MATHEMATICS 200 December 2012 Final Exam Solutions

1. Let L be the line of intersection of the planes x + y + z = 6 and x y + 2z = 0.

(a) Find the points in which the line L intersects the coordinate planes.
(b) Find parametric equations for the line through the point (10, 11, 13) that is perpen-
dicular to the line L and parallel to the plane y = z.

Solution. (a) The line L intersects the xy–plane when x + y + z = 6, x y + 2z = 0, and

z = 0. When z = 0 the equations of L reduce to x + y = 6, x y = 0. So the intersection
point is (3, 3, 0).
The line L intersects the xz–plane when x + y + z = 6, x y + 2z = 0, and y = 0. When
y = 0 the equations of L reduce to x + z = 6, x + 2z = 0. Substituting x = 2z into
x + z = 6 gives z = 6. So the intersection point is (12, 0, 6).
The line L intersects the yz–plane when x + y + z = 6, x y + 2z = 0, and x = 0. When
x = 0 the equations of L reduce to y + z = 6, y + 2z = 0. Substituting y = 2z into
y + z = 6 gives 3z = 6. So the intersection point is (0, 4, 2).
(b) Our main job is to find a direction vector d for the line.

• Since the line is to be parallel to y = z, d must be perpendicular to the normal

vector for y = z, which is h0, 1, 1i.
• d must also be perpendicular to L. For a point (x, y, z) to be on L it must obey
x + y = 6 z and x y = 2z. Adding these two equations gives 2x = 6 3z
and subtracting the second equation from the first gives 2y = 6 + z. So for a point
(x, y, z) to be on L it must obey (x, y, z) = (3, 3, 0) + z2 h 3, 1, 2i. That is h 3, 1, 2i
is a direction vector for L.

So d must be perpendicular to both h0, 1, 1i and h 3, 1, 2i and so must be a nonzero

constant times
2 3
ı̂ı ˆ| k̂
h0, 1, 1i ⇥ h 3, 1, 2i = det 4 0 1 15 = h3 , 3 , 3i
3 1 2

We choose d = 13 h3 , 3 , 3i = h1 , 1 , 1i. So

(x, y, z) = (10, 11, 13) + t h1 , 1 , 1i

is a vector parametric equation for the line. We can also write this as x = 10+t, y = 11+t,
z = 13 + t.

1
 @F @2F @2F
2. Assume that the function F (x, y, z) satisfies the equation @z
= @x2
+ @y 2
and the mixed
@2F @2F
partial derivatives @x@y
and @y@x
are equal. Let A be some constant and let G( , s, t) =
@G @2G @2G
F ( + s, s, At). Find the value of A such that @t
= @ 2
+ @s2
.

Solution. By the chain rule

@G @F
( , s, t) = A ( + s, s, At)
@t @z
@G @F @F
( , s, t) = ( + s, s, At) + ( + s, s, At)
@ @x @y
@ 2G @ 2F @ 2F
( , s, t) = ( + s, s, At) + ( + s, s, At)
@ 2 @x2 @y@x
@ 2F @ 2F
+ ( + s, s, At) + ( + s, s, At)
@x@y @y 2
@ 2F @ 2F @ 2F
= ( + s, s, At) + 2 ( + s, s, At) + ( + s, s, At)
@x2 @y@x @y 2
@G @F @F
( , s, t) = ( + s, s, At) ( + s, s, At)
@s @x @y
@ 2G @ 2F @ 2F
( , s, t) = ( + s, s, At) ( + s, s, At)
@s2 @x2 @y@x
@ 2F @ 2F
( + s, s, At) + ( + s, s, At)
@x@y @y 2
@ 2F @ 2F @ 2F
= ( + s, s, At) 2 ( + s, s, At) + ( + s, s, At)
@x2 @y@x @y 2
So, suppressing the arguments,
@ 2G @ 2G @G @ 2F @ 2F @F @F @F
+ =2 2 +2 2 A =2 A =0
@ 2 @s2 @t @x @y @z @z @z
if A = 2.

3. Suppose that a function z = f (x, y) is implicitly defined by an equation:

xyz + x + y 2 + z 3 = 0
@z
(a) Find @x
.
(b) If f ( 1, 1) < 0, find the linear approximation of the function z = f (x, y) at ( 1, 1).
(c) If f ( 1, 1) < 0, use the linear approximation in (b) to approximate f ( 1.02, 0.97).

Solution. (a) The function f (x, y) obeys

xy f (x, y) + x + y 2 + f (x, y)3 = 0 (⇤)

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 for all x and y (sufficiently close to ( 1, 1)). Di↵erentiating (⇤) with respect to x gives
y f (x, y) + 1
y f (x, y) + xy fx (x, y) + 1 + 3f (x, y)2 fx (x, y) = 0 =) fx (x, y) =
3f (x, y)2 + xy
Without knowing f (x, y) explicitly, there’s not much that we can do with this.
(b) f ( 1, 1) obeys
( 1)(1) f ( 1, 1) + ( 1) + (1)2 + f ( 1, 1)3 = 0 () f ( 1, 1)3 f ( 1, 1) = 0
Since f ( 1, 1) < 0 we may divide this equation by f ( 1, 1) < 0, giving f ( 1, 1)2 1 = 0.
Since f ( 1, 1) < 0, we must have f ( 1, 1) = 1. By part (a)
(1) f ( 1, 1) + 1
fx ( 1, 1) = =0
3f ( 1, 1)2 + ( 1)(1)
To get the linear approximation, we still need fy ( 1, 1). Di↵erentiating (⇤) with respect
to y gives
x f (x, y) + xy fy (x, y) + 2y + 3f (x, y)2 fy (x, y) = 0
Then setting x = 1, y = 1 and f ( 1, 1) = 1 gives
3
( 1) ( 1) + ( 1)(1) fy ( 1, 1) + 2(1) + 3( 1)2 fy ( 1, 1) = 0 =) fy ( 1, 1) =
2
So the linear approximation is
3
f (x, y) ⇡ f ( 1, 1) + fx ( 1, 1) (x + 1) + fy ( 1, 1) (y 1) = 1 (y 1)
2
(c) By part (b),
3
f ( 1.02, 0.97) ⇡ 1 (0.97 1) = 0.955
2
4. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the function f (x, y) = 5+2x x2 4y 2
on the rectangular region
R= (x, y) 1  x  3, 1y1

Solution. The maximum and minimum must either occur at a critical point or on the
boundary of R.
• The critical points are the solutions of
0 = fx (x, y) = 2 2x
0 = fy (x, y) = 8y

So the only critical point is (1, 0).

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 • On the side x = 1, 1  y  1 of the boundary of R
f ( 1, y) = 2 4y 2
This function decreases as |y| increases. So its maximum value on 1  y  1 is
achieved at y = 0 and its minimum value is achieved at y = ±1.
• On the side x = 3, 1  y  1 of the boundary of R
f (3, y) = 2 4y 2
This function decreases as |y| increases. So its maximum value on 1  y  1 is
achieved at y = 0 and its minimum value is achieved at y = ±1.
• On both sides y = ±1, 1  x  3 of the boundary of R
f (x, ±1) = 1 + 2x x2 = 2 (x 1)2
This function decreases as |x 1| increases. So its maximum value on 1  x  3
is achieved at x = 1 and its minimum value is achieved at x = 3 and x = 1 (both
of whom are a distance 2 from x = 1).
So we have the following candidates for the locations of the min and max

point (1, 0) ( 1, 0) (1, ±1) ( 1, ±1) (3, 0) (3, ±1)

value of f 6 2 2 2 2 2
max min min

So the minimum is 2 and the maximum is 6.

5. The directional derivative of a function w = f (x, y, z) atpa point P in the direction of
the vector ı̂ı is 2, in the direction of the vector ı̂ı + ˆ| is 2, and in the direction of the
vector ı̂ı + ˆ| + k̂ is p53 . Find the direction in which the function w = f (x, y, z) has the
maximum rate of change at the point P . What is this maximum rate of change?
Solution. Denote by ha , b , ci the gradient of the function f at P . We are told
ha , b , ci · h1 , 0 , 0i = 2
1 p
ha , b , ci · p h1 , 1 , 0i = 2
2
1 5
ha , b , ci · p h1 , 1 , 1i = p
3 3
Simplifying
a=2
a+b= 2
a+b+c= 5

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 From these equations we read o↵, in order, a = 2, b = 4 and c = 3. The function f
has maximum rate of change at P in the direction if the gradient of f . The unit vector
in that direction is
h2 , 4 , 3i h2 , 4 , 3i
= p
| h2 , 4 , 3i | 29
p
The maximum rate of change is the magnitude of the gradient, which is 29.
6. (a) Use Lagrange multipliers to find the extreme values of
f (x, y, z) = (x 2)2 + (y + 2)2 + (z 4)2
on the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 6.
(b) Find the point on the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 6 that is farthest from the point (2, 2, 4).
Solution. (a) This is a constrained optimization problem with the objective function
being f (x, y, z) = (x 2)2 +(y+2)2 +(z 4)2 and the constraint function being g(x, y, z) =
x2 + y 2 + z 2 6. By Theorem 2.10.2 in the CLP–III text, any local minimum or maximum
(x, y, z) must obey the Lagrange multiplier equations
fx = 2(x 2) = 2 x = gx (E1)
fy = 2(y + 2) = 2 y = gy (E2)
fz = 2(z 4) = 2 z = gz (E3)
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 6 (E4)
for some real number . Simplifying
x 2= x (E1)
y+2= y (E2)
z 4= z (E2)
x + y + z2 = 6
2 2
(E4)
Note that we cannot have = 1, because then (E1) would reduce to 2 = 0. Substituting
x = 1 2 , from (E1), and y = 1 2 , from (E2), and z = 1 4 , from (E3), into (E4) gives
4 4 16
+ + = 6 () (1 )2 = 4 () 1 = ±2
(1 )2 (1 )2 (1 )2
and hence
(2, 2, 4)
(x, y, z) = ± = ±(1, 1, 2)
2
So we have the following candidates for the locations of the min and max

point (1, 1, 2) (1, 1, 2)

value of f 6 54
min max

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 So the minimum is 6 and the maximum is 54.
(b) f (x, y, z) is the square of the distance from (x, y, z) to (2, 2, 4). So the point on the
sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 6 that is farthest from the point (2, 2, 4) is the point from part
(a) that maximizes f , which is ( 1, 1, 2).

7. Let Z Z p
4 8 y
I= p
f (x, y) dx dy
0 y

(a) Sketch the domain of integration.

(b) Reverse the order of integration.
1
(c) Evaluate the integral for f (x, y) = (1+y)2
.
1 1 1 1
Hint: You may use 9 x2
= 6 x+3 x 3
.

Solution. On the domain of integration

• y runs from 0 to 4. In inequalities, 0  y  4.

p p
• For each fixed
p y in that range, x runs from y to 8 y. In inequalities, that is
p
y  x  8 y, or y  x2  8 y.

Here are two sketchs of the domain of integration.

y y
p2,4q p2,4q
y“4 y“4

? ?
x“ y x“ 8´y y“x2 y“8´x2

? ?
p 8,0q p 8,0q
x x

(b) To reverse the order we observe, from the figure on the right above, that, on the
domain of integration,
p p
• x runs from 0 to 8. In inequalities, 0  x  8.
• For each fixed x between 0 and 2, y runs from 0 to x2 . In inequalities, that is
0  y  x2 .
p
• For each fixed x between 2 and 8, y runs from 0 to 8 x2 . In inequalities, that is
0  y  8 x2 .

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 So the integral is
Z Z Z p Z
2 x2 8 8 x2
f (x, y) dy dx + f (x, y) dy dx
0 0 2 0

(c) We’ll use the form of part (b).

Z 2 Z x2 Z p 8 Z 8 x2
1 1
2
dy dx + dy dx
0 0 (1 + y) 2 0 (1 + y)2
Z 2 x2 Z p8  8 x2
1 1
= dx dx
0 1+y 0 2 1+y 0
Z 2 Z p8 
1 1
= 1 2
dx + 1 dx
0 1+x 2 9 x2
p 2 Z p8 
1 1 1
= 8 arctan x + dx
0 6 2 3+x 3 x
p 1h ip 8
= 8 arctan 2 ln(3 + x) ln(3 x)
6" # 2
p
p 1 3+ 8
= 8 arctan 2 ln p ln 5
6 3 8

8. A metal crescent is obtained by removing the interior of the circle defined by the equation
x2 +y 2 = x from the metal plate of constant density 1 occupying the unit disc x2 +y 2  1.

(a) Find the total mass of the crescent.

(b) Find the x-coordinate of its center of mass.
R ⇡/2 3⇡
Hint: you may use the fact that ⇡/2 cos4 (✓) d✓ = 8
.
2
Solution. Note that x2 + y 2 = x is equivalent to x 12 + y 2 = 14 , which is the circle
of radius 12 centred on 12 , 0 . Let’s call the crescent C and write

D= (x, y) x2 + y 2  1
1 2
H= (x, y) x 2
+ y2  1
4

so that
C =D\H
meaning that C is the disk D with the “hole” H removed. Here is a sketch.

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 y

C
H p1,0q
x

(a) As D is a disk of radius 1, it has area ⇡. As H is a disk of radius 1/2, it has area ⇡/4.
As C has density 1,
ZZ ZZ ZZ
Mass(C) = dA = dA dA
C D H
⇡
=⇡
4
3⇡
=
4
(b) Recall that, by definition, the x–coordinate of the centre of mass of C is the average
value of x over C, which is
RR
x dA
x̄ = RRC
C
dA
RR
We have already found that C dA = 3⇡ 4
. So we have to determine the numerator
ZZ ZZ ZZ
x dA = x dA x dA
C D H
RR
As x is an oddRRfunction and D is invariant under x ! x, D x dA = 0. So we just have
to determine H x dA. To do so we’ll work in polar coordinates, so that dA = r dr d✓.
In polar coordinates x2 + y 2 = x is r2 = r cos ✓ or r = cos ✓. So, looking at the figure
above (just before the solution to part (a)), on the domain of integration,
⇡
• ✓ runs from 2
to ⇡2 .
• For each fixed ✓ in that range, r runs from 0 to cos ✓.
So the integral is
ZZ Z ⇡/2 Z cos ✓
x
z }| {
x dA = d✓ dr r (r cos ✓)
H ⇡/2 0
Z ⇡/2
cos4 ✓
= d✓
⇡/2 3
⇡
=
8

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 So all together
RR RR RR
C
x dA D
x dA H
x dA 0 ⇡ 1
x̄ = RR = RR = 3⇡ 8 =
C
dA C
dA 4
6
RRR
9. Evaluate R
yz 2 e xyz
dV over the rectangular box
R= (x, y, z) 0  x  1, 0  y  2, 0  z  3

Solution. The integral

ZZZ Z 3 Z 2 Z 1
2 xyz
yz e dV = dz dy dx yz 2 e xyz
R
Z0 3 Z0 2 h
0
ix=1 Z 3 Z 2 h i
xyz yz
= dz dy ze = dz dy z ze
0 0 x=0 0 0
Z 3 h iy=2 Z 3 h i
yz 2z
= dz zy + e = dz 2z + e 1
0 y=0 0
 3
1 2z 13 e 6
= z2 e z =
2 0 2 2
10. Evaluate p p
Z 1 Z 1 x2 Z 1+ 1 x2 y 2

p p (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2 dz dy dx
1 1 x2 1 1 x2 y2

by changing to spherical coordinates.

Solution. On the domain of integration
• x runs from 1 to 1.
p p
• For each pfixed x in that prange, y runs from 1 x2 to 1 x2 . In inequalities,
that is 1 x2  y  1 x2 , which is equivalent to x2 + y 2  1.
p
2 2 2
• For
p each fixed (x, y) obeying x + y  1,
p z runs from 1 1 xp y 2 to 1 +
1 x2 y 2 . In inequalities, that is 1 1 x2 y 2  z  1 + 1 x2 y 2 ,
2 2 2
which is equivalent to x + y + (z 1)  1.
So the domain of integration is
V = (x, y, z) x2 + y 2 + (z 1)2  1
In spherical coordinates, the condition x2 + y 2 + (z 1)2  1 is
(⇢ sin ' cos ✓)2 + (⇢ sin ' sin ✓)2 + (⇢ cos ' 1)2  1
() ⇢2 sin2 ' + (⇢ cos ' 1)2  1
() ⇢2 sin2 ' + ⇢2 cos2 ' 2⇢ cos ' + 1  1
() ⇢2  2⇢ cos '
() ⇢  2 cos '

9
Note that V is contained in the upper half, z 0, of R3 and that the xy–plane in tangent
to V . So as (x, y, z) runs over V , the spherical coordinate ' runs from 0 (the positive
z–axis) to ⇡/2 (the xy–plane). Here is a sketch of the side view of V .

V
'

5/2
As dV = ⇢2 sin ' d⇢ d' d✓ and x2 + y 2 + z 2 = ⇢5 , the integral is
Z Z p Z p Z Z Z
1 1 x2 1+ 1 x2 y 2 2⇡ ⇡/2 2 cos '
2 2 2 5/2
p p (x + y + z ) dz dy dx = d✓ d' d⇢ ⇢2 sin ' ⇢5
1 1 x2 1 1 x2 y 2 0 0 0
Z 2⇡ Z ⇡/2
28 cos8 '
= d✓ d' sin '
0 0 8
Z 2⇡  ⇡/2
cos9 '
= 32 d✓
0 9 0
32 64⇡
= (2⇡) =
9 9

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