Method of Realization
Method of Realization
Preparatory work
1.1 Preliminary market analysis
The site preparation is an essential phase in the study of a market; it
it starts with the study of the DCE and ends with the site installation.
The acquisition of the market triggers the need to establish foundations and references.
solids aiming for comparison with produced realities.
It is about anticipating all the necessary resources based on the evolution.
of the work and the duration of intervention, and to deduce the forecast budget. During the
site preparation phase, a schedule and a budget must systematically be
established for each project and the implementation techniques must be perfectly
operational and ordered to provide the company with an effective management tool for
construction site.
Preparing the site involves analyzing the contractual documents of the contract to detect the
technical points that will require special attention and detailed analysis and anticipation
installation and implementation issues,
Mastering the basic principles of structural sizing:
To establish its site preparation (quantitative, qualitative estimates) in connection
with the design team
To choose its operating methods
Research methods and operating procedures related to technical developments,
economic and environmental;
Develop execution schedules that meet the client's requirements and the
technical and human possibilities;
Establish a preliminary construction budget that helps avoid overruns.
of budget envelope while controlling the cash flow planning;
Expose one's choices, argue and have one's main directions validated
methodological by its hierarchy;
Etc...
1.2 The construction site installation
This first step involves setting up a living base that is quite favorable for the
good execution of the work. It will be the subject of a plan approved in advance by the mission
of control, it will essentially be made up of.
The implementation of work areas: this involves setting up the different workstations.
work (concrete plant, workshops, storage of materials and equipment, etc.). The layout
sites for installation that include rental container housing because they are
housing whose construction is fast, environmentally friendly, and the rent cost is moderate for
the rentals. This makes this product economical and the value for money interesting.
We will have meeting rooms (customizable dimensions), restrooms, offices.
of the site, (See the installation plan of the base
Mark the site and guide traffic through signaling panels.
yellow background.
The earthworks in our case consist of: excavation, embankment, backfill and
transport. Earthworks correspond to the first phase of work in order to
the construction of the structure. These works are carried out according to the guidelines and the plans
drawn up by the project manager. To do this, the earthworks contractor must comply with the layout.
carried out by the topographic team. The earthworks involve:
• the preparation: demolition of existing structures, clearing and stripping
excavation, embankment, purging
transport of earthworks
Setting up the input materials: backfill and compaction
4) Concrete work
These works concern the concrete pouring of gutters, culverts, and prefabrications; their
Implementation is carried out by a subcontracting company according to an approved methodology.
by the control office. For the risks of congestion during roadworks
The gutters and drains will be completed after the installation of the foundation layer.
5) Geotechnical works and quality control
To ensure the quality of the work, a continuous monitoring and control body
is set up by our company. This monitoring is carried out by the geotechnical laboratory that
studies the behavior of materials in terms of strength and deformability from
laboratory and in situ tests whose objective is:
➢ the identification of soil characteristics for roads and embankment methods
identified;
➢ the studies of the foundation soils of sanitation works (drains and channels);
➢ the control of viability materials (borrow areas and excavation);
➢ the control of the materials implemented (concrete and backfill).
This work is carried out with the help and validated by the MDC.
The tests carried out are as follows:
Granulometric analysis: Establish the weight distribution of granular elements.
of a material
Blue Value of a soil: Characterization of the clay content of a material
Atterberg Limits: Characterizing the clay content of soil
Proctor Test: Determine the optimal dry density of a material
(ρd OPN) and its corresponding moisture content
CBR Test Determine the Bearing Capacity of a Soil Sample (AFTER IMMERSION
Plate test: Determine the modulus under static loading of the EV2 plate
Deflection at the beam Measure the surface deformation under a static load of 13T
6) Characteristics of materials
Natural construction materials are sourced close to the site (laterites, sands,
granite..)
For gravel, preference should be given to crushed granite produced in quarries.
this is due to the availability in quality and quantity of natural quartz gravel.
As for water, the resources from the lake and the ONEA network (raw water and
potable) will be used for city works are also available (fill,
concretes, etc.)
For the backfills, in addition to the materials that could come from borrow pits, a plan for
land movement is established to respond according to the required qualities to the needs of
site in materials for backfill to optimize transport distances.
Concretes
The table below shows the destination, the nominal compressive strength (in
MPa) and the minimum tensile strength (in MPa) of each concrete:
Characteristics of concrete
Designation and Binder weight per m3
Destinations Resistance (in
class of concrete implemented
no resistance
C 150 current 150 kg of CPA45 cement Clean concrete
required
Filling of the no resistance
C 250Current 250 kg of CPA45 cement
sidewalks demanded
Borders, slabs, foundations,
Twenty five (25
Q 350 quality 350 kg of CPA45 cement vertical members, frame head
Two comma u
closed.
Steels
Mechanical characteristics
Smooth round σe = 215 MPa ;
High adhesion (HA) σe = 400 Mpa.
Adhesion characteristics
Cracking coefficient = 1.6 for HA
Sealing coefficient S = 1.5 for HA
= 1.00 for smooth rounds
7) Consistency of work
7.1. Construction of pavement layers
Site preparation: Clearing the area, tree felling, and stripping topsoil
Vegetal, it is the first operation that will clean all debris with a bulldozer.
topsoil, to allow for plantings. The materials resulting from this step
must be transported to a charging location approved by the inspection mission.
Excavation work, this operation begins after the topographic layout of the areas.
of clearing. It will be done with a Bulldozer that will use, if possible, the ripper on hard ground.
The excavated materials that will not be of good quality to be used as backfill.
will be evacuated by trucks and deposited at a location approved by the control mission. These
materials may be used if possible for the reconstruction of the borrowing areas.
The work of purging and replacing low-quality materials, the areas
poor materials in place will be purged and replaced with good materials
quality with the agreement of the monitoring mission. These new materials will
properly implemented with a compaction rate of 95% of the OPM.
The backfill work: after the acceptance of the stripping operations, the areas in
The embankments will begin with the deposition of materials by the trucks, followed by spreading.
the grader, the moistening, the adjustment and finally the compaction (95% of the OPM). The implementation
The implementation of each layer will be carried out respecting the benchmarks of topographic points.
The form layer: We will add a form layer to protect the top edge of the
sun and will be made up of compacted lateritic gravel materials with energy of
95% compaction of the OPM and a suitable water content.
The foundation layer: also in compacted lateritic gravel materials
Of 96% of the OPM, it is the first layer of seating to be put in place. It is installed
in place after receiving the form layer.
Base layer: it is the last layer of seating, made of lateritic materials.
compressed to 97% of the OPM.
Impregnation layer: it is made of fluidized bitumen 0/1 (cut back). It will be
applied after receiving the base layer, sweeping the surface to be coated.
The wearing course: in a double-layer surface dressing, it will be implemented in
two (2) steps at least 72 hours after the application of the impregnation layer
so that it has dried enough:
Step 1: it will consist of cleaning dust and any debris on
the impregnation, to the application of a bitumen bonding layer followed by the laying
implementation of the first layer of gravel, adjustment and compaction.
Step 2: after adjusting the unit of the first layer, we apply a
second layer of bitumen followed by the layer of gravel, adjustment and compaction.
In the two (2) stages of the implementation of the coating, we must avoid all
water presence and we also ensure that the spreading of the bitumen has left no
See. Because it is the asphalt that binds the gravel to the surface of application.
Making of the borders
7.2 Method for creating the gutters
The channels to be built are rectangular in section and consist of a foundation, walls, and
prefabricated cover sheets. Their implementation is carried out by the teams of
subcontractor levels (C1 on the right side and C2 on the left side) following the steps below:
The installation and leveling of the structure, which consists of marking out using
stakes the axis, the limits of the excavation width as well as the depth of the excavations.
Execution and reception of the excavations carried out by the hydraulic excavator;
Installation of stakes indicating the level of the concrete slab;
The implementation of clean concrete over the entire surface of the excavation base;
Installation and setting up of prefabricated sails by carpenters using the crane truck;
Reinforcement of the slab and installation of concrete shims to ensure the concrete cover;
Pouring of the raft concrete brought by the mixer truck;
Junction of the sails with mortar;
Laying tiles;
Cleaning;
Backfilling and re-profiling of the edges of the gutter
7.3 Implementation of culverts
The culvert is a crossing structure located at the intersection of the road and a
water flow. In our case, it involves ordinary closed frame type culverts in concrete.
armed. These culverts consist of a foundation, prefabricated uprights, and a slab.
prefabricated.
The execution procedures for these works follow the following steps:
The positioning and leveling of the structure which consists of marking out using
mark the axis, the limits of the width of the excavation as well as the depth of the excavations.
excavations with the help of hydraulic shovels;
implementation of clean concrete over the entire surface of the excavation bottom;
positioning and assembling of prefabricated vertical supports by carpenters using a truck
reinforcement of the slab and placement of concrete wedges to ensure concrete coverage;
pouring of the slab concrete and junctions of the uprights;
install the tiles of the apron;
Junction of the slabs with the jambs;
reinforcement, formwork, and concreting of wing walls and guide wheels;
connections of the culvert and the gutters;
hydraulic backfill of the edges of the culvert;
Cleaning
7.4 Implementation of prefabrications
These are the works carried out at the prefabrication site which consist of developing some
elements of construction. The prefabricated elements concern:
For the gutters: the sails and the slabs in a section of 2m linear
For the culverts: The piers and the slabs of the culverts.
Concrete barrier devices and curbs
Prefabrication is done following the steps below:
Shaping and preparation (greasing) of the molds by the welding team
Shaping the reinforcement cage of the elements according to their nature
Laying the reinforcement cage and pouring the concrete delivered by a concrete mixer truck
successively in the molds
The concrete is then vibrated using a vibrator and smoothed manually.
For its curing, the concrete is watered and covered with burlap;
The stripping and storage according to the prefabrication schedule
7.5 Road layout annex
The execution work of the urban planning and the need to improve the
road mobility leads to considering the development of bypass routes.
The 7.00 m wide roadway with a surface layer is made of material
Lateritic gravel with a thickness of 20 cm. Routine maintenance will be carried out for
ensure the quality of these arrangements.
8. Signaling and safety
Road construction requires a number of precautions to be taken during and after.
the implementation to ensure the safety of workers on the construction site, as well as that of users
to ensure the sustainability of the work.
There are two types of signaling: vertical signaling consisting of
essentially panels and horizontal signaling through marking.
Temporary signaling
Temporary signage is that which is set up for the duration of the work; it
allows securing users and workers by providing instructions and guidance to
to be held during the crossing of work areas. In yellow, it contains the messages
following: project information; start of work / end of work; diversion to the left / to
right; narrowed roadway / road closed / truck exit and reduction of the number of
freeways.
The panels
They will be carried out after all the earthworks. They group the panels and
the signs used to inform users: of dangers; of directions to follow; of zones
mandatory stop. The signs used for vertical signaling in our project
concerning: type A panels (for the signaling of hydraulic structures, of
dangerous turns and speed bumps); type AB signs (for signaling
intersections and priority); type D sign (for directional signage);
Type C panel (for various indications);
If necessary, additional guidelines and prescriptions will be made to inform.
at best the visitors and other users regarding the potential and possible risks of the terrain.
The markings
These are white retro-reflective paint road markings to guide the
users. They are varied and consist of axial markings (continuous or
discontinu) of 12cm in width, the edge markings of 18cm in width and my
special markings (stop, pedestrian crossing, etc)
9. Lighting studies
The lighting around the living quarters will be provided by three (3) H61 transformer stations.
50 kVA through medium voltage networks that will be built from the networks.
SONABEL exists near the developed area along the road.
II) The Organization and Management
1. Organization of the construction site
The organization of our construction site is structured according to different positions based on the
personnel and equipment.
❖ The prefabrication station
The prefabrication station allows for the creation of elements of the structure (drains and
canopies) outside of this one. To function, this position is supplied with cage.
of reinforcement and concrete so it is located near the welding workshop and
Reinforcement. The prefabricated elements are delivered to the site by crane truck. Below
the operating cycle of the said position. This position is managed by the prefa team leader.
Work
Position of
Cage
reinforcement
of armatures
Post of Position of
welding Mussels prefabrication Element
prefabricated
Truck Concrete
top
❖ The office
This is the construction site administration position. It represents the responsibility specific to
site and then gathers all the administrative staff from both the company and the
study and control office of said site.
❖ The geotechnical laboratory
This is the position intended for all geotechnical activities related to the work. For the
Material sampling agents from the laboratory must move to the field.
(career, road, prefabrication station). This position is ensured by the lab manager and his staff.
❖ The mechanics workshop
This position includes all mechanics technicians responsible for maintenance and
repair of machinery and equipment. This personnel works both on the construction site and
in their workshop.
The arrangement in space of these positions is indicated in: The installation plan of the
site: (See annex) which is a document that defines the sectors
welcoming the staff and the materials needed for the work. Also the location of the base
the way will be chosen in accordance with the municipal authorities of the area. Nevertheless, we have
provided spaces conducive to this function.
Organization of work
The work will be done on weekdays from 8 AM to 4 PM continuously for the technical staff and 8 AM.
at 12pm and 6pm for administrative and supervisory staff.
2. Work Management
2.1 Personnel Management
Personnel management is essential for the smooth execution of work. This management
concerning: recruitment, forecasting management, remuneration, evaluation (control).
Daily attendance sheets are kept on the site and we distinguish: Sheets for
the supervisory staff (their presence is noted), forms for the execution staff
(drivers, chauffeur, maneuver...) : we will note the actual presence, the number of hours of
work performed and the workstation.
To track the site materials, the following steps are followed: analyze the delivery notes.
order and check the status upon delivery; record actual usage times; manage
their use in relation to the calendar (schedules); assess the expenses incurred with
their maintenance and operation and prepare the monthly reports.
Thus, a technical sheet is provided for each machine available on the site in the
logistics databases; this provides specifically for each vehicle
information on its daily consumption of diesel and lubricant, its breakdowns, its
maintenance and working hours.
Management of consumables (Diesel):
It is possible to know, from the data collected on each vehicle in the database
company data what will be the diesel consumption of each machine and of them
analyzing by recording the daily consumption of each machine with the highest
rigor for better tracking on consumption sheets. It should be noted that the analysis of
these sheets would also provide a value for the efficiency of the use of each
engine. A diesel team is responsible for supplying these daily as well
engines, liaison vehicles, and equipment (concrete plant, generator) on
the entire site.
The maintenance of machinery
Maintenance of the equipment will be closely monitored in order to avoid prolonged outages, maintaining the
equipment in a permanent state of use, extend the lifespan of the equipment and minimize the
hourly cost price. These operations only concern the company's machines. As for
those in rental fall under the structure of belonging. These operations are distributed
in two groups:
The current maintenance: These are the daily operations carried out by each
driver with the logbook of his vehicle or machine. It consists of performing the checks or
daily and mandatory cleaning of the various components, particularly the diesel level,
water level, engine oil level, dashboard instruments, purge of
compressed air tanks, tire condition and pressure, wear condition of blades, teeth of
scarifier of equipment... In case of anomalies, he must choose according to the severity observed,
to start or stop work and report to one's hierarchical superior. The repair
could be carried out on site by the maintenance team.
The periodic maintenance: It will consist of carrying out a series of periodic operations.
recommended by the manufacturer, particularly the oil changes (engine,
hydraulics, grease points), changing the filters (air, oil, diesel).
These operations will be carried out by the mechanics team and the driver must also
detect the anomalies in the machine's operation and communicate them.
Materials management
On the construction site, materials such as aggregates, cement, and sand are brought in.
in accordance with the technical specifications and arranged in a storage area with
the MDC agreement in order to reduce the movement of bins which will facilitate
the progress of the work. As for the fill materials, they will be brought directly.
from the borrowing area. The procurement manager must ensure
supplies
Concrete and rebar prefabrication post;
Dirt road construction, cut back, and gravel
Channel and culvert construction with reinforcements, prefabricated elements, metal formwork,
wood.
For this, he will:
✓ establish a supply schedule with the site manager,
✓ order the materials,
✓ receive upon delivery
✓ manage the storage of materials.
Indeed, such material management helps avoid stock shortages.
causing work stoppages; the clutter of the site by materials that do not
will not be used immediately; to ensure the normal operation of the construction site thanks to the
safety stock margin and to continuously know the quantity of material available.
To successfully carry out the updates, the site manager and his assistants equip themselves with
tracking sheets :
Also at the end of the day, the scores by workshop completed by the assistant clerks are
sent to the chief clerk. It is he who produces the final report of the day, in
centralizing the different information that is transmitted to him and ensuring its accuracy
with team leaders and site managers.
Construction meeting
Site meetings are organized to assess the status of activities on the
site. In our case, this meeting is organized once a week bringing together the
execution section heads; supervisory agents and the control office.
The objective of this meeting is to take stock of the work done, to identify the
different problems on the construction site in order to provide solutions; schedule the
work to be done during the current week.
II. Planning
This planning tool is the result of a compromise between the need to deliver to
earlier the work to the project owner, limit as much as possible the inconvenience to residents, the respect of
rules of art and the means of the company. With the help of the amounts of work, the list of
Teams, the list of construction materials, we have established the execution schedules of
project work illustrated in Appendix 6 by following the steps below: definition of
tasks from the descriptive estimate; determination of task durations (based on the
team performances) ;
This planning also generates other planning tools namely:
Workforce planning
On the construction site, there are different trades; it is therefore important for the supervisor.
work to have their staff work in optimal working conditions
through a labor schedule. This schedule involves allocating each team of
judicious manner.
Material planning
The material needs for the construction site will be planned. This schedule shows how
are used materials (sand, cement, aggregate, reinforcement) which allows to anticipate the
supplies of materials to avoid stockouts.
They are determined for each elementary work (road; culverts; gutters) based on
quantities of works to be carried out derived from the pre-measurement and the quantities
elementary materials entering the work unit, including losses due to
transport or the implementation of materials.
Prefabrication Planning
This schedule is the production, storage, and delivery program of
prefabricated elements mainly for culverts and gutters. Indeed this
The program must be closely followed because a stock outage paralyzes the work.
dependent.
100
PREPARATORY WORK
200
ET EARTHWORKS
HIGHWAYS AND
300
COATINGS
400 SANITATION
3160,21
406-d
Construction of masonry pier m²
SIGNALING AND
500
SECURITY
502-a type A 9u
502-B type B 24
502-c type AB 20
502-d of type C, D or E 4
COMPENSATORY MEASURES
700 ENVIRONMENTAL AND
SOCIAL
Tree planting
702 shading/alignment including 300.00
the interview in social centers
Free distributions of
706 condoms to the staff of 1
construction site