Foundation Slab or Continuous Slab
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ScribdTranslationsDeep foundations-
They are responsible for transmitting loads to the deep layers of the ground through pressure in the
They are classified into: piles, cylinders, boxes.
• Drivers:
When the ground does not have regular resistant strata, we develop
vertically the foundation in: driven piles, drilled piles.
A pile is a reinforced concrete support, with a length much greater than the section.
transversal, that can be driven (nailed into the ground) or built in situ. They can
reaching depths of 40m, with a cross section of 2-4m, allowing for a
load of 2,000 tons. They must receive compressive stress, as bending deforms them.
too much. The piles work by soil friction with the shaft; supported on a blanket
resistant; by combination of both.
Work method of the piles
Contribution per stem: it is based on the friction between the ground and the pile. It is
a tangential tension behavior versus relative displacement that
it can have frictional or adhesion terms. F = integral ofτ x dAfuste
Contribution per point: it is based on the normal support in lower layers.
usually more resistant either by different nature or by
greater confinement. P = integral ofsnx dApunta
One component (any of them) can be far superior to the other.
the butt can act against, that is, instead of resisting, it supports.
Basic criteria for the use of piles
When on the surface the layers are not sufficiently resistant as
to obtain acceptable shallow foundation sizes complying with the
conditions in breakage and service (seats).
Soft soil fill that has never been subjected to external load
(normally consolidated soil).
- Strict limitation of seats, differential seats, or seats on others
Structures. Piles are foundations that give rise to movements.
very small compared to shallow foundations.
Heterogeneous land. Presence of hard support layers at depth
variable.
Very heavy loads: Offshore, docks in port areas, walls, supports
of bridges, inverted vertical loads (tension).
In any case, the possible improvement of the land should be considered, for example, through
preloading or removal of soft ground layers.
11.2. TYPOLOGY OF PILES
a) By the way of transmitting the load to the ground
Column: strong predominance of the peak component (resistant layer
under soft ground).
Friction floating: transmission along the pile to the ground
deformable to which it adheres by the stem.
According to the NTE, it can be established that:
- P > 3 F the pilot essentially works by tip
- P < 3 F the pilot works essentially by shaft
b) Due to the way of implementation regarding the terrain
Pilots ofof the detention toor driven: it is installed in the ground by displacing in
the land a volume of soil equivalent. First, the land rises, but
then it is just compressed.
They are characterized by:
- strong friction ground - pile (the pile remains strongly
confined
Soil alteration: generally improves by soil compaction
to reduce the cost of driving, it may be beneficial for the pile to be smooth
Extraction pilots: the ground where the excavation will take place is pre-dug
Install the pile. Next, the pile is executed.
They are characterized by:
- weak soil friction - pile due to weak normal tension
it is interesting for the pile to be rough to improve the contribution due to
stump.
Of theextraction - displacementa volume of soil is excavated beforehand
lower than that which the finished pile will occupy. It is done to reduce the cost of
the stake in a medium-sized terrain.
General calculation procedure
Selection of the solution based on established criteria
2. Checking for breakage/sinking (isolated pile/group of piles). If not
fulfill, return to 1.
3. Verification of deformations / settlements for the workload. If it does not comply,
return to 1.
4. Structural sizing of the pile: reinforcements
5. Sizing of auxiliary elements such as footings or bracing beams.
Notation
pp: point pressure or point break resistance (units of tension)
pf: pressure by stem or resistance to breakage by stem (tension units)
Sinking load (t)
Qh = Qp + Qf = P + F: contributions by tip and by shaft
qc, Rp: penetration resistance (units of stress)
simple compressive strength (tension units)
cu: shear resistance without drainage
l, D: length of the pile
φ, B: pile diameter
INTRODUCTION
General typology of foundations
The purpose of a foundation: to transmit loads to the ground in a cushioned manner.
structural elements that cannot be directly transmitted to it because it is a material
of low resistance and high deformability.
Shallow foundations: D/B < 4
Semi-deep foundations 4 < D/B < 8 to 10
Deep foundations 8 to 10 < D/B
Piles: Long foundation elements that are driven directly into the soil.
land or they are built in a previously opened cavity in it.
Foundation with piles is necessary when the shallow foundation or
Semideep is not possible for technical, dimensional, or economic reasons.
Working method of the piles
Contribution by shaft: it is based on the friction between the ground and the pile. It is a
shear stress versus relative displacement that can
to have frictional or adherence terms. F = integral of t x dAfuste
Contribution by tip: it is based on normal support in lower layers
usually more resistant either due to different nature or greater
confinement. P = integral of sn x dA
One component (any of them) can be far superior to the other. The
it can act against, that is, instead of resisting, it supports.
Basic criteria for the use of piles
When on the surface the layers are not strong enough to obtain
acceptable superficial foundation sizes complying with break conditions and
of service (seats).
Soft soil fill that has never been subjected to an external load
(normally consolidated soil).
Strict limitation of seats, differential seats or seats on others
Structures. The piles are foundations that give rise to movements.
very small compared to shallow foundations.
Heterogeneous terrain. Presence of hard support layers at depth
variable.
Very heavy loads: Offshore, docks in port areas, walls, supports
of bridges, inverted vertical loads (tension).
In any case, the possible improvement of the land must be considered, for example, through
preloading or removal of soft soil layers.
TYPLOGY OF PILES
a) By the way of transmitting the load to the ground
- Column: strong predominance of the peak component (resistant layer
soft ground beneath.
Floating or friction: transmission along the pile to the ground
deformable to which it adheres by the stem.
According to the NTE, it can be established that:
P > 3 F the pilot works essentially at the tip
P < 3 F the pilot works essentially by shaft
b) Due to the way of execution concerning the land
Displacement or driven piles: installed in the ground by displacing
on the ground a volume of equivalent soil. First the ground rises,
but then it just compresses.
They are characterized by:
strong friction ground - pile (the pile remains strongly
confined
soil alteration: generally improves by soil compaction
to reduce the driving cost it may be beneficial for the pile to be smooth
- Extraction pilots: the ground where the extraction is to take place is excavated in advance.
install the pile. Next, the pile is executed.
They are characterized by:
- weak friction soil - pile due to the weak normal tension
It is interesting for the pile to be rough in order to improve the contribution.
drum.
- Extraction - displacement: a volume is previously excavated of
soil lower than that which the finished pile will occupy. It is done to reduce the
cost of staking on an average land.
c) by the place of manufacture and the method of execution
Prefabricated: in this case, they are transported from a manufacturing plant
and they are driven in by percussion, pressure, or vibration, using jacks
hydraulics, threaded into the ground or installed in previously made drillings
perforated.
Executed on site: there are several typologies
Recoverable tubing bend with a plug
lost at the tip of the tubing). It is concreted in the
interior of the intubation that is being extracted
simultaneously with the concreting. There should always be 2 left
concrete diameters inside the sleeve to prevent the
water inlet. It is extracted from the site through striking
lateral that is used to vibrate concrete. CPI 2
The same but with a gravel plug instead of the azuche.
in this case the striking is done with an interior hammer that
hit on the cap. CPI 3
Extraction using a spoon (auger if the ground is hard)
with recoverable tubing. When concreting, the
intubation. CPI-4.
Extraction by spoon (auger if the ground is hard)
with non-recoverable intubation. CPI-5.
Drilled with a helix and maintaining the excavation with
thixotropic muds (mixture of water with bentonite clay)
that maintain the walls preventing collapses (its
density can be from 1.3 to 1.4, I suppose). CPI-6
Barrenados: introducing a mortar through the axis of the
drill that displaces the crushed ground. Finally, it goes away.
removing the drill and at the same time it is concreted. The
reinforcements are introduced into the fresh concrete. CPI-7
d) according to the material
Wood: it preserves well under water
- Metallic: take advantage of rolled profiles. The oxidation rate is slow.
Concrete: reinforced or prestressed.
Mixed: combination of profiles with concrete.
General calculation procedure
Selection of the solution based on pre-established criteria
2. Checking for breakage/sinking (isolated pile/group of piles). If not
fulfill, go back to 1.
3. Verification of deformations / settlements for the workload. If it does not comply,
return to 1.
4. Structural sizing of the pile: reinforcements
5. Sizing of auxiliary elements such as footings or bracing beams.