (PSTN). The call travels in the form of packets,
about a local area network (LAN) or the Internet, this is essentially a
IP telephony system, we are talking about a set of elements
that properly integrated allow to provide a service of
VoIP-based telephony to the company (commonly used in
large companies). The basic elements that make up this system
thecentral IPthe Gateway IP and the differentIP phones.
 Protocols used in IP Telephony:

Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)It is a signaling protocol

used to establish a "session" between 2 or more participants,
modify that session and eventually finish that session. It has
found its GREATEST use in the world of IP Telephony.

H.323Very similar to SIP, a protocol designed for configuration,

administration and termination of a communication session (media). It is
a set of ITU-T standards that define a set of
protocols for providing visual and audio communication over a network
of computers.

Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) Define a format of

standard package for sending audio and video over the Internet.

Real-Time Control Protocol (RTCP) Works hand in hand

withRTP, it sends the data, where RTCP is used for
send the control packages to the participants in a call. The
The primary function is to provide feedback on service quality.
provided for RTP.

Secure Real-Time Transport Protocol (SRTP) Basically

a profile of extension ofRTP, with which functions are added of
security, such as message authentication, confidentiality, and protection
as a response, mostly designed for communicationsVoIP.

Session Description Protocol (SDP)It is a protocol of

Session description establishes a standard for defining the parameters
for the exchange of media (called streaming media) between two
(typically) endpoints.

9.- What is Voice over Broadband and what are its

Standards and basic norms?

Telephony over broadband networks: A larger telephone network

speed when transmitting data, this is achieved through the
frequencies and bands that telephone lines use only for the
voice transmission, this allows broadband to be able to have
a speed of several Megabits per second.
 Basic Standards and Norms

Guided Media (Wired):

Copper twisted pair access networks ('x'DSL ('X' are the

different techniques), Modems): This technology allows us access to
broadband over the copper wiring of telephone lines,
managing voice and data separately.
Hybrid fiber-coaxial networks (HFC): It is a network of
cable telecommunications that combines fiber optic and cable
coaxial as support for signal transmission. The voice signal
is usually transported over a twisted pair of copper, laid at the same time as
the copper laying is carried out.
Fixed Access via Electrical Res (PLC): It is a network that provides
connectivity with local networks through the electrical installation already
existing in homes and businesses
Fiber optic access networks (FTTx, PON, EFM): Employing
various emission systemslaserLight waves have a frequency
high and the capacity of a signal to carry information increases
with frequency.

Unguided Media (Wireless):

Wireless loop (Wireless Local Loop, LMDS, MMDS): Through the use
of a wireless communications link such as the connection of
"last mileto offer telephone services andInternetofband
wideto the users.
Wireless MAN/LAN networks (WLAN, WIFI, HiperLAN2): It is in which a
mobile user can connect to a local area network through a
wireless connection, usually electromagnetic or radio waves.
Second and third generation mobile communications
(CDMA, GSM, UMTS, 2G, 3G): Wireless connection via waves
electromagnetic
Air optics (HAPs, FSO): Although its fundamentals respond to
military uses such as the creation of laser weapon systems, the
technical applications could have various scientific uses and
technological, such as the improvement of optical communications in the
free space, being able to "Cable" the transmitted signals.
10.- What is mobile or cellular telephony and what is the standard size of it?
cell?

Mobile or Cellular Telephony: It is a service for connecting to the network.

public telephone through a wireless network, in which users
they have the ability to make and receive phone calls, in addition
With the mobile service, they can also send or receive text messages.
(SMS) and have access to the Internet (data transfer).

A communication through mobile phones is one in which the

phones are not connected physically by wires. The medium of
Transmission is the air and the message is sent through waves.
electromagnetic.

Mobile telephony is basically made up of two main parts:

a mobile phone network, which is made up of antennas distributed
through the Earth's surface, and of mobile phones (better known
like cell phones), which allow access to that network, both the antennas
how the terminals son emitters-receivers of waves
electromagnetic waves with frequencies between 900 and 2000 MHz.

The operator divides the coverage area into several spaces called
cells, typically hexagonal as it is the ideal shape for distribution
the ground in such a way that everything is covered, like in a game of
board, creating an immense network of hexagons. Large areas
geographical (which represents the coverage of a service provider)
are divided into small cells to deal with the losses of the
line of sight signals and the large number of active phones in a
area. Each cell has a range of .25 to 20 or moremiles, typical are the
values between 0.5 and 5 miles, overlapping with each other. All the
cells are connected toswitchesto communicate with lines
from the network ofpublic telephonyand other switches from other companies
of mobile telephony.