Real matrices: They are those whose elements are all real numbers, that is

say, if A R.ℇFormxnexample:

( )
14

( )
2

−1
1−1 ( )
A= 3 B= 2 3 C= 3−2
0.5−1
50.1

Opposite Matrix: given any matrix A, the opposite matrix -A is the one

whose elements are equal in absolute value but have different signs.

( )
14

( )
2

−1
1−1 ( )
A= 3 B= 2 3 C= 3−2
0.5−1
50.1

) ( )
−1−4

( )
−2

1
−11 (
− A= −3 −B= −2−3 −C= −3 2
−0.51
−5−0.1

Square Matrix: it is one in which the number of rows (m) is equal to the number

of columns (n), then if m = n. It is considered that there is a diagonal

principal and a secondary diagonal. For example:

( )
11 2 4

( )
1 2 0
A= 2 0−1
1 1 0
B=( )
1 2
3 7
C= 14:50
0012
1222

Trace: it is the sum of the elements of the main diagonal of a matrix.

square → Tr(A) = a11+a22+…+amm

( )
11 2 4

( )
1 2 0
A= 2 0−1
1 1 0
B=( )
1 2
3 7
C= 540
1
0012
1222

Tr(A) = 1 + 0 + 0 = 1 Tr(B) = 1 + 7 = 8 Tr(B) = 1 + 4 + 1 + 2 = 8

Diagonal Matrix: it is one that has only the elements of the diagonal

The principal is different from zero. For all AR/a

Emxn = 0 if i ≠ j
ij

( )
1000

( )
1 00
A= 0 2 0
0 0−3
B=( )
1 0
0 7
C= 0400
0010
0002

Scalar Matrix: it is a diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements are.

}
principal are equal to each other and different from zero → mxn
R/a ij= 0 if i ≠ j ^ aij=n if i

=j

( )
4000

( )
2 0 0
A= 0 2 0 B=
0 0 2
7 0
0 7
C= 0400
0400 ( )
0040

Identity matrix: it is a diagonal, scalar matrix whose elements of the

For every
The main diagonal elements are equal to one. A
ij= 0 if i ≠ j ^ aij=1 if i = j
mxn
R/a

( )
1000

( )
1 0 0
A= 0 1 0 B=
0 0 1
1 0
0 1 0010 ( )
C= 0 1 0 0
0001

Inverse matrix: it is one that is obtained through various methods and that if

if it is multiplied from the right or from the left by the original matrix, the result is the

identity matrix-1= A-1.A = I

Singular matrix: it is one that does not have an inverse matrix.

Upper Triangular Matrix: is one in which the elements that are

below the main diagonal are equal to zero → i > j → aij= 0

( )
11 2 4

( )
1 23
A= 0 2−1
−1
B=( )
1 2
0 7
C= 0 4 5 8
0012
0002
Lower Triangular Matrix: it is one in which the elements that are above

Above the main diagonal are equal to zero → i < j → aij= 0

( )
1000

( )
1 0 0
A= 2 3 0 B=
1 1 4
1 0
3 7 ( )
C= 2:0P
0M
5610
1222

Symmetric Matrix: It is any matrix that satisfies A = AIf we take the diagonal

principal as an axis of symmetry, the symmetric elements with respect to it

they are the same.

( )
11 5 1

( )
1 2 1
A= 2 3 1 B=
1 1 4
1 3
3 7 ( )
C= 1 4 6 1
5612
1222

Antisymmetric Matrix: It is one in which A = -A holds.tThe elements of

the main diagonal elements are equal to 0, and the symmetric elements are opposites.

( )
0−1−5−1

( )
0−2−1
A= 2 0−1
1 1 0
B=
0−3
3 0 (
C= 10−6−2
5 6 0 −2 )
1220

Orthogonal Matrix: it is the square matrix in which the condition A-1At,

or if A.ATI

( )
1− 3 √
2 2
A=
√3 1
2 2

Normal Matrix: it is one that satisfies A.AtAtA. If A is symmetric, orthogonal or

antisymmetric, the matrix is normal.

A= 6−3
3 6 ( )
Idempotent Matrix: it is a square matrix that satisfies A2A

A= (11 /2/2 1/2

1/2 )

Involutory Matrix: it is the square matrix that satisfies A2I

A= ( 10−1 0 )
Complex matrices: they are all those matrices that have at least one

complex element, that is, if A C. Inℇ fact,

mxn
we can say that all the

Real matrices are complex matrices.

( )
1000

( )
1 −i 0
A= 2 3+4i0
1 i 4
B=
i
3+i7
0
(C= :0P
2 0M
5610 )
1222

Complex Conjugate Matrix: given a complex matrix A C ℇ mxn

, the matrix

conjugated ACit is the one whose elements are the complex conjugates of A.

( )
1000

( )
1 −I 0
A= 2 3+4i0
1 i 4
B=
i
3+i7
0
(C= 14:00
5610 )
1222

) ( )
1000

( )
1 i 0
Ac= 2 3−4 i 0
1 −i 4
Bc=
−i0
3−i7 ( Cc= 2:0P
0M
5610
1222

Associated Complex Matrix: it is the complex matrix formed by the complexes

conjugates of the original and transposed, that is, if A Cℇ→ mxn

(AC) t

( )
1000

( )
1 −i 0
A= 2 3+4i0
1 i 4
B=
i
3−i7
0
(C= 1 4 0 0
5610 )
1222
 ( )
11 5 1

( )
1 2 1
( Ac)T= i3−4 i −I
0 0 4
(Bc)T =
0 (
−i3+ I
7 )
(Cc) = 0 4 6 2
T

0012
0002

Hermitian Complex Matrix: it is the complex matrix that is equal to its

associated, that is if A = (AC)tA is Hermitic (A*)

( )
3 1−2 i 4 +7 i
A= 1+2 i −4 −2 i
4−7 i 2i 2

Unitary Complex Matrix: if a complex Hermitian matrix is equal to its inverse,

then it is unitaria, that is, if A* = A-1.

( )
1 −i−1+I
1
A= i 1 1+i
2
1+i−1+i 0

Complex Normal Matrix: is any matrix for which A. A* = A*. A holds.

A= (2+3i i 1
1+2 i )