• Each person/thing we collect data on is called
an OBSERVATION (these are usually people/subjects)
• The term participant rather than subject is used when
describing the people from whom we collect data.
• OBSERVATIONS (participants) possess a variety of
CHARACTERISTICS.
•If a CHARACTERISTIC of an OBSERVATION
(participant) is the same for every member of the
group (doesn’t vary) it is called a CONSTANT
•If a CHARACTERISTIC of an OBSERVATION
(participant) differs for group members,
it is called a VARIABLE
-VARIABLE is a measurable characteristic
that changes in value.
-May vary from one group to another group,
one person to another or even with the same
person over time
• sex (male or female)
• socioeconomic status (zero to billion pesos)
• educational attainment
TYPES OF VARIABLES
CONTINUOUS VARIABLE
– a variable that can take infinite number on the value
that can occur within a population
(age, height and temperature)
CONTINUOUS VARIABLE
INTERVAL VARIABLE RATIO VARIABLE
Is a measurement where the Possesses the properties of
difference between two values interval variable and has a clear
does have meaning definition of zero, indication that
and can be interpreted there is none of that variable
(height, weight, distance)
DISCRETE VARIABLE
– also known as categorical or classificatory variable,
is any variable that has a limited number of distinct
values and which cannot be divided into fractions
(sex, blood group and number of children in the family)
DISCRETE VARIABLE
NOMINAL VARIABLE ORDINAL VARIABLE
is variable with no quantitative a variable that has two
value. It has two or more or more categories
categories but does not imply which can be ranked
ordering of cases – eye color,
(educational attainment)
business type, religion
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
the cause variable or the one responsible for the
conditions that act on something else
to bring about changes
• They are either manipulated by the researcher or are
observed by the researcher so that their values can be
related to that of the dependent variable.
• For example, in a research study on the relationship
between mosquitoes and mosquito bites, the number of
mosquitoes per acre of ground would be an
independent variable” (jaeger, 1990, p. 373)
• While the independent variable is often manipulated by
the researcher, it can also be a classification where
subjects are assigned to groups. In a study where groups
are being compared, the independent variable is the
group classification.
• In a study where one variable causes the other, the
independent variable is the cause.
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
also called outcome variable
is the result or effect of the changes
brought about by another variable
• that factor that appears, disappears, or varies as the
experimenter introduces, removes, or varies the
independent variable.
• The dependent variable is the participant’s response.
• For example, in a study of the relationship between
mosquitoes and mosquito bites, the number of mosquito
bites per hour would be the dependent variable” (jaeger,
1990, p. 370).
•The dependent variable is the outcome.
•In an experiment, it may be what was caused or
what changed as a result of the study.
•In a comparison of groups, it is what they differ
on.
EXAMPLE
If I release 10 spiders into a room and measure how long
it takes people to get out of the room,
what is the independent variable?
On your answer sheet, write IV if the variable is interval,
NV if nominal, RV if ratio and OV if ordinal.
Military title
Temperature in degree celsius
Birthplace
Year level
Favorite type of music
On your answer sheet, write IV if the variable is interval,
NV if nominal, RV if ratio and OV if ordinal.
Clothing such as hat, shirt and pants
A score in 5-item quiz in mathematics
Feeling for today
Means of transportation to school
How internet is used at home
Identify the independent
and dependent variable
ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT AND TEACHING
PERFORMANCE OF ELEMENTARY TEACHERS
IN THE DISTRICT OF PILLILA, RIZAL
• INDEPENDENT: _____________________________
• DEPENDENT: _____________________________
Identify the independent
and dependent variable
CONCEPTUAL, INTERPERSONAL, AND TECHNICAL
SKILLS OF BANK MANAGERS: THEIR RELATIONSHIP
TO OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY
• INDEPENDENT: _____________________________
• DEPENDENT: _____________________________
Identify the independent
and dependent variable
INCREASING MATHEMATICS ACHIEVEMENT THROUGH
CONTEXTUALIZED AND LOCALIZED MATERIALS
• INDEPENDENT: _____________________________
• DEPENDENT: _____________________________
Identify the independent
and dependent variable
IMPACT OF BLENDED LEARNING ON
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT IN SOCIAL STUDIES
• INDEPENDENT: _____________________________
• DEPENDENT: _____________________________
Identify the independent
and dependent variable
EFFECTIVENESS OF EXPOSING STUDENTS IN CLASSICAL
MUSIC ON READING COMPREHENSION
• INDEPENDENT: _____________________________
• DEPENDENT: _____________________________
