Sensor Technology
Uploaded by
ScribdTranslationsSensor Technology
Uploaded by
ScribdTranslationsCourse 07: Technology/Sensors
Introduction: Generalities
Sensors are high-quality electronic components, being used in
most hostile work environments. Sensors are a source
important information used in the manufacturing and process control.
Davis Controls offers all sensor technologies, including sensors for
induction
pressure, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and a host of others.
Sensors provide innovative solutions for a wide range of processes
industrial and automation. The sensors are designed for harsh conditions
varied environments. During consultations between engineers, engineers of
process and production managers interested in increasing productivity and
cost reduction, for the quality of solutions and technical support.
1 //Sensor principle
A sensor is an information collection device that processes atto leaveof a
physical quantity (Incoming information) another physical quantity of nature
diffdifferent (Outgoing information: very often electric)
. Thisgrandeur, representative of the collected magnitude, is usable for purposes of
measureor order
Physical quantity __________ Detector __________ Physical quantity
Presence electric
Optics
Position
Linear displacement
Level
Speed
Acceleration
Force
Pressure
We distinguish
Passive sensors
They require an electric power supply.
Active sensors
They use a part of the energy provided by the physical quantity to be measured.
2/DIFFERENT TYPES OF SENSORS:
In the vast majority of cases, the signals from a sensor will be electrical,
This means that there can be tensions like currents.
There can be three different types of output signals:
Binary signal
Analog signal
Digital signal.
2.1 THE TOR SENSORS (ALL OR NOTHING)
They generate a binary type signal (thus two states). The advantage
They are inexpensive but they specialize in a specific type of measurement.
For example, they can say whether a part is present or not, whether the conveyor belt is
well in operation, whether the device is 20 cm away from a wall or not. They do not
do not allow measurement over an entire range.
Example 1 Sensor with contact
This type of sensor is extremely widespread. When the lever comes into contact with
this object will activate the button (obviously...). The signal is immediately sent to
the central unit.
There is a multitude of sensors of this type.
Example 2 Non-contact sensor
In other cases, we prefer not to have contact.
Detector/induction
they are sensitive to conductive materials. When approaching
a metal piece of the detector, this will modify the magnetic field they
produce. Beyond a certain threshold, this will modify the output signal.
2.2 ANALOG SENSORS
The output magnitude is directly related to the input magnitude. In this case the
sensor must be
Linear otherwise we would have a distorted signal. The advantage is that we have the
possibility to measure over a whole range and not just a threshold
Example Strain Gauges
A material subjected to a force or pressure undergoes
mechanical constraints producing deformations
The main constraints are due to tensile and compressive stresses,
of bending, of twisting or of shearing.
Deformation is expressed by the ratio between the change
Of a dimension and its initial value. The strain gauges, sometimes referred to
electric strain gauges are the sensitive elements of a sensor in
which a dimensional change is translated by a variation in resistance. The
The test body is a mechanical part that deforms under the influence of
phenomenon to study, for example a force, a pressure, an acceleration. The
gauges, properly adhered to this test body, undergo the same
deformations.
2.3 DIGITAL SENSORS
Thistypethe sensor outputs an electrical signal tocharacterdigital era
image of thegrandeurbody to measure, that is to say only able to take one
limited number of distinct values (like any digital signal...). The signal of
Output can be obtained in series or in parallel.
Example 1 Incre Encodermental
Incremental sensors are intended forapplicationsof positioning and of
movement control of a mobile by counting and subtracting pulses
they deliver. Their drum drives a built-in incremental encoder, generating
counting signals, using a disk featuring two
tracks. These signals will then be counted or discounted
by a meter.
Optical encoders have very high performance in terms of resolution, speed, and duration.
They find their applications in disturbed industrial environments.
✔Computer numerical control machines.
Industrial robots.
✔More generally, servo mechanisms tours.
3 / The different types of sensors
a) Flow meters
the Coriolis
the Differential
Magnetic
the open channel
Thermal
b) Level Sensors
Capacitance & Conductivity
Magnetic
Magnetostrictive
c) Motion & Positioning sensors
the Circular (Optical/Magnetic; Incremental/Absolute)
Linear (Magnetostrictive)
Pressure
Proximity
• Security
Temperature
• Vision
Weight