Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
INTELLIGENCE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
It is a natural process. It is programmed by humans.
It is actually hereditary. It is not hereditary.
Knowledge is required for intelligence. KB and electricity are required to generate
output.
No human is an expert. We may get better Expert systems are made which aggregate
solutions from other humans. many person’s experience and ideas.
AI: Introduction
• Artificial Intelligence is concerned with the design of intelligence
in an artificial device.
• The term was coined by McCarthy in 1956.
• There are two ideas in the definition.
1. Intelligence
2. artificial device
Formal Definition of AI
• “The branch of computer science concerned with the study and
creation of computer systems that exhibit some form of
intelligence:
• systems that learn new concepts and tasks, systems that can
reason and draw useful conclusions about the world around us,
systems that can understand a natural language or perceive
and comprehend a visual scene, systems that can perform
other types of feats and require human type of intelligence”.
Definitions by AI Researchers
Definition of AI by various Researchers –
• “The automation of activities that we associate with human
thinking activities such as decision making, problem solving
learning , that is a reflection of human intelligence.
~BELLMAN 1978
• “ The study of Mental faculties through the use of computational
models” ~ CHARNIAK & McDERMOTT 1985
• The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the
momment, people are better ~ RICH & KNIGHT 2003
Dimensions of AI
1. Systems that think like humans 3. Systems that think rationally
“The exciting new effort to make computers “The study of mental faculties through the
think machines with minds, in the full and use of computer models.”
literal sense.”(Haugeland,1985)
(Charniak and McDermont,1985)
2. Systems that act like humans 4. Systems that act rationally
The art of creating machines that perform “Computational intelligence is the study of
functions that require intelligence when the design of intelligent agents.”(Poole et
performed by people.”(Kurzweil,1990) al.,1998)
Dimensions of AI
1. Thinking Humanly : Cognitive Modeling Approach
2. Acting Humanly includes –
• Turing Test Approach
• Natural language Processing
• Knowledge representation
• Automated Reasoning
• Machine Learning
• Computer Vision
• Robotics
Dimensions of AI
3. Thinking Rationally: The laws of Thought Approach
• Syllogism
• Logic
4. Acting Rationally : The rational Agent Approach
• Agent
• Rational Agent(maximize performance)
ACTING HUMANLY: THE TURING TEST APPROACH
• The Turing Test, proposed by Alan
Turing (1950), was designed to
provide a satisfactory operational
definition of intelligence. A computer
passes the test if a human
interrogator, after posing some
written questions, cannot tell
whether the written responses come
from a person or from a computer.
Few capabilities that are required in the design
of a machine to pass the Turing test.
• Natural language processing: to enable it to communicate
successfully in English
• Knowledge representation: to store what it knows or hears
• Automated reasoning : to use the stored information to
answer questions and to draw new conclusions
• Machine learning :to adapt to new circumstances and to
detect and extrapolate patterns.
• Computer vision: to perceive objects
• Robotics: to manipulate objects and move about.
Thinking humanly : The cognitive modeling approach
• We need to get inside actual working of the human mind :
(a)through introspection – trying to capture our own thoughts as
they go by
(b)through psychological experiments
• Allen Newell and Herbert Simon,who developed GPS,the “General
Problem Solver” tried to trace the reasoning steps to traces of
human subjects solving the same problems. The interdisciplinary
field of cognitive science brings together computer models from
AI and experimental techniques from psychology to try to
construct precise and testable theories of the workings of the
human mind
Thinking rationally : The “laws of thought approach”
• The Greek philosopher Aristotle was one of the first to attempt to
codify “right thinking”,that is irrefuatable reasoning processes. His
syllogism provided patterns for argument structures that always
yielded correct conclusions when given correct premises—for
example,”Socrates is a man;all men are mortal;therefore Socrates
is mortal.”.
• These laws of thought were supposed to govern the operation of
the mind;their study initiated a field called logic.
Acting rationally : The rational agent approach
• An agent is something that acts. Computer agents are not mere
programs ,but they are expected to have the following attributes
also : (a) operating under autonomous control, (b) perceiving their
environment, (c) persisting over a prolonged time period, (e)
adapting to change.
• A rational agent is one that acts so as to achieve the best
outcome.
Various Approaches/Views to AI.
• Strong AI: aims to build machines that can truly reason and solve
problems.
• Weak AI: aims to build computer systems that cannot truly reason
and solve problems, but can act as if it were intelligent.
• Applied AI: aims to produce commercially viable "smart" systems.
• Cognitive AI: Cognitive AI computers are used to test theories
about how the human mind works.
Strong Vs Weak AI
Strong AI Weak AI
1. Strong AI: “Artificial intelligence that 1. Weak AI is focused towards the
matches or surpasses human technology, which is accomplished
intelligence.” pre-planned applying these to achieve a
convinced goal and moves based on some
rules..”
2. In Strong AI the machine actually has a 2. In Weak AI, the machine can just
mind of its own and can take decisions simulate the human behavior.
3. The strong AI is not related to the 3. The weak AI that is functional to the
current going era, and it demonstrates present day
the future perspective of the AI that may
become possible.
THANK YOU
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