CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue, malaria, Zika, chikungunya, and lymphatic filariasis

continue to pose major global health challenges, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. These

diseases account for a significant proportion of infectious disease burdens, causing hundreds of

thousands of deaths annually and affecting millions more worldwide. Traditional control methods

involving chemical insecticides have limitations including environmental toxicity and mosquito

resistance, spurring the need for innovative, eco-friendly, and efficient alternatives. Recent advances

in ultraviolet (UV) LED technology have enabled the development of mosquito traps that leverage

specific UV light wavelengths to attract mosquitoes, exploiting their natural phototactic behavior.

These smart traps often integrate UV LEDs emitting light in the 350-400 nm spectrum, known to be

most effective in attracting mosquitoes, combined with photocatalytic materials such as titanium

dioxide which generate carbon dioxide (CO2) to mimic human breath, further enhancing the

lure. Such lamps consume considerably less energy—up to 85% less—compared to older methods,

and avoid the use of toxic chemicals, thus aligning with environmentally friendly pest control.

Moreover, integration with Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity transforms these mosquito traps into

smart devices capable of real-time monitoring and data transmission. This connectivity enables

remote operation, data analytics, and improved management of mosquito populations, which is crucial

for timely interventions and disease prevention. IoT-enabled systems embedded with sensors and

automated operations allow for scalability and adaptive responses to mosquito density fluctuations.

Furthermore, studies indicate that artificial light modulates mosquito behavior and can

influence disease transmission dynamics. Research calls for in-depth understanding and deliberate

design of light environments to reduce mosquito-borne disease risks while optimizing control

strategies. Incorporating renewable hybrid energy sources such as solar and wind in outdoor mosquito

traps enhances their deployment flexibility, making them suitable for off-grid or remote areas where

mosquito-borne diseases persist. Given these scientific and technological foundations, the
development of a Smart Mosquito UV Light system with IoT connectivity represents a promising,

sustainable solution for mosquito-borne disease prevention. This system harnesses targeted UV light

wavelengths, photocatalytic CO2 generation, energy-efficient LED technology, and connectivity for

real-time vector monitoring and control, aiming to reduce mosquito populations and interrupt disease

transmission cycles effectively without environmental harm. This study is thus motivated by the

urgent need for integrated, smart, and eco-friendly mosquito control interventions that can adapt to

changing mosquito behaviors and environments, leveraging innovations in light technology and

connectivity for enhanced public health outcomes.

Statement of the Problem

The study aimed to petrify mosquito using Smart Mosquito UV Light And IOT Connectivity,

specifically;

1. How many mosquito we're killed using the Smart Mosquito UV Light And IOT Connectivity?

2. What type of mosquito we're killed by the Smart Mosquito UV Light And IOT Connectivity ?

Objectives of the Study

The study aimed to petrify mosquito using Smart Mosquito UV Light And IOT Connectivity,

specifically;

1. How many mosquitoes were found inside using the Smart Mosquito UV Light And IOT

Connectivity?

2. Identify the type of mosquito killed by the Smart Mosquito UV Light And IOT Connectivity?
 Significance of the Study

This study’s main goal is to petrify mosquitoes using Smart Mosquito UV Light using IOT

Connectivity and identify the type of mosquito killed by Smart Mosquito UV Light And IOT

Connectivity. The results of the study served as a baseline for the community, locality, government

and future researchers. The community and locals also benefit from this study by raising awareness

about mosquito borne diseases and with the use of Smart Mosquito UV Light And IOT Connectivity

the community would experience less diseases coming from the mosquito. This study provided

valuable baseline data that future researchers could use as a model for eliminating mosquitoes in their

own investigations, contributing to a deeper understanding of the topic. Ensuring the healthy

environment for the community was a key focus of the research. Furthermore, prioritizing the safety

of the community and locals who lived in many mosquitoes in their area and breeding for mosquitoes

remained the top priority of the researchers, ensuring their well-being and playing a significant role in

this study.

Scope And Delimitation

This study focuses on the development and evaluation of a Smart Mosquito UV Light

integrated with IoT connectivity as an innovative approach to controlling mosquito populations. The

device utilizes UV LED lights within the 350–400 nm range, combined with photocatalytic CO₂

generation, to effectively attract mosquitoes by mimicking human breath. It is also equipped with

sensors and IoT technology to allow real-time monitoring of mosquito activity and population density.

The study aims to assess the effectiveness of the device in capturing mosquitoes, its energy efficiency,

and its potential as an eco-friendly alternative to traditional mosquito control methods. Testing will be

conducted in selected indoor or semi-outdoor areas where mosquitoes are commonly present.

However, this study is limited to mosquito control and does not include other insects such as flies or

moths. It will be conducted only in small-scale environments, such as homes or school premises, and

not in larger or forested areas. The research will not directly measure the reduction of mosquito-borne

diseases, but instead focuses on the reduction of mosquito populations. The power sources considered

in the study are limited to solar or battery-based energy, and other renewable energy systems are not
covered. Furthermore, the IoT system used will be limited to basic mosquito count monitoring and

does not include advanced features such as disease-carrying mosquito detection. The observation

period will be conducted within a specific time frame, depending on mosquito availability and activity

levels in the test area.

Definition of Terms

Mosquitoes - are thin, long-legged, two-winged insects and are typically six to 12 millimetres

in length

UV light - (Ultraviolet) is an electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths of 10–400 nanometers.

IoT connectivity - refers to the technologies and infrastructure that allow Internet of Things

(IoT) devices to connect to the internet and communicate with each other or other systems.
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Mosquito-borne illnesses such as dengue, malaria, and Zika virus remain significant public

health concerns, especially in densely populated metropolitan areas and urban slums where healthcare

access and preventive infrastructure are limited. Conventional methods of vector control, including

the use of chemical insecticides, larvicides, and adulticides, have been widely implemented. However,

these techniques often suffer from limitations such as high costs, environmental harm, resistance

development among mosquito populations, and logistical challenges in continuous application. Recent

approaches to mosquito control have shifted toward more sustainable and low-cost solutions,

particularly in low-resource settings. These include mechanical traps, biological control methods, and

attractant-based devices that minimize chemical usage. For instance, studies have explored the use of

light, heat, carbon dioxide, and scent as lures in combination with physical trapping mechanisms to

reduce mosquito populations without relying on electricity-intensive or programmable devices (Gould

et al., 2021; Fernandez & Liu, 2019).

In response to these challenges, Manikandan et al. (2025) proposed a low-cost, non-

microcontroller-based device specifically designed to reduce mosquito populations in slum and

delimited areas. The device utilizes a combination of neutralizing and enticing mechanisms—such as

natural attractants and passive trapping—to effectively lure and eliminate mosquitoes. Unlike

traditional electronic or microcontroller-based systems, this device requires no programming or

electrical power, making it especially viable for deployment in vulnerable, underserved communities.

Its simple construction, low maintenance, and affordability enable government and non-governmental

organizations to implement it on a wide scale, especially in regions with limited infrastructure.This

approach presents a promising alternative to chemical-based interventions, offering a more

environmentally friendly, scalable, and community-level solution to the control of vector-borne

diseases. It aligns with global efforts to develop locally adaptable public health technologies that

emphasize both accessibility and sustainability.

play a vital role in interrupting key transmission pathways of viruses and bacteria, contributing

significantly to epidemic prevention. However, most existing devices for air sterilization, purification,

and mosquito control are limited to performing only one of these functions. Recent innovations have

led to the development of a multifunctional system that integrates air disinfection, purification, and

mosquito control within a lighting fixture. This system incorporates a high-power UV LED module

placed inside the light, utilizing intelligent control technologies to precisely manage the UV radiation

dose, airflow, mosquito control activation, and lighting features such as brightness and color. The

design offers numerous advantages, including high disinfection efficiency, enhanced safety, compact

size, self-cleaning capability, long operational life, and low energy consumption. Due to these

features, the system is suitable for deployment in diverse environments such as classrooms, offices,

workshops, and supermarkets.

Fog computing has recently gained attention as an effective solution in healthcare,

particularly for enabling continuous remote patient monitoring and facilitating the early detection of

mosquito-borne illnesses. Unlike traditional cloud computing, fog computing

significantly reduces latency and communication costs, which are critical concerns in real-time

healthcare applications.

One proposed intelligent system leverages this technology to detect and control mosquito-

borne diseases at early stages. It integrates wearable devices and IoT sensors to collect health-related

data, which is then processed and analyzed at the fog layer to ensure timely diagnosis and response.

The system applies similarity coefficients to distinguish between different mosquito-borne diseases

based on symptom patterns. Additionally, a fuzzy k-nearest neighbor (FKNN) algorithm is used to

classify users as infected or uninfected. At the cloud level, Social Network Analysis (SNA) is

employed to model the spread of disease and compute the Probability of Disease Outbreak (PDO).

This metric supports the delivery of location-based alerts to help prevent further transmission.

Experimental results demonstrate the system's effectiveness, achieving a classification accuracy of

2019)

According to Oliveira and Mafra (2024), the development of smart trap systems presents a

promising solution for the selective control of Aedes aegypti, the mosquito species responsible for

transmitting dengue fever in urban and tropical regions. These traps utilize a combination of Internet

of Things (IoT) technologies, machine learning algorithms, and the YOLOv7 computer vision model

to detect and classify insects with high precision. Their study reported detection accuracies of 97% for

Aedes aegypti, 100% for bees, and 90.1% for butterflies, demonstrating the effectiveness of the

system in both laboratory and field settings. By incorporating LoRa/LoRaWAN connectivity and real-

time data processing, the traps enable efficient monitoring and management of mosquito populations.

The use of such intelligent systems supports a shift toward automated, non-chemical vector control

methods, which are particularly beneficial in densely populated areas with limited resources.
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

Locale of the Study

This study utilizes an experimental research design to develop and evaluate the effectiveness

of a Smart Mosquito UV Light Trap integrated with IoT connectivity. The project aims to reduce

mosquito population and help in the prevention of mosquito-borne diseases through real-time

monitoring and automation.

Materials of the Study

The materials used in the study include a 3D-printed frame that houses all essential

components of the SMART MOSQUITO UV LIGHT AND IOT CONNECTIVITY device. UV LED

lights were used to attract mosquitoes, while a built-in fan or suction mechanism helped trap them in a

mesh container. The system is powered by an ESP32 microcontroller with built-in Wi-Fi for IoT

connectivity, allowing data transmission to a mobile or web dashboard. Additional components

include a DHT11 or DHT22 sensor for measuring temperature and humidity, jumper wires, resistors,

a breadboard for circuit assembly, and a rechargeable battery or USB power supply. These materials

were integrated to create a functional and automated mosquito trap capable of real-time environmental

monitoring and mosquito activity tracking.

Data Gathering Procedure

The data gathering procedure began with the construction of the prototype, where the Smart

Mosquito UV Light Trap was first designed using 3D modeling software and then fabricated through

3D printing. The necessary electronic components were assembled on a microcontroller and tested to

ensure proper connections and functionality. After construction, the testing environment was prepared

by placing the device in mosquito-prone areas, both indoors and outdoors (with permission), such as

near standing water, gardens, or shaded locations. During each trial, environmental conditions such as

temperature and humidity were also logged. The observation phase involved activating the prototype

at dusk, when mosquito activity is at its peak, and leaving it operational for six hours per night over a

span of seven days. Throughout this period, the number of mosquitoes captured nightly was carefully

recorded. Simultaneously, the IoT module transmitted data, including temperature, humidity, and
mosquito counts (if equipped with a counting mechanism), to a mobile or web dashboard for

monitoring. To validate the results, the collected data were compared across different locations and

days. Additionally, control setups, such as using a UV light without a fan or without the IoT system,

were tested to evaluate the relative effectiveness of the complete prototype.

Data Analysis

To understand how effective our smart mosquito UV light and IoT connectivity device was,

we looked at the number of mosquitoes it trapped each night during the testing period. We calculated

the average number of catches and compared them to a regular mosquito trap without smart features.

We also observed if environmental conditions like temperature and humidity had any effect on the

mosquito count. To make the data easier to understand, we used simple tools like averages,

percentages, and basic graphs. This helped us see if our device worked better than traditional traps

and if it could really help reduce mosquito presence in certain conditions.