Unit III

Production Scheduling and Personnel Assignment

3.1. Characteristics of the master production schedule

Once the aggregated plan is completed, the next step is to translate it to

units. This process is known as disaggregation, subdivision
the decomposition of the aggregate plan and its final result is called
Master Production Schedule or Master Plan of
Production (MPS - Master Production Schedule).
Basically, it can be said that a Master Production Schedule is a
detailed plan that establishes the specific amount and exact dates of
manufacture of the final products, provide the basis to establish the
shipping commitments to the customer, the effective use of capacity
to plant, achieve the strategic objectives of the organization and solve the
negotiations between manufacturing and market.
The units in which a Master Program can be expressed
Production are:
• Finished goods in a continuous environment. (Make to stock).
• Modules in a repetitive environment (Assemble to stock).
• Customer order in a workshop environment (Make to order).
Regarding the time horizon of a Master Production Program,
It can vary depending on the type of product, the volume of
production and delivery time components, this can range from
a few hours to several weeks and months, with periodic reviews. Thus
same, to maintain control and avoid chaos in the development of the Program
Production Master, it is important to subdivide your time horizon into three
periods:
• Fixed: Period during which it is not possible to make modifications to
Master Production Program.
• Fixed medium: That in which changes can be made to certain
products.
• Flexible: A time span further away, in which it is possible to do
any modification to the Master Production Program.

Complementary Activities.

Answer the following Test. From the following options, select the letter with
the correct answer.

What is a master production schedule?

a) It is a detailed plan that sets the specific amount and the dates
exact manufacturing specifications of the final products.
b) It is to use the total production capacity available in each period to
produce just enough of each product.
c) It is the volume and in the production time.
2) The units in which a Master Program can be expressed
Production are:

kilogram
b) Make to stock, assemble to stock, and make to order.
c) Workshop package, production order, and route file.

These are the periods used in the master production schedules:

Weekly, monthly, and yearly.

b) Hours, minutes, and seconds.
c) Fixed, semi-fixed, and flexible.

3.2. Scheduling operations in online processes (method of

exhaustion time

The development of the exhaustion method in production operations

limited by their capacity, when several batches of products are produced in
the same production line. This method attempts to utilize total capacity
available production in each period to produce just enough of
each product, so that if production stops, the inventory of
finished products of each product are depleted at the same time.
There are 2 methods of depletion: cost depletion and percentage depletion.
percentage.
a) Cost depletion: it is based on the level of activity or usage, not on the
time, as in depreciation. This can be applied to most of the
natural resources. Depletion is analogous to depreciation; however,
exhaustion applies to natural resources, which, when they
they are extracted, they cannot be "re-acquired," as can be done with a
machine or a building.
The exhaustion based on accumulated cost cannot exceed the initial cost.
total of the resource. If the capacity of the property is estimated again in
sometime in the future, a new depletion cost factor is calculated with
based on the unspent amount and the new capacity estimate.
b) Percentage depletion: the second method of depletion is a
consideration, special given for natural resources. Each year can
to exhaust a given constant percentage of the gross income of the resource always
that this does not exceed 50% of the company's taxable income.
Using percentage depletion, the total depletion charges can
exceed the initial cost without limit. The cost of depletion each year can
determine using the cost method or the percentage method, as I
allowed by law.

Complementary Activities.

Answer the following questions:

1) Mention the exhaustion methods:

2) Exhaustion is based on:

The percentage depletion is:

4) The exhaustion time method tries to

3.3. Scheduling operations in intermittent processes

The programming in a batch flow plant tends to be less

more complex than flow programming. Flow programming
intermittent not only reduces the reach of products, but there are also
fewer routes.
In the intermittent production process, the necessary flexibility is created to
produce various articles or services in significant quantities. The
customization is relatively high and the volume of any product or
The service in particular is low.
The workforce and the equipment are flexible and handle various tasks.
They usually manufacture products on demand and do not produce them in advance.
anticipation. The sequence is the order as a specific center of work,
a person or a machine processes the jobs and how they are programmed
Work is important, as it uses the same strategies as programming.
of flexible or variable flow with resources organized around the process.
Workshop package: It is a package of documents that are used for
monitor and control a job as it moves through the production plant.
Production order: It is a document or group of documents that
they authorize the manufacture of a specific quantity of a certain item.
File path: Describe the operations that will be developed in a
specific work center, the sequence in which they should be developed and the
installation times and process. Daily shipping list shows the jobs
what is normally in a specific workplace or what is expected to be
they will arrive there in a few days. Include certain information, such as the date of
due date for the client and the level of priority of each job.

Complementary Activities.

Answer the following questions:

1) In the intermittent production process:

2) The workshop package is:

3) The production order:

4) The file path:

5) The daily shipping list:

3.3.1. Gantt Charts

Bar charts or 'Gantt Charts' were conceived by the

American engineer Henry L. Gantt, one of the pioneers of the
contemporary industrial engineering of Taylor. These diagrams are
graphic representations of the variables involved in any process of
manufacturing.

Gantt seeks to solve the problem of activity scheduling, that is,

its distribution according to a calendar, in such a way that it could be
visualize the duration period of each activity, their initiation dates and
completion and likewise the total time required for the execution of a
work.
The process begins with the preparation of a 'setback' diagram, which shows
the start and end date for all parts that make up the product according to the
driving time, also allows for tracking the progress of each activity,
by providing information on the executed percentage of each of them, as such
as the degree of advancement or delay with respect to the scheduled deadline.
Gantt charts can be:
Operator load diagrams
Load diagrams of machines
Order diagrams
Coordination or work progress diagram

Complementary Activities.

Answer the following test. From the following options, select the letter with
the correct answer.

1) What are Gantt charts?

It is the capacity allocation process.

It is a detailed plan that establishes the specific amount and dates.
exact specifications for the final products.
c) They are graphic representations of the variables that intervene in everything
manufacturing process.

2) The diagram setback shows:

a) Finite and infinite load.

b) The start and end date for all the parts that make up the product according to
the driving time.
c) The graphs of the variables that intervene in any manufacturing process.

3) Gantt charts can be:

a) Operator load diagrams and machine load diagrams.

b) Capacity requirements planning (CRP) and its load programs.
c) Finished articles in a continuous environment and Modules in an environment
repetitive.
3.3.2. Finite and infinite load

The load is defined as the process of capacity allocation and involves

an organization process for work centers and machines. This can
to be infinite or finite.

Infinite Load

This method assigns the jobs or loads to each center without considering their
capacity limit. This procedure abandons planning of
capacity requirements planning (CRP) and its loading programs. The result
what is obtained is a load profile where some production areas
surpass the capacity (overloads) to produce and others remain for
below its capacity. It will not be taken into account if production is limited
due to the number of workplaces, personnel, and/or machinery.
In this type of load, indefinite overtime hours can be contracted, subcontracted.
some type of parts used in the manufacturing of a product, it could even be
rent machines. Moreover, this situation makes planning take place
about non-constant time periods.
It has the advantage of being a simple method and is the one used in the
planning, but it has the disadvantage that the independence of the factors of
production may cause spending over a period of time to not be
constant. Therefore, this means that not all organizations can
bear the infinite load as it implies a short-term capital outlay
that only large companies, with high financial resources, can
to assume.
Infinite load is generated by a requirements planning software
material to establish a list of workplaces without making a balance of
the resource needs of the planned work orders. The
the work priority at the infinite load center is established by the staff
of production control or supervisors who take control of the listings of
work center and set the work list using one of the rules of
priority.

Finite Load

In this case, the charges of each center are established based on the
capacity, so that it is never exceeded. The difficulty lies in
find a combination of loads that does not exceed the capacity of the center.
The finite loading situation arises when the planning of processes
manufacturing is conditioned by the plant facilities, the
personal and by constant work shifts. This does not imply that in a
At a given moment, an exception can be made for a period of time.
conditioned by a specific need, such as covering for someone on leave.
This technique is not used in planning, but in the Programming stage.
using a computer simulation model or any other means, and
modifying the start and end times, the capacity hour by hour
From each workplace, various tasks are assigned. The final result of this
the procedure is that in a workplace, at any time, it does not
they schedule more tasks than their capacity.
Finite load systems produce a detailed list for each part and
work center through simulated plant orders with start dates
and finally. The result of finite loading is a list of the work center of the
capacity of the first four periods, with open orders.
This type of load allows the organization to plan in a more
stopped the manufacturing process. While working on production factors
continuous, the manufacturing time will be constant. Furthermore, for batches
Similar ones can reuse already made plans.
With finite load, the manufacturing process has constant expenses since
the billing process is constant. This implies that the expenses are
affordable for a more modest type of company, such as those
small and medium enterprise.

Complementary Activities.

Answer the following questions:

1) Define What is load?

What does infinite loading imply?

What does finite load imply?

3.3.3. Forward and Backward Programming

Scheduling means assigning due dates to specific tasks, but

many tasks compete at the same time for the same resources. For this,
They use two types of programming: forward and backward.

Forward programming

Forward scheduling involves scheduling all jobs

available to start as soon as the requirements are met
known. The main characteristics are:
• The work is carried out at the request of the client.
• The program can be achieved even if there is limited time before the set date.
of delivery.
• It often causes accumulation of work-in-progress inventory.

This immediate realization may result in an early termination of the

work at the expense of more work in process and higher costs of carrying more
inventions of the necessary.

Backwards programming

Backward programming is the one that starts with the delivery date and
first schedule the last operation and the steps of the other tasks in order
inverse. Use the same logic of eliminating the wait time. The
components are delivered as soon as possible.
Backward programming is used in many environments both in manufacturing
such as catering for a banquet or the
scheduling of a surgery.

In practice, it may be possible to use the combination of programming towards

back and forth, with the aim of finding a reasonable exchange
between what can be achieved and the delivery dates to the client.

Complementary Activities.

Refer to the e-consultation book located on the site

consultation email and write an essay on functionality and the
importance of forward programming and backward programming.

The article can be found in the e-book located at the following

electronic consultation page:

Principles of Operations Management Written by Barry Render, Jay

H Heizer, Ed. Pearson Education, Mexico 2004

The provided text is a URL and does not contain translatable content.
Programming forward and backward
&ots=FmE8aR0i4A&sig=xhIu5PaqRZvikF8G-
OGORRkxT24&hl=en&ei=5XjGSqfUL8KktgfgroW5AQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&c
t=result&resnum=7#v=onepage&q=Programming%20forward
and backward

http://www.mitecnologico.com/Main/ProgrammingForwardAndBackward

3.4. Programming in Services

An important difference between manufacturing and services, which influences

Programming is that in service operations it is not possible to create
inventory to cushion demand in uncertain situations. A second
the difference is that demand tends to be less predictable in operations of
services. Customers can decide, in the excitement of the moment, that
they want a hamburger, a haircut, or the repair of a pipe.
That is why the capacity, which often consists of the number of
employees, is a crucial factor for service providers.

Complementary Activities.

Consultation article:

Operations Management: Strategy and Analysis, Written by Lee J.

Krajewski, Larry P. Ritzman, which is located on the following webpage:
http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=B6LAqCoPSeoC&pg=PA777&lpg=PA77
7&dq=Programming+in+Services&source=bl&ots=vM63y7oIJ_&sig=
wDdzsWCPfl8VWWz4nkx7CQcN_Ew&hl=es&ei=E43GSob3Cp2QtgflysnuDg&s
a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9#v=onepage&q=Programming
n%20in%20Services&f=false

From the consultation articles, carry out:

a) Establish which important elements are related
with the Service Programming.

b) Create a synoptic chart with the most relevant activities being carried out.
an organization in service programming.

c) Answer the following questions:

What is the difference between a service organization and a

productive organization?

3.4.1. Customer Demand Programming

One way to manage capacity is to schedule clients in

terms of arrival and defined periods for the service time. With this
the capacity focus remains fixed and the demand levels out for
provide timely service and make better use of capacity. For this,
they commonly use three methods: appointments, reservations, and accumulation of
orders.

Appointments. It is a system based on appointments where specific dates are assigned for
provide services to customers. The advantages of this method are punctuality
in customer service and a high utilization of service resources.
Doctors, dentists, lawyers, and auto repair workshops are
examples of service providers that apply the appointment system. The
doctors use this system to schedule their workday, dedicating
part of it to visit hospitalized patients, and also the lawyers
They can reserve part of the time for case preparation. Without
embargo, if specific services are attempted to be provided, care must be taken to
adapt the duration of appointments to the individual needs of the client, and not
to be satisfied with scheduling all clients at regular intervals.

Reservations. Reservation systems are used when the customer

occupies or uses facilities related to the service. Such is the case,
when customers book hotel rooms, cars, airplane seats
and locations in a concert hall. The main advantage of the systems of
reservations is the delivery time they provide and that allows for
managers plan the more efficient use of resources.

Order Accumulation. A less precise way of scheduling the service.

for customers consists of allowing the accumulation of orders; this means that
customers never know exactly when they will start the service. They
they submit their service request to an employee, he receives the order and it
add to the waiting list of orders that are already in the system.
Various priority rules are used to determine which order should be
attend to next. The usual rule is that 'Whoever arrives first, is'
"attend to it first", but if any order involves the rectification of an order
previously, it is possible that a higher priority may be granted.

Complementary Activities.

Answer the following questions:

What does customer demand programming consist of?

2) What are the most commonly used methods for programming?

demand?

How is the appointment service characterized?

4) When is the reservation system used?

5) What distinguishes the accumulation of Orders?

3.4.2. Workforce Scheduling

Another way to manage capacity through a system of

programming involves specifying work and rest periods
for each employee during a certain period of time.
This method is used when clients demand a quick response and the
total demand can be forecasted with a fairly acceptable degree of
precision. Under those circumstances, the available capacity is adjusted in order to
meet the expected workloads for the service system.

Complementary Activities.

Answer the following Test. From the following options, select the item with
the correct answer.

What is workforce scheduling?

a) The available capacity is adjusted to meet the workloads

expected for the service system.
b) It consists of specifying the work and rest periods for each
employed for a certain period of time.
c) The usual rule is that 'First come, first served', but if
any request implies the correction of a previous request, it is possible that you
grant a higher priority..