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Summary - Space

The document provides an overview of atmospheric science, detailing the composition and dynamics of the lower and upper atmosphere, including the effects of ozone and aerosols. It also covers the structure and activity of the Sun, including solar cycles, solar wind, and their impacts on Earth. Key concepts such as the magnetosphere, solar flares, and space weather are discussed in relation to their influence on technology and climate.

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goramghattrip
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8 views4 pages

Summary - Space

The document provides an overview of atmospheric science, detailing the composition and dynamics of the lower and upper atmosphere, including the effects of ozone and aerosols. It also covers the structure and activity of the Sun, including solar cycles, solar wind, and their impacts on Earth. Key concepts such as the magnetosphere, solar flares, and space weather are discussed in relation to their influence on technology and climate.

Uploaded by

goramghattrip
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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✅ UNIT I – Lower Atmosphere

🔸 Composition & Constituents


●​ Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), other gases.​

●​ Dust, water vapor, greenhouse gases.​

🔸 Dynamics
●​ Air movement, wind, pressure systems.​

🔸 Ozone: Temporal & Spatial Variation


●​ Ozone changes with time (season) and place (height, location).​

🔸 Ozone Hole & Impact on Climate


●​ Caused by CFCs; leads to more UV radiation, affects climate and health.​

🔸 Aerosols & Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD)


●​ Tiny particles in air; AOD = how much sunlight is blocked by aerosols.​

🔸 Diurnal & Seasonal Variations


●​ Temperature, pressure, humidity change by day/night and season.​

✅ UNIT II – Upper Atmosphere


🔸 Ionosphere: Structure & Formation
●​ Layers: D, E, F1, F2; formed by sunlight ionizing gases.​

🔸 Storm-Substorm Phenomena
●​ Caused by solar wind, affect magnetic field and cause auroras.​

🔸 Ionospheric Irregularities
●​ Sporadic E: Random ion patches.​

●​ Spread-F: Signal spreading in F layer — affects communication.​

🔸 Magnetosphere: Structure
●​ Magnetic bubble around Earth — protects from solar wind.​

🔸 Bow Shock
●​ Shockwave where solar wind hits Earth’s magnetic field (like water hitting a boat’s
front).​

🔸 Magnetopause & Magnetopause Current


●​ Boundary between solar wind and magnetic field; current flows here.​

🔸 Stand-off Distance
●​ Distance from Earth to the point where solar wind slows down at magnetopause.​

🔸 Microstructure of Magnetopause
●​ Small features inside the boundary — how particles move through it.​

✅ UNIT III – Structure of the Sun


🔸 Solar Interior
●​ Core (nuclear fusion), Radiative zone, Convective zone — move energy outwards.​

🔸 Solar Atmosphere
●​ Photosphere (visible layer), Chromosphere, Corona (outermost, very hot).​

🔸 Sunspots & Their Properties


●​ Dark, cool spots due to magnetic field blocking heat; appear in pairs or groups.​

🔸 Solar Rotation
●​ Equator spins faster than poles → magnetic field gets twisted.​

🔸 Babcock Model
●​ Explains sunspot formation by twisting of magnetic field lines.​

✅ UNIT IV – Solar Cycle and Solar Activity


🔸 Solar Cycle
●​ 11-year cycle; changes in sunspots, flares, activity level.​

🔸 Solar Wind
●​ Flow of charged particles from the Sun; affects Earth’s magnetic field.​

🔸 Solar Flares
●​ Sudden explosions of energy; disturb radio, GPS, etc.​

🔸 Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)


●​ Huge clouds of plasma; can cause geomagnetic storms on Earth.​

🔸 Heliosphere & Solar Magnetic Field


●​ Heliosphere: Sun’s protective bubble.​
●​ Magnetic field: Flips every 11 years, controls solar activity.​

🔸 Space Weather – Causes & Consequences


●​ Caused by flares, CMEs.​

●​ Effects: GPS problems, satellite damage, auroras, power grid issues.​

🔸 Solar–Terrestrial Interaction
●​ How the Sun affects Earth’s magnetic field, upper atmosphere, and technology.

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