How to make references in APA format?

The bibliographic reference

A bibliographic reference is the set of elements sufficiently detailed

to identify the source from which the information is extracted.
The references include essential and complementary elements. The essential ones
they are those without which a document could not be identified as author, title
and printing details. The complementary elements are useful data that are added
to the essentials, such as page numbers, translator's name,
prologue writer, collection or series, number of volumes, etc.
Guidelines for writing bibliographic references

Electronic documents

An electronic document is any information stored on a medium.

computer science that is consulted via a computer, like books, articles of
magazines, newspaper articles, presentations, database, websites, lists
of interest, among others.

The above makes the references for this type of publication present
variables and particularities in writing. For example, a reference to a
The electronic document will include the data presented below.
. Author Last Name(s) and Initial(s) of First Name
. Publication date
. Document Title
. Consultation date
. URL - Universal Resource Locator

E-book
Last name, A. A. (year of publication). Title of the work. Retrieved on
day, month, year, of the source URL.
Magallón, M. (1993). Political Philosophy of Education. Mexico:
UNAM. Retrieved on the 5th of
February 2009, from http://bidi.unam.mx/libroe_2007/
0638679/Index.html

Database article
Last name, A. A. (year of publication). Title of the article. Title of the
journal, xx(x), xx-xx. Retrieved on day, month and year from the database
(name of the database).
Ramírez, V., Arellano, A., Zermeño, A. (2007). What has
published ESCC on Information Technologies and
Communication (ICT)?: an emerging object of study. Studies
about Contemporary Cultures, 13 (26), pp. 127-136.
Retrieved on February 11, 2014 from the database:
Academic Search Complete.
 Electronic magazine article
Last name, A. A. (year of publication). Title of the article. Title of the
journal xx(x), xx-xx.
Retrieved the day, month, and year from the URL where it is located.
Torres, H.J., Ramírez, C.I., Rojas, C. (2007). Theoretical analysis of
Instructional design from the systemic approach. Mediations
Social. Journal of Social Sciences and Communication.
1(2), pp. 387-408. Retrieved on November 5, 2008, from
Unable to access or translate content from the provided URL.
1/Index/TorresLimaetal/
torreslimaetal.html
Newspaper article
Surname
from the newspaper. Retrieved on day, month, year, from source URL.
Camera, T. (2004, October 17). How much does it cost? They offer
airlines 20% discount [online]. El Universal,
Finance. Retrieved on October 17, 2004, from http://www.
eluniversal.com.mx/pls/impreso/ol_tu_dinero.html?
7
Web page
Last name, A. (Year of publication, when unknown, 'n.d.' is placed).
Title. Title of the website. Retrieved on the day, month, and year from the URL where
the article is located.
United Nations Educational Organization
Science and Culture. (n.d.). The
mobile learning. UNESCO. Retrieved on January 19
2014, from http://www.unesco.org/
new/es/unesco/themes/icts/m4ed/

Printed documents

They refer to all documents published in print as books, magazines, theses.

etc.

The elements that must be included in the bibliographic references for documents
printed materials. Likewise, the order of these elements and the punctuation of
each one.

. Author Last name and initial(s) of the first name(s)

. Year of publication (in parentheses)
. Job title and subtitle, if any, separated by two
colons (in italics or
boldface)
. Edition from the second edition, abbreviated as (ed.) (lowercase and goes
(in parentheses)
. Place of publication
. Editorial
Periodicals
. Author Last name(s) and initial(s) of the first name
. Publication date
. Article Title
. Magazine title
. Volume
. Number if it is a magazine with separate pagination
. Pages if it is a newspaper or magazine use p. or pp. before the number.
page numbers. If it is a magazine, only the
page numbers without putting p. or pp.
Book

Last name, A. A. (year of publication). Title of the work. (ed.). Place of

publication: Editorial.

Bunge, M. (2004). Emergence and convergence: Novelty

qualitative and unity of knowledge. Barcelona: Gedisa
Chapter
A. A. of the chapter (year of publication). Title of the chapter. In Editor
(Ed.) of the book. Title of the book (pp. xx-xxx). Place of publication: Publisher.
Russi, B. (1998). Discussion groups. From the research
social to reflective research. In Galindo, J. Techniques of
research in society, culture, and communication (pp. 75-115).
Mexico: Pearson.
Thesis
Last name, A. A. (year of publication). Title of the thesis. Thesis for (degree)
(academic). Institution from which the author graduated.
Zúñiga, S. (2011). Power relations as factors for
the omission of legal defense of copyright in
Mexico. Master's thesis. National Autonomous University
from Mexico.

Periodicals
The elements that must appear, their order and characteristics are mentioned:
Last name and initial(s) of the author(s).
•Publication date (in parentheses).
Title of the article.
•Title of the magazine (in italics).
Volume.
Number, if it is a separately paginated magazine
Pages, if it is a newspaper or supplement use p. or pp. before the number or
page numbers. If it is a magazine, you only need to indicate the numbers of
page without putting p. or pp.
 Scientific journal article
Last name, A. A. (year of publication). Title of the article. Title of the journal,
xx(x), xx-xx.
Contreras, F., Espinosa, J., Esguerra, G., Haikal, A. Polania, A.
Self-efficacy, anxiety, and performance
academic in adolescents. Diversitas: Perspectives in
Psychology, 1(2), 188-194.
Non-specialized magazine article
Last name, A. A. (publication date). Title of the article. Title of the journal,
xx(x), xx-xx.
Vargas, M. (1982, September). The elephant and culture. Magazine
Return, 13-16.

How to organize the reference list

Bibliographic references are written at the end of a scientific article, a thesis,
a book, etc., these should be listed in alphabetical order by the author's last name and
they must provide accurate and complete information to identify and locate each one
from the sources cited in the text.

How to organize the references list.

Below are some guidelines for organizing the "reference list."

. The bibliographic references are organized in alphabetical order by the

authors' last names or by the titles when the former do not appear.
. Alphabetically letter by letter and word by word, for example, Corral precedes
Corrals.
. If there is more than one reference by the same author, they are arranged in order.
chronological, from the oldest to the most recent.
. If the referenced author has more than two published works on the same topic
Year, at the end of each year the letters a, b, c, etc., are added as appropriate.
and the title is organized alphabetically.
. When there are multiple references from the same author, the author's name
it does not repeat, it replaces with a margin of 1.5 cm.
. If a work by an author appears and another by the same author but with others
people, first the sole authorship is placed and then the co-authorships.
.A margin of 1.3 cm must be left starting from the second line of each
reference.
Example of a list of references following the guidelines set by the
APA.
List of References
Buendía, A. (2005). Regarding congenital heart diseases. Archives of
Cardiology of Mexico, 75(4), 387-388.
Flores, A. (1999). The reorganization of the Hospital library
Morel.Mexico: UNAM, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters. Bachelor's Thesis
in Librarianship.
Hieda, B. (1995). Health Education. Mexico: Interamericana Mac Graw
Hill.
Juárez, B. and Martínez, P. (2000). The use of metadata in the library
digital. Work presented at the XXXI Mexican Conference on
Library Science of 2000.
(2001). Use of metadata in documentary organization. Work
presented at the XXXII Mexican Library Science Conference in 2001.
Gil, B. Maza de. (1980). Technical Dictionary of Library Science. (4th ed.).
Mexico: Trillas.
Morales, L., Domínguez, A., Sánchez, C., Alcántara, B., Cruz, H., Echeverría,
Language and Communication
International Organization for Standardization (1997). ISO 690-2 First
1997 edition, 11-15. Information and Documentation: References
bibliographic. Switzerland: ISO. Retrieved on September 18, 2007, from
http://biblioteca.ucv.cl/tools/electronic citations/iso690-2/iso690-
2.html
Rodríguez, J. L. (2007). Virtual communities, practice, and learning:
Elements for a problem. Theory of education: Education and
culture in the information society.8(3), 6-22. Retrieved on the 13th
October 2008 from the IRESIE database.
The Elephant and the Culture

How to make citations in APA format?

A quote is the idea that is extracted from a document either verbatim or paraphrased.
which serves as the foundation for the research work. The citation is placed in the text and
is complemented by the elements that identify the document of which it is
extracted.
The American Psychological Association (APA) states that a citation must include the author
(the authors), year of publication and the page from which the idea was extracted. The APA
(2006) uses in-text references with an author-date citation system;
All the quotes that appear in the text must be ordered alphabetically in
a list of bibliographic references at the end of the work (p. 220).

Why should we cite?

For:
. Expand a text.
. Reinforce or clarify an idea.
 . Argue or refer to the sources on which the work is based.
. Refer to other sections of the text.
. Start a discussion.
. Give a definition.
What is cited?
. The ideas, opinions, or theories of another person.
. Any data, statistic, graph, image - any information - that does not
public knowledge (facts that do not need to be cited)
source).
. Any reference to someone else's words.
. The paraphrasing of someone else's words.

Classification of quotes

Direct quote or textual citation

A direct quote must be faithful and transcribe the text word for word from another author.
or from a previously published document; when doing so, the text is placed between
quotes accompanied by the author's data, year, and page number from where
it was extracted.
The elements of a direct quote can be arranged in different order, depending
if what is to be emphasized is the content, the author, or the year of publication.
Short direct quote
It has less than 40 words and is included in the text that is being drafted.
in double quotes.
Short direct quote with emphasis on the content
The content of the quote goes first in quotation marks and at the end in
parenthesis the author or authors, the year and the page. Example:
The incorporation of women into the labor market... is the most explanatory action
important in the modal configuration of the Chilean family" (Muñoz, Reyes,
Covarrubias and Osorio, 1991, p. 29.

Short direct quote with emphasis on the author

First, the last name of the author(s) is noted, followed by the year which is placed in between
parenthesis, followed by the quote in quotes and finally, in parentheses
also, the page from where the quote was taken. Example:
Muñoz, Reyes, Covarrubias, and Osorio (1991) indicate that 'the incorporation of the
woman in the labor market... it is the most important explanatory action in the
modal configuration of the Chilean family" (p. 29).

Short direct quote with emphasis on the year

 In this case, the year will be noted first followed by the author's name, the citation.
in quotation marks and at the end, in parentheses, the page. Example:
In 1991, Muñoz, Reyes, Covarrubias, and Osorio noted that 'the incorporation of
the woman in the labor market...is the most important explanatory action in the
"modal configuration of the Chilean family" (p. 29).
When part of the text in a quote is omitted, it is replaced in the sentence.
with ellipses (…), as seen in the previous examples.
When adding an external idea to the original document, it should be placed within
brackets [ ].
Example: This design [design with post-test only and control group] includes
Two groups, one receives the experimental treatment and the other does not (control group).
Long direct quote
It is more than 40 words and is written on a new line without quotes. Everything
the paragraph is set at a distance of 1.3 cm from the left margin and not
single spacing is used. Below is an example of a direct quote.
long with emphasis on the author:
For Dennis Raccoon (1998)
Understanding is the second objective of psychology is achieved when we can
to explain an event. That is, to understand generally means that
we can determine the causes of a behavior. Let's take as an example
our last question why? The research on 'viewer apathy'
it has shown that people often do not help when they are nearby
other people who could help (p. 7).
Indirect or non-textual quote
The non-textual or indirect quote consists of a brief summary or paraphrase of a
part of the work or of the whole. There are two types of non-textual citations, the specific
and the general.
Specific non-textual citation
It refers to a part of the work, it is written without quotation marks and includes the or the.
pages from which it has been summarized. Example: Martínez de Souza, J. (1999)
consider that clay tablets are the oldest support that is
know about the book… (p. 41).
General non-textual quote
Summarize the total content of a written piece without quotes and no addition.
number of pages. Example:
Romero 1993 point out what...
Rosemary y Arias 1994 son of opinion what...
Villouta, Rodríguez and Zapata (1985) refers to...
Just like direct quotes, non-direct quotes can emphasize the author, the
content of the quote or the year of publication.
Quote of quote
It is when a text is cited by another author and from which no information has been obtained.
the original, the quote must contain the expression quoted by.
The encyclopedia can be defined as "that reference work that gathers the
knowledge and the experience of a certain class of society and relate them
names that that society knows by articles or entries in an order,
commonly alphabetical or systematic, covering well general areas or
particular aspects of knowledge and provide at least one basic explanation of each
of the terms used. (Martín, p. 95-96 1995, cited by Escalona 2001).
Just like in the writing of direct quotes and indirect quotes, the quotes
Citations can also emphasize the author, the content of the citation, or the year of
publication.